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Simple Machines

This document discusses simple machines, including levers. It describes the three classes of levers and how the effort and load distances determine the mechanical advantage. Levers work by applying a force to create a turning effect or moment. Examples are given of lever principles in seesaws and bottle openers. Complex machines are combinations of simple machines and have made work easier through innovative designs and inventions over time.

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83 views9 pages

Simple Machines

This document discusses simple machines, including levers. It describes the three classes of levers and how the effort and load distances determine the mechanical advantage. Levers work by applying a force to create a turning effect or moment. Examples are given of lever principles in seesaws and bottle openers. Complex machines are combinations of simple machines and have made work easier through innovative designs and inventions over time.

Uploaded by

TAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simple Machines

LEVERS

Simple machines

1. A machine is an instrument used to overcome a larger load with less effort or force.
2. Simple machines include :
(a) lever (d) wheel and axle
(b) wedge (e) screw
(c) pulley (f) inclined plane

3. Several simple machines are combined together to form a complex machine. The
examples of
complex machines are cars, aeroplanes, food processes and tractors.

4. A lever consist of :
(a) A piece of bar which is free to turn about a fixed point or fulcrum.
(b) An effort is the force applied to overcome another force or the load.

5. A simple lever is shown in the Figure above.

(a) The perpendicular distance of the load from the fulcrum is called load distance.
(b) The perpendicular distance of the effort from the fulcrum is called effort distance.

6. Levers are called force magnifiers because they magnify the amount of a force.
Types of Levers

First class lever

1. The first class lever is indicated by the fulcrum placed between the effort and the load.

2. The effort and load act in opposite directions from the fulcrum.

3. When the distance of effort from the fulcrum, a small force is used to move a large load.
4. When the distance of load from the fulcrum is greater than the distance of effort from
the fulcrum,
a large force is used to move a small load.

Second class lever

1. In the second class lever, the load is between the fulcrum and the efford.

2. The load acts in opposite direction with the effort.

3. The turning effect of the effort increases when the distance of effort from the fulcrum
is greater
than the distance of load from the fulcrum.

4. A large force is produced to overcome a large load.


Third class lever

1. In the third class lever, the effort is between the fulcrum and the load.

2. The load moves a longer distance, but the effort moves a shorter distance.

3. A large force is applied to move a small load.

4. A small movement produces a large movement.


The moment of a Force

1. When someone uses a bottle opener to open a bottle cap, some force is applied on the
bottle
opener.

2. The moment of a force is the turning effect used when some force is applied to open
the bottle cap.

3. It is easier to open the bottle cap by holding the can opener at the end of the handle as
shown in
the Diagram above (b) because the turning effect is greater.

4. The turning effect depends on :


(a) The amount of force used
(b) The perpendicular distance
6. The direction of the turning effect determines wheter the moment of a force is a
clockwise or
anti-clockwise moment.

Applications of the
lever principle

1. Figure above shows a balanced see-saw. John who is 50 kg sits 3 m away from the
fulcrum. Adam
who is 30 kg sits 5 m away from the fulcrum.

If John moves 1.5m away from the fulcrum, how far from the fulcrum should Adam sits
to keep the
see-saw in balance?
Solution
John's weight x John distance from the fulcrum = Adam's weight x Adam's distance
from the
fulcrum (y)

2. Calculate the amount of effort required to keep the following lever in balance.

Solution :
Load x load distance
= Efford (E) x effort distance.

APPRECIATING THE INNOVATIVE EFFORTS IN THE DESIGN OF


MACHINES TO SIMPLIFY WORK

1. An invention is the makingh of new machines, engines, tools or other useful objects
that no one
else has thought of before or it can be an improvement on something that has been
produced by
someone else.

2. Since ancient days, people have invented many types of machines and tools to make
their work
easier.

3. In ancient Egypt, shaduf was used to transfer water from one place to another and to
irrigate farm
lands.
4. We should be grateful and appreciate the inventions done by scientists to make our
work easier and our lives more comfortable.

5. Modern life demands sophisticated and efficient machines to carry out complex tasks.

6. Modern tractors were invented to replace animals to plough farms and to harvest crops.

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