1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE

 To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing minerals/rocks and its

features in field.
 To record and plot the structural geology data.
 To identify the major and minor discontinuities set, plot the great circle of
discontinuities and analyze the failure modes.
 To identify which discontinuities that has some potential to fail in fields.
 To identify the rock slope stabilization technique applied in the fields.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT

Engineering geology is the application of the geology to engineering study the

purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the location, design, construction,
operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and accounted for.
Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical recommendations, analysis,
and design associated with human development and various types of structures. The realm
of the engineering geologist is essentially in the area of earth-structure interactions, or
investigation of how the earth or earth processes impact human made structures and human
activities. Engineering geology studies may be performed during the planning,
environmental impact analysis, civil or structural engineering design, value engineering
and construction phases of public and private works projects, and during post-construction
and forensic phases of projects.

One of the most important roles as an engineering geologist is the interpretation of

landforms and earth processes to identify potential geologic and related man-made hazards
that may have a great impact on civil structures and human development. The background
in geology provides the engineering geologist with an understanding of how the earth
works, which is crucial minimizing earth related hazards. Engineering geology
investigation and studies may be performed for residential, commercial and industrial
developments and also for government and military installations. Engineering geology also
needed for public works such as a storm water drainage system, power plant, transmission
line, sewage treatment plant, water treatment plant, pipeline, tunnel, railroad, airport and
park.

Rock mechanics is the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behavior
of rock and rock masses; it is that branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock
and rock masses to the force-fields of their physical environment. The fundamental
processes are all related to the behavior of porous media. Rock mechanics forms part of
the much broader subject of geomechanics, which is concerned with the mechanical
responses of all geological materials, including soils. Rock mechanics, as applied in
engineering geology, mining, petroleum, and civil engineering practice, is concerned with
the application of the principles of engineering mechanics to the design of the rock
structures generated by mining, drilling, reservoir production, or civil construction activity
such as tunnels, mining shafts, underground excavations, open pit mines, oil and gas wells,
road cuts, waste repositories, and other structures built in or of rock. It also includes the
design of reinforcement systems, such as rock bolting patterns.

This project required each group to identify mineral and rock, identify types of
weathering present at site. Students also need to understand and be able to identify the
geological structure and measurement of strike, dip direction and dip angle.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

i. Students should able to identify mineral/rocks.

ii. Students should able to identify and performed weathering profiling at site.
iii. Students should able to identify geologic agents at site.
iv. Students should able to identify geology structure at site.
v. Students should able to relate related rock testing at site.
vi. Students should able to use the geological compass and Schmidt’s Hammer (L-
Type).
vii. Students should able to measures the dip and dip direction of any planes.
viii. Students should able to plot poles and great circles of the structural geology data.
ix. Students should able to analyze the potential failures modes.
x. Students should able to recognize some types of the rock slope stabilization.

3.0 THEORY

Geological mapping of surface outcrops or existing cuts, in similar geological

formations to that in which the excavation will be made, usually furnishes the fundamental
information on site conditions required for slope design. While mapping is a vital part of
the investigation program it is also an inexact process because a certain amount of
judgment is usually required to extrapolate the small amount of information available from
surface outcrops to the overall cut slope. The processes involved in geological mapping are
identifying type of rock, measurement discontinuities orientation and identify the
characteristic of discontinuities.
4.0 METHODOLOGY

Before we take data in the site, we must to know what data that we want first. The
data such as dip direction, dip angle, strike, joint, fracture, fault, minerals, physical
features, textures and structures of rocks depends on the surveyor wants. The data is taken
depends on the types of rock characteristic like fold for sedimentary rock or joint for
igneous rock. As we known, the sedimentary rock has fold (anticline or syncline) that we
can take the data about the categories of folds. The behavior of a rock mass subjected to
a change in stress applied to it is governed by a number of factors. These factors are the
mechanical properties and the spatial distribution of the geological and structural
discontinuities present in the rock mass.
The importance of each of these factors in governing rock mass behavior depends
on the size and orientation of the engineering constructions with respect to the location
and the orientation of the discontinuities. In the site, the most important data that we takes
is dip direction, and dip angle. These two data are very important because it can fortune
telling about the failure or stability some area of rock. The geological compass permits to
measure the dip direction of an inclined geologic plane and thus to define its position in
the space. In the case of a vertical geological plane its strike define this position.
Horizontal geologic planes neither have dip nor direction of strike.
However, the rocks in the field vary from place to place because of differences in
their composition, weathering conditions and fracturing. Notice the following features of
the rock bedding, orientation of structures, fracturing and jointing. The orientation of these
planes controls the resistance of the rock to gravitational forces.
5.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL

Geology Hammer

Geology Compass (Brunton/Suunto)

6.0 PROCEDURE

i. Type

At Pulau Mawar, all the rocks are joint type.

ii. Dip angle

a. Takes the compass and put the down-side compass level with rock slope to
find the slope angle or dip angle.
b. Make sure the value of the bearing dip angle is in the left side. Read the
value that we achieve. The bearing that we achieve is the steepness of the
slope. The concept of the dip angle is the radian or bearing from horizontal
level to the gradient of the slope rock.
iii. Dip direction
a. The dip direction is the maximum angle of inclination downward that a vein
or bed makes with a horizontal plane.
b. To determine the dip direction, take a small rock or materials then lay the
materials to the surface or slope rock. See the direction than the material fall
based on gravity. So, the direction is the dip direction. (We can use water
and see the flow of water)
c. Draw the dip direction that we achieve.
d. With compass, level compass to the North direction and see the value of the
bearing dip direction. Every strike or dip direction, the value must be
determine from North
e. The dip direction also can determined by formula;
Dip Direction (DD) = Strike + 90°
f. That is the procedure to determined or measure the dip direction.

iv. Strike
a. Strike is he bearing of a horizontal line in the plane of a vein, bed, or fault
with respect to the cardinal points of the compass.
b. With the dip direction value, we can get the value of strike.
c. To determined strike, we can use the formula. Value of strike is 90°
anticlockwise from the value of dip direction.
d. The formula is ;
Strike (s) = Dip Direction - 90°
e. Same as Dip Direction, strike direction can be drawing on the rock and take
the compass to get the value or bearing of strike from North direction.
 v. Roughness
Determine the surface roughness if the surface is:-
a. Rough
b. Smooth
c. Polished
d. Slickenside.

vi. Infilling
Any kind of mineral or water that contains in the joint or fracture.

7.0 RESULT

DIP DIP
NO. TYPE STRIKE PERSISTANCE APATURE INFILLING ROUGHNESS WATER
DIRECTION ANGLE

1. 1 161° 71° 22° 1.2 2 4 6 1

2. 1 75° -15° 56° 1 3 4 4 1
3. 1 205° 115° 27° 0.3 1 2 3 1

8.0 QUESTION

State name of rocks particularly at Pulau Mawar.

Basalt.

State the parent material of rock present at Pulau Mawar.

Igneous extrusive rocks.

State geological structure that available at Pulau Mawar.

Natural arch.

Explain types of rock slope stabilization which may be applied at Pulau Mawar.
9.0 CONCLUSION

As conclusion, site visit of geology were given a lot useful inputs practicality for
all student. From theory study we have, the site visit of geology are deep more knowledge
in identify rock kinds such as igneous rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock
practicality it. Therefore, we can know rock type based on the locations visited such as in
Pulau Mawar, we see igneous extrusive rock. In addition, we know generally about the
structure of rock there we visited us.
We can identify about joint and folds with a lot more closely. From this site visit,
we also learn more experts about strike and dip direction. Apart from we can increase
knowledge, this visit can show positive attitude as responsibility of equipment such as the
compass, and etc. Such attitude cooperation among member of the team is very important.
From the result that we gain, the stability of mode of joint was safe.
10.0 APPENDIX

Figure 1: Diagram illustrating rock mass properties