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1.2.1 Polynomial Functions

1. The document discusses algebraic functions and different types of polynomial functions including constant, linear, and quadratic functions. 2. It provides definitions and properties of these functions, explaining how to determine their domains, ranges, intercepts, and other key features from their algebraic expressions or graphs. 3. Examples are given of how to analyze specific polynomial functions to find their domains, ranges, intercepts, vertices, and sketch their graphs.

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Elaine Smith
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66 views27 pages

1.2.1 Polynomial Functions

1. The document discusses algebraic functions and different types of polynomial functions including constant, linear, and quadratic functions. 2. It provides definitions and properties of these functions, explaining how to determine their domains, ranges, intercepts, and other key features from their algebraic expressions or graphs. 3. Examples are given of how to analyze specific polynomial functions to find their domains, ranges, intercepts, vertices, and sketch their graphs.

Uploaded by

Elaine Smith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

2 ALGEBRAIC
FUNCTIONS
MATH 14 AB
2nd Semester 2012 - 2013
Cartesian Plane
Cartesian Plane
Graph of a Relation
The graph of a relation f is the set of all
points (x, y) in the Cartesian plane such
that (x, y) is in f.

Graphs can be generated by plotting a


finite number of points and then
connecting them (depending on the
domain of f).
How do we recognize a
graph of a function?
VERTICAL LINE TEST
Given the graph of a relation, if any
vertical line constructed intersects (or
passes) the graph in at most one point,
then the relation described is a function.

Any vertical line must intersect the


graph of a function in at most one point.
Graphs of Functions
Graphs of Non-Functions
Algebraic Functions
Two main types of functions:
• Algebraic functions – functions that can be
obtained by a finite combination of
constants and variables together with the
four basic operations.

• Transcendental functions – non-algebraic


functions.
Examples: exponential, logarithmic,
circular (trigonometric) functions
Polynomial Functions
Polynomial Functions are algebraic functions
that are of the form:
n 1
P( x)  an x  an 1 x
n
 ...  a2 x  a1 x  a0 .
2

where: n is a non-negative integer ; and


an, an-1, … , a2, a1, a0 ∈ R

Note: Domain: Dp = R (set of real numbers)


Polynomial Functions
Types of Polynomial functions
depending on the degree:
Constant Function: n = 0
Linear Function: n = 1
Quadratic Function: n = 2
Cubic Function: n=3
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS
Form of a constant function:
y  f  x  k
where k is a fixed real number.

Properties:  D f  R

 R f   y | y  k   k
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS
Example: f  x  4

Df  R
R f   4
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS
Example: g  x   3

Df  R
R f    3
LINEAR FUNCTIONS
A linear function is of the form:
y  f  x   mx  b
where m, b are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

Properties:

 Domain : R  Range : R
INTERCEPTS
y – intercept:
The point where the graph of the
function crosses the y – axis.
(The point where x = 0.)

x – intercept:
The point where the graph crosses the x
– axis.
(The point where y = 0.)
LINEAR FUNCTIONS
Example: h  x   2 x  4

Dh = R
y – intercept: (0, 4)
x – intercept: (2, 0)
Rh = R
LINEAR FUNCTIONS
3x  5
Example: j  x  
2

Dj = R
Rj = R
 2
y – intercept: 0, 5

x – intercept:  5 ,0 
3
LINEAR FUNCTIONS
y  f  x   mx  b
Note:
if m > 0, the graph slants to the right.
if m < 0, the graph slants to the left.

m is the slope of the line.


b is the y – intercept.
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
A quadratic function is a function of the form:
y  f  x   ax  bx  c
2

where a, b, c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

Properties:
Domain: R
The graph is a parabola opening either
upward or downward.
Range: (depends on the value of a)
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
If a is positive:

vertex

If a is negative:
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
VERTEX – the lowest or highest point on the
parabola. If the equation of a quadratic
function is
f  x   ax  bx  c,
2

then the vertex V is given by:

 b 4ac  b 2   b   b 
V   ,   V   , f  .
 2a 4a   2a  2a  
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
If a > 0, the graph is opening upward. Thus the
vertex is the lowest point on the parabola.
Hence the value of y has a minimum which is the
y – coordinate of the vertex.

 4ac  b 2 
Therefore , range:  y | y  , if a  0.
 4a 
Likewise, if a < 0, the range is
 4ac  b 
2

y | y  , if a  0.
 4a 
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Example: Find the domain, range and vertex of
g  x  1  x .
2

Solution:
Domain: Dg = R
Note that a = – 1, b = 0 and c =1. So the vertex
is at: V  0, 1.
Since a = – 1 < 0, the graph opens downward.

Rg   y | y  1    ,1.
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Example: Find the domain, range and vertex of
h x   x  4 x  5.
2

Solution:
Domain: Dg = R
Note that a = 1, b = 4 and c = – 5. So the vertex
is at: V   2,9 .
Since a = 1 > 0, the graph opens upward.

Rg   y | y  9    9, .
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Sketch the graphs of:

1.) g  x   1  x 2

2.) h x   x  4 x  5
2

3.) m x   2 x  x  2
2
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Note that the graph of a quadratic
equation is symmetric with respect to
the line:
b
x .
2a
What have we done?
Learned how to plot points on the two-
dimensional Cartesian plane,
Determined whether a relation is a
function based on its graph (via the
Vertical Line Test),
Determined the domain and range of the
different polynomial functions, and
Sketched the graphs of the different
polynomial functions.

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