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Trigonometric Integrals-Solutions: Review

The document provides: 1. Examples of integrals and the best strategy (substitution, integration by parts, etc.) for solving each. 2. Trigonometric formulas to memorize such as trig identities, integral formulas, and addition/subtraction formulas. 3. Practice evaluating integrals using the strategies and formulas outlined in the document such as trig substitutions, integration by parts, and rewriting trig expressions. 4. Examples of proving trig identities solely using basic trigonometric properties and addition formulas. 5. A bonus problem showing an integral solution and evaluating a multiple trigonometric integral over a full period.

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76 views3 pages

Trigonometric Integrals-Solutions: Review

The document provides: 1. Examples of integrals and the best strategy (substitution, integration by parts, etc.) for solving each. 2. Trigonometric formulas to memorize such as trig identities, integral formulas, and addition/subtraction formulas. 3. Practice evaluating integrals using the strategies and formulas outlined in the document such as trig substitutions, integration by parts, and rewriting trig expressions. 4. Examples of proving trig identities solely using basic trigonometric properties and addition formulas. 5. A bonus problem showing an integral solution and evaluating a multiple trigonometric integral over a full period.

Uploaded by

MarCheLina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trigonometric Integrals–Solutions

Friday, January 23

Review
Compute the following integrals using integration by parts. It might be helpful to make a substitution.
R e2 √ R1 √
1. x ln(x) dx 2. 0
x 1 + x dx
1
4 4
√
9 (1 + 2e3 ) 15 (1 + 2)

Discuss: does the best strategy for solving each of the following integrals use substitution, integration by
parts, both, or neither?
R
1. x ln(x) dx: IBP (u = ln x)

2. ln(x)
R
x dx: sub u = ln x
R 1
3. x ln(x) dx: sub u = ln x
R
4. 1/x dx: neither
R
5. ln(x) dx: IBP (u = ln x)
6. cos(x)esin(x) dx: sub u = sin x
R
R √
7. x 1 + x dx: IBP u = x
R √
8. x x dx: niether (rewrite as x3/2 )
9. sin(x) cos(x)esin(x) dx: sub u = sin x
R

Trig Formulas to Memorize:


1. sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
R
5. sin(x) dx = − cos(x) + C
R
2. sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x) 6. cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C

3. cos(2x) = cos2 (x) − sin2 (x) sec2 (x) dx = tan(x) + C


R
7.
4. tan2 (x) + 1 = sec2 (x).
R
8. sec(x) tan(x) dx = sec(x) + C

Also Good to Know:

1. sin(a ± b) = sin(a) cos(b) ± cos(a) sin(b) 4. cos(2x) = 1 − 2 sin2 (x)


2. cos(a ± b) = cos(a) cos(b) ∓ sin(a) sin(b) 5. sin2 (x) = (1 − cos(2x))/2
3. cos(2x) = 2 cos2 (x) − 1 6. cos2 (x) = (1 + cos(2x))/2

Formulas to Write on a Cheat Sheet:


Everything else.

1
Speed Round
R
1. cos(x) dx : sin x
R
2. sin(x) dx: − cos x

3. sin2 (x) + cos2 (x): 1


p
4. 1 − cos2 (x) : sin x
5. (a + b)(a − b): a2 − b2
6. sec2 (x) dx: tan x
R

7. (1 + cos(x))(1 − cos(x)): sin2 x


8. cos4 (x) − sin4 (x): (cos2 x + sin2 x)(cos2 x − sin2 x) = cos2 x − sin2 x = cos 2x
9. (1 − x2 )/(1 − x): 1+x

10. cos2 (x)/(1 − sin(x)): 1 + sin x


q
11. 1 − sin2 (x): cos x
d
12. dx tan(x): sec2 x
d
13. dx sec(x). sec x tan x

14. sec2 (x) − 1: tan x


15. cos(2x) + 1: 2 cos2 x − 1 + 1 = 2 cos2 x

Identities
Prove the following trig identities using only cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1 and sine and cosine addition formulas:

1. tan2 (x) + 1 = sec2 (x)

sin2 x cos2 x
tan2 (x) + 1 = +
cos x cos2 x
2

sin2 x + cos2 x
=
cos2 x
1
=
cos2 x
= sec2 x

2. sin2 (x) = (1 − cos(2x))/2

cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x


cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x
1 − cos 2x = 2 sin2 x
(1 − cos 2x)/2 = sin2 x

2
3. cos2 (x) = (1 + cos(2x))/2

cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x


cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x
(1 + cos 2x)/2 = cos2 x

4. sin(a) sin(b) = 21 [cos(a − b) − cos(a + b)]

cos(a − b) − cos(a + b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b − (cos a cos b − sin a sin b)
cos(a − b) − cos(a + b) = 2 sin a sin b
1
[cos(a − b) − cos(a + b)] = sin a sin b
2

Integrals
Evaluate the following integrals:
√ √
1. sin2 ( x)/ x dx
R
√ √ √
sub u = x, then use the cosine substitution for sin2 u to get x − sin(2 x)/2
Rp
2. 1 + cos(2x) dx
R√ √
Use 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x to turn the integral into 2 sin x = − 2 cos x
1
R
3. 1+sin(x) dx
Multiply by 1−sin x
R 1−sin x R
sec2 x − sec x tan x = tan x − sec x
R
1−sin x to get cos2 x =
R
4. tan(x) dx: − ln(cos x)

5. tan2 (x) dx: Use tan2 = sec2 −1, and get tan x − x
R

6. tan3 (x) dx: sub tan2 = sec2 −1, eventually get sec2 (x)/2 + log(cos x).
R

q √ √
1 − cos(4x) dx: Sub 1 − cos(4x) = 2 sin2 (2x) = 2 sin(2x). For the integral, get − 22 cos(2x).
Rp p
7.
1
R
8. cos(x)−1 dx
1+cos x
Multiply by 1−cos x .

Bonus
 
1 1+sin(x)
1. Show that 2 ln 1−sin(x) + C = ln(sec(x) + tan(x)) + C.
R 2π
2. Evaluate 0
sin(3x) sin(5x) sin(7x) dx
The integral is zero.

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