> Beyond gravity In this unit you will practise Exam Focus # Discussing space exploration and space tourism Speaking: Part 3 Predicting; skimming/scanning Multiple choice; matching: True/False/Does Not Say; labelling a ciagram Vocabulary: parts of speech; word partners Lead-in Do this quiz with another student. 3 Which event in 1969 was watched on television by one-third of the world’s population? 1 When was the launch of the first artificial satellite? a) 1948) 1957) 1961 4 By the year 2000, how many people had travelled into space? a) 100 b) 200 ¢) 300 2) Which country sent the first man into space? a) USA b) Soviet Union ©) China 5 Unmanned spacecraft have landed on two P planets. Which ones? 6 Which three of the following have taken part in space exploration? a) Skylab b) Soya 10 ¢) Space Shuttle d) Tourist 1 e) Mir f) Wobble Space Telescope 7 What is the longest continuous time a human being has spent in space so far? a)87 days) 227 days c) 437 days 8 Pegasus, launched in 1990, was the smallest ‘and cheapest US rocket to date. What wes the ‘budget for its development? a) $10 million b) $45 mi ¢) $300 million 9. Each space mission releases tonnes of polluting gas into the atmosphere. True or False? You can check your answers on page 217.1 Read the extracts below and discuss the questions which follow with a partner. Focus on speaking The final frontier P| [4] ‘ The Ultimate SPACE FOR SALE Adventure ennis Tito, 59, a former US space station ee engineer are 1 am the most enthusiastic supporter of sP D igineer and multimillionaire, has “Lam ine mot ope wll happen wis tm stl become the globe's first space tourist tour a ormer Apollo astronaut, BUZZ He blasted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aroun ev nore than 30 years ago, walked 2 in Kazakhstan, with two Russian cosmonauts, oon, On his website, Aldrin insist that aboard a giant Soyuz rocket. “The citizen Mfpave tourism Is the next evolutionary step 10 explorer’, as he was called, paid $20 million for encore tourism market” He talks of is D0 aveek’s all-inclusive holiday on the creaky Mir for a place which ay paper space station. (Shopping: limited; menus: dull; cenery habitat? geserbes what 1 mean. | excursions: none.) Nupbe Star Lodge. 1 ike that term.” 1 What is the common theme in the two texts? 2. What's your opinion of Dennis Tito’s holiday? 3. Ifmoney were no object, would you want to be a ‘citizen explorer"? 4 Do you believe that space tourism will become a reality in the next 20 years? |BKAM PRACTICE 2. Discuss the following questions in pairs. ser Decunston| 1 How do you feel about the idea that people may soon be living in colonies in space? Would you like to be one of the pioneers? Why/Why not? 2. Some people say that space exploration is a waste of money. Do you agree or not? If so, how do you think the money should be spent? 3. What qualities do you think would be required of a space traveller? Focus on reading Surviving in space 1 Read the headline and subtitle of the text on page 124. Then, with another student, discuss the possible health risks astronauts could face during long space missions. 2 Look through the text fairly quickly to find the general areas of risk that are ‘mentioned. Compare your findings with another student. forms ¥sinfniive ‘24, p, 203-204 To get answers, GoldinD> rurune mosrects Surviving in Space A voyage to Mars may be every astronaut's dream, but the health risks are formidable. By MICHAEL E. LONG tion sickness afflicts more than two-thirds of all stronauts upon reaching orbit, even veteran fest pilots who have never been airsick. Though everyone recovers after a few days in space, body systems continue to change. Deprived of gravity information, a confused brain engenders visual illusions, Body fluids surge to chest and head, The heart enlarges slightly other organs. Sensing too much fluid, the body be; excrete it, including calcium, electrolytes and blood plasma. The production of red blood cells decreases, rendering astronauts slightly anaemic. With the loss of ‘uid, legs shrink. Spinal dises expand, and so does the nd suffer hho may gain five centimetres a astrona backache. Though the process may sound terrible, astronauts adjust to it, come to enjoy it and seem no worse for wear ~ atleast for short missions such as space shuttle flights that last a week or two. During longer flights, unknown realm. As director of Russia's Institute for Biomedical Problems from 1968 to 1988, Olez Gazenko ‘watched cosmonaiats return from long flights unable to stand ‘without fainting, needin, ried from the spacecraft are creatures of the Earth,” Gazenko told me. “These changes are the price of a ticket to space. however, physiology enters an wobec 2s Americans, returning from months-long flights on Mir the Russian space station, also paid the price, suffering losses in weight, muscle mass and bone density. NASA. geared up to see how ~ even if — humans would survive the ‘most demanding of space ventures, a mission to Mats, which ‘could last up to th ‘We don’t even know if a broken hone will heal in spac: Goldin, NASA's administrator. To get answers, in 1997 Goldin established the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRD) 1 consortium of experts from a dozen leading universities and research institutes. NSBRT biomedical problems and by 2010 will present NASA with ago" or {20 recommendation on a Mars mission. Jeffrey Sutton, leader of the medical systems team atthe NSBRI, has treated the head and heart rhythm irregularities that one could the way to Mars. On the spacecraft he envisions, May ‘bound in the year, say, 2018, there may lurk harmful bacteta ‘or carbon monoxide. No problem. The deadly substances will be detected by smart microprocessors 10 «5 bigger than a thumbnail — that r the spacecraft, communicating their finds to a computer thal wams the erew ‘To cope with infection, Sution plans a factory w make drugs, even new ones, to cope with possible organisms on so Mars, Miniature optical and ultrasound devices will im body and brain, while a small X-ray machine keeps track o any bone loss. Smart sensors embedded in clothin ‘monitor an astronaut's vital functions, The crew will to craft body parts, Sutton says, 8 astronaut’s personal anatomy and * said Dani will. study auma, wounds, kidney stones oam autonomously 1 computer memory. Researchers are building artificial live, bone and cartilage tissue right now Lying in wait beyond the Earth’s atmosphere radiation poses additional problems. Coronal mass ejectcas fling billions of tons of electrically charged gas into space rel h’s voleanic eruptions to mere hiccups Nevertheless, NASA officials are confident that accura ‘monitoring will wam astronauts of such events, allowing the crew to take refuge in an area where polyethylene shielding will absorb the radiation. ‘A second kind of radiation, cosmic rays from the Milly 9 Way or other galaxies, is a more serious threat ~ possess | too much energy, too much speed for shielding to be effective, “There's no way you can avoid th sFra Cucinotta, manager of NASA's Johnson Space They pass through tissue, striking cells and leaving then 9 unstable, mutilated or dead, Understandin effects is a priority.” heir biologiAnother major concem is the psychological health of astronauts. And there’s a new stressor on a three-year Mars Mission ~ people, other members of the crew. NASA found that the stresses of isolation and confinement can be brought on rapidly simply by giving people few tasks. Mir astronaut Andrew Thomas described how six astronauts were confined in @ 12-foot square room for a week. “If you ivr them little to do, stress can be achieved in a couple of ays.” says Thomas. ‘Will NSBRI meet Daniel Goldin’s 2010 deadline for a ‘ecision on Mars? “Yes, we will, perhaps even before. We're ery confident,” says Laurence Young, the director of NSBR. Meanwhile, some of NSBRI’s research may bear fut on Earth. The institute has made one discovery that [pomises to save many people at risk of sudden cardiac eth, usually brought on by a heart-rhythm disturbance called ventricular fibrillation. This kills 225,000 people in tie US each year. Richard Cohen, head of the NSBRI cardiovascular team, ‘explained that zero gravity may — emphasising “may” — a EXAM PRACTICE 3 > TuelFalse/Does Not Say Now complete the four t Questions 1-6 Write TRUE FALSE DOES NOT SAY if the information is not given in if the statement is true according Everyone who travels in space suffers from feel Scientists aim to develop technology that can recognise psychological states, incite this condition in astronauts. So the team invented a ‘non-invasive diagnostic device that measures extremely tiny ‘changes in heart rhythm. The team found that the device ean be used as part of a standard stress test to identify patients at risk. Then pacemaker-like devices can be implanted to regulate the rhythm anomalies. “This technology has the potential to save hundreds of thousands of lives,” says Cohen, “NASA can be proud’ Such discoveries are no accident, says Michael E, DeBakey, a cardiovascular surgeon who has sayed many hearts himself. “The key word is research. When I was a ‘medical student and a patient came to the hospital with a heart attack, things were mostly a mater of chance. Today there’s a better than 95 per cent chance of surviving. Now that all comes from research. The unfortunate thing is that there are people, even some scientists, who look at the ‘money that goes to NASA and say we could use that money to support our work. That's very short-sighted. The more research that's done in any area of science, the better off everyone is going 1 be.” casks in this secti Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage? 10 the passage if the statement is false according to the passage the passage igs of motion sickness initially. Astronauts are likely to increase in height while in space. I's important for astronauts to exercise in order to keep their muscles fit. Scientists have found a way of protecting astronauts from solar radiation. It astronauts are given tasks to do, they quickly begin to suffer from stress.rorure rrosrecrs > Multiple choice REMINDER ‘+ Make sure there is evidence in the text for the options you choose. | Questions 7-9 ‘According to the text, which THREE of the following are part of the role of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI)? B To study the effects of weightlessness during short space missions, C. To advise NASA on whether to launch a future Mars mission or not. | [A To develop technology for monitoring astronauts’ health in space. D_ To improve the design of spacecraft in order to reduce the risk of injury to astronauts. E. To assess and select suitable astronauts for long space flights. F To find ways of dealing with medical emergencies on board a spacecraft 9 | 7 8 > Labeling a diagram REMINDERS «Study the instructions and the diagram, including any labels that are given. Think about the information which is missing. Can you make any guesses? «Scan the text until you find each topic, and study the information carefully ‘© Make sure you use exact words from the passage in your answers. Questions 10-12 Complete the diagrams. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer,> Matching REMINDERS ‘+ In the text, underline or highlight the experts listed. / ‘* In the list of opinions, underline or highlight key words and phrases. Questions 13-16 Look at the following opinions (13-16) and the list of experts (AF) below. Match each opinion to one of the experts 13 A discovery made by NSBRI could prevent many deat 14 tis inevitable that astronauts will be subject to a range of biomedical changes. 15 Research carried out by NASA is ultimately beneficial for everyone. 16 There is an urgent need to study the effects of cosmic rays on the human body. Experts A. Oleg Gazenko D_ Laurence Young B. Jeffrey Sutton E. Richard Cohen Pn eter cake C Francis Cucinotta. —-F_ Michael E. DeBakey ‘What is the difference between: fewla few; bdo hte eg; sttesses... can be brought on ‘by ang people few toss, Ifyou give people Ite t do, stress ‘can be achieved in a couple of days. Error Hit List p. 135. Focus on vocabulary PARTS OF SPEECH 1 Complete the table by adding the noun form of the following verbs. Verb Noun Verb Noun 1 expand 6 confine 2 adapt 7 survive 3 adjust 8 imvest 4 dense 9 disturb 5 renew 10 diagnose NORD PARTNERS 2 Say what the following adjectives refer to or are connected with, e.g. aural = the sense of hearing. 1 optical 5 physiological 9 gastric 2 solar 6 cardiac 10. orthopaedic 3 cosmic 7. psychological 4 astronomical 8 psychiatric 3° Match each adjective from Exercise 2 with one or more of the following nouns. eclipse warfare illusion telescope arrest ulcer surgeon illness rays features profiling hospital