regi azening hel 0 paragraphs Look at the list oF headings. ead quickly through the text highlighting the Key sentence in ea paragraphand summarizing the mal ideas in your mind. Don't try to understand every word. study the examples and cross them off the list of headings. ‘Match the main idea of each paragraph with a heading. Lightly cross out headings as you choose them. When you finish, check that no remaining headings fit anywhere, 10 Academic noaw Reading Passage 1 end about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based oy You should spé Reading Passage I. Questions 1-5 skills: identifying key sentences rove you! oe sntence in each paragraph, e.g. paragraph A: 1st sentence, Find the key se! s > check your answers on page 40 before you continue. Improve your skills: focusing on examples study the example answers given below. Why is iv the correct heading for paragraph A? Why isi the correct heading for paragraph F? > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue. Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A~G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, List of Headings i The problem of dealing with emergencies in space How space biomedicine can help patients on Earth ‘ii Why accidents are so common in outer space iv Whatis space biomedicine? ¥ The psychological problems of astronauts vi Conducting space biomedical research on Earth vii The internal damage caused to the human body by space travel viii How space biomedicine first began ix The visible effects of space travel on the human body x Why space biomedicine is now necessary Example Paragraph A Answer re Paragraph B Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph E zwne Example Paragraph F ss 5 Paragraph @| A Space biomedicine is a relatively new area of research both in the USA and in Europe. Its | main objectives are to study the effects of space travel on the human body, identifying the most critical medical problems and finding solutions to those problems. Space biomedicine centres are receiving increasing direct support from NASA and/or the European Space Agency (ESA). B This involvement of NASA and the ESA reflects growing concern that the feasibility of travel to other planets, and beyond, is no longer limited by engineering constraints but by what the human body can actually withstand.The discovery of ice on Mars, for instance, means that there is now no necessity to design and develop a spacecraft large and powerful enough to transport the vast amounts of water needed to sustain the crew throughout journeys that may last many years, Without the necessary protection and medical treatment, however, their bodies would be devastated by the unremittingly hostile environment of space. C The most obvious physical changes undergone by people in zero gravity are essentially harmless; in some cases they are even amusing The blood and other fluids are no longer dragged down towards the feet by the gravity of Earth, so they accumulate higher up in the body, creating what is sometimes called ‘fat face’, together with the contrasting ‘chicken legs’ syndrome as the lower limbs become thinner. Test t 19ie e willingly risking their own health in outer space, when SO much Needs to be done a lot closer to home. It is now Shear, however, that every problem of space travel has a parallel problem on Earth that benefit from the knowledge gained and the skills developed from space biomedical Fegearch. For instance, the very difficulty of treating astronauts in space has led to rapid «ss in the field of telemedicine, which after all, ar progre: crenrn has brought about developments ‘ ait enable surgeons to communicate with wl re ne 5 mes Ie patients in inaccessible parts ofthe world, fh Te gestive SPs eter is re take another example, systems invented ecient weet ee asenses and to sterilize waste water on board spacecraft reasingly unable to Pre) seases an the high levels of solar and cosmic radiation tan cause various forms of cancer. could be used by emergency teams to filter ‘contaminated water at the scene of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. In the same way, miniature monitoring equipment, developed to save weight in space capsules, will eventually become tiny monitors that patients on Earth can wear without discomfort wherever they go. To make matters worse, a wide range of ise in the case of medical dificulties can aris tn accident or serious illness when the patient is milions of kilometres from Earth. There is simply not enough room available inside a space vehicle to include all the equipment from a hospital’s casualty unit, G Nevertheless, there is still one major aaee ef which would not work properly in obstacle to carrying out studies into the space anyway. Even basic things such as a effects of space travel: how to do so drip depend on gravity to function, while without going to the enormous expense of | standard resuscitation techniques become actually working in space. To simulate ineffective if sufficient weight cannot be conditions in zero gravity, one tried and applied. The only solution seems to be to tested method is to work under water, but crews oxremely small medical tools and the space biomedicine centres are also oe looking at other ideas. In one experiment, ultrasound: The cost of dest 7 oie researchers study the weakening of bones producing thi and of eau ot id i that results from prolonged inactivity. This ound would involve volunteers staying in bed for to be, well, astronomical, three months, but the centre concerned is confident there should be no great difficulty in finding people willing to spend twelve weeks lying down. Alll in the name of science, of course. F rab Considerations have led some to tn the ethics of investing huge sums ley to help a handful of people who, 20 "ELTS Practice Tactestrategies: shortanswer questions Uestions 6 and 7 Beli on acl ees your skills: finding key information each question, Study Question Go back to the part Siena werd text where youremombe, © Where do you remember it fist being mentioned in the text? this point being 5 Which word in the same paragraph has a similar meaning? mentioned. ‘What does this word tell you about the answer? Read through that part for” Checkyour answers on page 40 before you continue. the key words, or words with similar meaning, and highlight them, Answer the question below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each Read the question again answer. and decide on your answer taking core with © Where, apart from Earth, can space travellers find water? .. your grammar and Spelling, 7 What happens to human legs during space travel? . Strategies: Questions 8-12 yes/no/not given Scan the text for the Improve your skills: identifying the writer's views 1 Find a sentence in the text about the topic of Question 8.Who says this? sections where the topic 2. Match expressions in this sentence with these words. Remember that these of the question appears. The views expressed will ‘expressions may not be the same part of speech as those in the statement. probably be the writer's, . Unless there is reported or obstacles far into space medical direct speech quoting sending people now... not technological somebody else. : , Look for expressions with 3. Find the paragraph relevant to Question 10. Who agrees with statement 10? How does the writer respond to this? similar meanings to words in the statement. Decide whether the writer agrees with the statement , or not. Do the following statements agree withthe writer's views in Reading Passage 1? Ifyou can'tfind any In boxes 8-12 on your answer sheet write mention of the topic,‘not ifthe statement agrees with the views of the writer > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue. given’ may be the answer. YES per 4 Laeatanielies ie NO if the statement does not agree with the views of the writer st be tobetrue. NOT GIVEN _ if there is no information about this in the passage 8 The obstacles to going far into space are now medical, not technological. 9° Astronauts cannot survive more than two years in space, 10 It is morally wrong to spend so much money on space biomedicine. 11 Some kinds of surgery are more successful when performed in space. 12. Space biomedical research can only be done in space. Test}Strategies: completing a table Look closely at the headings and contents of the table, particularly the example line:it may not be at the top. This shows is organized in the text. Decide what the missing information has in common, eg. people, descriptions, or actions. Decide how the answer needs to be expressed, €.as a complete phrase, and what kinds of words are needed, e.g. names, adjectives + nouns, or verbs + nouns, The answers may or may not be close together in the text. For each question, scan the text to find it and fill in the space without going over the word limit. Questions 13 and 14 Improve your skills: organization and expression Study the table and the answer these questions. @ What does the table tell you about the organization of the text? b What kind of information do you have to find? ¢ How should the answer be expressed? What kind of word is used? d_ Compare the instructions ’Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage’, with those for short-answer questions on page 21.In what way are they different? > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue. Complete the table below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer, Write your answers in boxes 13 and 14 on your answer sheet, / Reet Wen ee en Telemedicine treating astronauts remote areas Sterilization sterilizing waste water | 14 reedetaceea disaster zones Miniaturization saving weight wearing small monitors comfortablyReading Passage 2 You should spend about Reading Passage 2. 20 minutes on Questions 15-27, which are based on VANISHED Who pulled the plug on the Mediterranean? And could it happen again? By Douglas McInnis Cannes. Monte Carlo. St Tropez. Magic names all. And much of the enchantment comes from the deep blue water that laps their shores, But what if somebody pulled the plug? Suppose the Mediterranean Sea were to vanish, leaving behind an expanse of salt desert the size of India. Hard to imagine? It happened, ‘It would have looked like Death Valley’ says Bill Ryan, from the Lamont-Doherty Earth 10 Observatory in New York, one of the leaders of the team that discovered the Mediterranean had once dried up, then refilled in a deluge of Biblical proportions, Between five and six million years ago, «0 the great desiccation touched off what scientists call the Messinian Salinity Crisis - a global chemical imbalance that triggered a wrenching series of extinctions and plunged the Earth into an ice age. The first indications of some extraordinary past events came in the 1960s, when geologists 2 discovered that major rivers flowing into the Mediterranean had eroded deep canyons in the rock at the bottom of the sea. River erosion of bedrock cannot occur below sea level, yet somehow = the River Rhone in the South of France had managed to create a channel 1000 metres deep in the sea floor, while the Nile had cut nearly 1500 metres into the rock off the North African coast. ‘There was more: despite the fact that the formation of caves can only take place above water, scientists si discovered a whole network beneath te island of Malta that reached an astonishing depth of 2000 metres below sea level. Gibraltar Further evidence came to light in 1970, when an international team chugged across the Mediterranean in a drilling ship to study the sea floor near the Spanish island of Majorca. Strange things started tuning up in core samples: layers of ‘microscopic plants and soil sandwiched between beds of salt more than two kilometres below today’s sea level. The plants had grown in sunlight. Also discovered inside the rock were fossilized shallow-water shellfish, together with salt and silt: particles of sand and mud that had once been carried by river water. Could the sea floor once have been near a shoreline? ‘That question led Ryan and his fellow team leader, Kenneth Hsti to piece together a staggering chain of events. About 58 million years ago, they concluded, the Mediterranean was gradually cut off from the Atlantic Ocean when continental drift pinned Morocco against Spain. As the opening became both narrower and shallower, the deep outward flow from sea to ocean was progressively cut off, leaving only the shallow inward flow of ‘ocean water into the Mediterranean. As this water evaporated, the sea became more saline and creatures that couldn’t handle the rising salt content ished. ‘The sea's interior was dead as a door nail, except for bacteria’ says Ryan. When the Test 1 2Gira fnally elosed 0 — Intheend the rising waters of he vag allow opening at C pete the Meditertane and died. a ea an, with only rivers to completly 4 it, dried up : * ean, the evaporated water Was falling aie ath a rain. When the fresh water reached pee it made them less saline. With less salt in itto act as an antifreeze, parts of the ocean that ‘would not normally ffeeze began to turn to ice, “The ice reflects sunlight into space,’ says Ryan. ‘The planet cools. You drive yourself into an ice age! Eventually, a small breach in the Gibraltar dam sent the process into reverse, Ocean water cut a tiny channel to the Mediterranean. As the gap enlarged, the water flowed faster and faster, until the torrent ripped through the emerging Straits of Gibraltar at more than 100 knots, ‘The Gibraltar Falls were 100 times bigger than Victoria Falls and a thousand times grander than Niagara,’ Hsti wrote in his book The Mediterranean rons a Desert (Princeton University Press, 1983) 2 8 sea drowned the falls and warm escape to the Atlantic, teheating theo” = planet. The salinity crisis ended about 5.4 7 . years ago Ithad lasted roughly 40000 yen” Subsequent drilling expeditions have adi, few wrinkles to Ryan and Hsii’s Scenario, or 7 example, researchers have found salt deposits than two kilometres thick ~ so thick, some Tele that the Mediterranean must have dried uj and : refilled many times. But those are just sect ical a For tourists the crucial question is, omit it ppen again? Should Malaga vil dynamite? ier: Not yet, says Ryan. If continental dri reseal the Mediterranean, it won't seria million years. ‘Some future creatures may face the issue of how to respond to nature's closure, It's not something our species has to worry about!Strategies: summarizing using words from the text Check the instructions for the maximum number of words you can use, Study the words before and after each gap and decide what kind of expression you need, e.g, preposition, noun phrase, Try to predict some of the missing words, Look for the part of the text that the summary paraphrases and read it again. Decide which sentence in the text probably corresponds to which question. When you have filled in all the gaps, check your spelling and make sure the completed summary makes sense. Questions 15-19 Improve your skills: predicting answers Read the summary without referring back to the text. a What part of speech is probably needed in each gap? » Can you guess some of the words, or say what they might describe? > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue. Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet. V The 1960s discovery of 15 . in the bedrock of the Mediterranean, as well as deep caves beneath Malta, suggested something strange had happened in the region, as these features must have been formed 16... 17... 2000 metres down contained both vegetation and 18 . . sea level. Subsequent examination of the off Majorca provided more proof. Rock samples from. that . originally could not have lived in deep water, as well as 19 ... transported by river.Strategies: beginnings and endings Quickly try to guess the endings from your first reading of the text. Decide what each stem expresses, e.g.contrast, condition, reason, purpose, result. Make a note of endings that logically cannot fit any of the stems. Highlight the key words in the remaining endings. Remember that the stems (but not the endings) follow the order of information in the text. For each stem, search the text for phrases with a similar meaning.Then look in that part of the text for phrases similar to one of the endings. When you match an ending, check the whole sentence makes sense, and that it means the same as that part of the text. Questions 20-22 Improve your skills:eliminating impossible endings study questions 20-22 and options A-G. 5. a. What does each of 20,21, and 22 express? e.g. contrast. b Which of A-G logically cannot fit each of 20-22? > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue. tements with the best ending from the box below v Complete each of the following sta White the appropriate letters A~G in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet. 20 The extra ice did not absorb the heat from the sun, so... 21 The speed of the water from the Atlantic increased as ... 22 The Earth and its oceans became warmer when ... A Africa and Europe crashed into each other. water started flowing from the Mediterranean. the sea was cut off from the ocean. all the fish and plant life in the Mediterranean died. the Earth started to become colder. the channel grew bigger, creating the waterfalls. all the ice on earth melted. om moO wStrategies: multiple- choice questions For each question study the stem only, not A-D as some of these might mislead you. Find the relevant part of the text, highlight it and read it again carefully, Decide which of A-D is closest in meaning to your understanding of the text. Look for proof that your answer is correct and that the rest of A-D are not. Here are some common types of wrong answer: + It says something that may be true but is not mentioned in the text. + Itexaggerates what the text says, eg.it uses words like always or no one. + It contradicts what the text says. + It contains words from the text, or words similar meanings, but about something else. Questions 23-27 Improve your skills: identifying incorrect answers Which of options A-D in question 23: @, 295 something that may be true, butis not mentioned inthe text? contradicts what the text says? © contains words from the text, but about something else? > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue. Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D and write them in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet. VY 23. What, according to Ryan and Hst, happened about 5.8 million years ago? A. Movement of the continents suddenly closed the Straits of Gibraltar. B_ The water level of the Atlantic Ocean gradually fll. CC. The flow of water into the Mediterranean was immediately cut off. D__ Water stopped flowing from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. 24 Why did most of the animal and plant life in the Mediterranean die? A The water became too salty. B_ There was such a lot of bacteria in the water. C. The rivers did not provide salt water. D_ The sea became a desert. 25 According to the text, the events at Gibraltar led to ‘A. apermanent cooling of the Earth. B the beginning and the end of an ice age. CC. the formation of waterfalls elsewhere in the world. D_ alack of salt in the oceans that continues to this day. 26 More recent studies show that 'A- Ryan and Hist’s theory was correct in every detail. B_ the Mediterranean was never cut off from the Atlantic. Cit may have been cut off more than once. D_ it might once have been a freshwater lake. ‘At the end of the article, Ryan suggests that the Mediterranean will never dry up again. humans will have the technology to prevent it drying uP again. the Mediterranean is certain o dry up again one day. D 27 A tumans will never see the Mediterranean dry up- Test! aReading Passage 3 You should spend about 2 Reading Passage 3. Dogs: a love story ‘A Genetic studies show that dogs evolved from wolves and remain as similar to the creatures from which they came as humans with different physical characteristics are to each other, which is to say not much different at all. “Even in the most changeable mitochondrial DNA markers — DNA handed down on the mother’s side — dogs and wolves differ by not much more than one per cent, says Robert Wayne, a geneticist at the University of California at Los Angeles. Wolf-like species go back one to two million years, says Wayne, whose genetic work suggests dogs of some sort began breaking away about w 10 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on ars ago. Wolf and early human fossils have been found close together from as far back as 400,000 years ago, but dog and human fossils date back only about 14,000 years, al of which puts wolves and/or dogs in The company of man or his progenitors before the development of farming and permanent it a time when both human settlements, at species survived on what they could scratch out hunting or scavenging. Why would these competitors cooperate? ‘The answer probably lies in the similar social structure and size of wolf packs and early human clans, the compatibility of their hunting objectives and range, and the willingness of humans to accept into camp the most suppliant wolves, the young or less threatening ones. D Certain wolves or protodogs may have worked their way close to the fire ring after smelling something good to eat, then into early human gatherings by proving helpful or unthreatening. As wandering packs of twenty- five or thirty wolves and clans of like- numbered nomadic humans roamed the landscape in tandem, hunting big game, the animals hung around campsites scavenging leftovers, and the humans might have used the wolves’ superior scenting ability and speed to locate and track prospective kills. At night, wolves with their keen senses could warn humans of danger approaching. Times might not have been as hard back then as is commonly thought. In many instances food would have been plentiful, predators few, and the boundaries between humans and wildlife porous. Through those pores slipped smaller or less threatening wolves, which from living in packs where alpha bosses reigned would know the tricks of subservience and 100,000 yes aoul adapt to humans in charge. Puppies in particular would be hard to today. Thus was a union born and a proces domestication begun. F Over the millennia, admission of c wolves and protodogs into human camps and exclusion of larger, more threatening ones led to the development of people-friendly breeds distinguishable from wolves by size, shape, coat, ears and markings. Dogs were generally smaller than wolves, their snouts proportionally reduced. They would assist in the hunt, clean up camp by eating garbage, warn of danger, keep humans warm, and serve as food, Native Americans among others ate puppies, and in some societies it remains accepted practice. G By the fourth millennium BC Egyptian rock and pottery drawings show dogs being put to work by men. Then, as now, the relationship was not without drawbacks. Feral dogs roamed city streets, stealing food from people returning from market. Despite their penchant for misbehaviour, and sometimes because of it, dogs keep turning up at all the important junctures in human history. H In ancient Greece, 350 years before Christ, Aristotle described three types of domesticated dogs, including speedy Laconians used by the rich to chase and kill rabbits and deer. Three hundred years later, Roman warriors trained large dogs for battle. The brutes could knock an armed man from his horse and dismember him. In seventeenth-century England, dogs still worked, pulling carts, sleds, and ploughs, herding livestock, or working as turn-spits, powering wheels that turned beef and venison over open fires. But working dogs were not much loved and were usually hanged or drowned when they got old. ‘Unnecessary’ dogs meanwhile gained status among English royalty. King James I was said to love his dogs more than his subjects. Charles II was famous for playing with his dog at Council table, and his brother James had dogs at sea in 1682 when his ship was caught in a storm. As sailors drowned, he allegedly cried out, ‘Save the dogs and Colonel Churchill!” By the late nineteenth century the passion for breeding led to the creation of private registries to protect prized bloodlines. The Kennel Club was formed in England in 1873, and eleven years later the American Kennel Club (AKC) was formed across the Atlantic. Today the AKC registers 150 breeds, the Kennel Club lists 196, and the Europe-based Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes many more. Dog shows sprouted in the mid-1800s when unnecessary dogs began vastly to outnumber working ones, as they do to this day. Unless, that is, you count companionship as a job.Strategies: matching with paragraphs Read the text for gist, focusing on the key sentences, and think about how itis organized. Study the questions and underline the key words. Remember that the questions are not same order as the information in the text. Decide in which part of the text you are likely to find each answer, writing in any answers you can do from your first reading. For the remaining answers, look more closely at the text for clues: words and phrases with similar or related meanings to the key words in the questions. the Strategies: selecting froma list Look at the four types of wrong answer in multiple-choice questions page 27. Decide in which part of the text the statements are likely to be: they may not be in the same order as the information in the text. Look for a paraphrase of each statement in the list, possibly in more than one part. Lightly cross off the list any statements which are contradicted by the text. Fill in the answers on your answer sheet in any order. Questions 28-31 locating answers Improve your skills: : ; a what principle is it organized? 1. Quickly read the text.On 2. What are the key words i 3. Which of questions 28-31 a near the beginning of the text? b somewhere in the middle of the text? ¢ close to the end of the text? > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue. Reading Passage 3 has ten paragraphs labelled A-J. V Write the correct letters A-J in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet. in each of questions 28, 29,30 and 31? would you expect to find answered: 28 Which paragraph explains how dogs became different in appearance from wolves? 29 Which paragraph describes the classification of dogs into many different types? 30. Which paragraph states the basic similarity between wolves and dogs? 31. Which paragraph gives examples of greater human concern for animals than for people? Questions 32-35 Improve your skills: finding references in the text 1. Which half of the text discusses a wolves and early humans? b dogs and early civilizations? 2 Inwhich half will you probably find statements A-H? 3. Here are extracts from the text relating to statements A and B. the similar ... size of wolf packs and early human clans’ B:‘before the development of ... permanent human settlements’ For each, find a second reference to confirm your answer. > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue.Strategies: matching lists Study the list of questions. For each one, highlight the key words. Study the option list, e.g. of nationalities A-F.For each one, scan the passage for it and highlight that part of the text. For each of A-F,ask yourself simple questions, eg.'Did the ... use them to ...?/and answer them by looking at the part you have highlighted. Look out for words similar to the key words in the question. Remember that some of A-F may be used more ‘than once or not at all. Which FOUR of the following statements are made in the text? Choose FOUI Choo FOUR ltr fom A-H and wrt them inboxes 32-35 on your answer JV Ina typical camp there were many more wolves than humans. Neither the wolves nor the humans lived in one place for long. Some wolves learned to obey human leaders. Humans chose the most dangerous wolves to help them hunt. There was very little for early humans to eat. Wolves got food from early humans. Wolves started living with humans when agriculture began. moms uoe> Barly humans especially liked very young wolves. Questions 36-40 Improve your skills: scanning the text 1. In which paragraph is each of A-F mentioned? Which national in more than one paragraph? Which is not mentioned? 2 Ask yourself two questions about each of A-F. > Check your answers on page 40 before you continue. mentioned From the information in the text, indicate who used dogs in the ways listed below (Questions 36-40). Write the correct letters A~F in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet / NB You may use any letter more than once. A B_ the French C the Egyptians D__ the Romans E the English F the Native Americans 36 in war 37 asa source of energy 38 as food 39 to hunt other animals 40 to work with farm animals Test! 3