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14.12 Protection of Transformers: Protective Relays

Transformers are protected against short circuits and overheating. Percentage differential protection is recommended for transformers over 1 MVA to protect against short circuits. This protection scheme satisfies two conditions: it does not operate during normal loads or external faults, but does operate for severe internal faults. The vector difference of the primary and secondary currents is fed to the operating coil of the relay, so that it will not operate for external faults where the currents are equal. Current transformers are connected in delta on the star side and star on the delta side to nullify the 30 degree phase displacement between the primary and secondary currents of a star-delta connected transformer.

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33 views1 page

14.12 Protection of Transformers: Protective Relays

Transformers are protected against short circuits and overheating. Percentage differential protection is recommended for transformers over 1 MVA to protect against short circuits. This protection scheme satisfies two conditions: it does not operate during normal loads or external faults, but does operate for severe internal faults. The vector difference of the primary and secondary currents is fed to the operating coil of the relay, so that it will not operate for external faults where the currents are equal. Current transformers are connected in delta on the star side and star on the delta side to nullify the 30 degree phase displacement between the primary and secondary currents of a star-delta connected transformer.

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ragupa
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PROTECTIVE RELAYS 401

340 × 5
The average current through the restraining coil = = 4.25 amps.
400
With 10% slope the operating current will be
0.1 × restraining current + 0.2 = 0.1 × 4.25 + 0.2 = 0.625 amp.
Since the current through the operating coil is 0.5 amp, therefore the relay will not
operate.

14.12 PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS

Transformers are normally protected against short circuits and over-heating. For short circuits
normally percentage differential protection is recommended for transformers rated for more
than 1 MVA. For low rating overcurrent relaying is used.
The primary and secondary currents of a transformer are normally different from each
other and are related by their turns ratio. These currents are displaced in phase from each
other by 30° if the windings are star-delta connected. The differential protection scheme is
considered to be suitable if it satisfies the two conditions: (i) The relays must not operate
under normal load conditions and for through fault (external fault) conditions; and (ii) it must
operate for severe enough internal fault conditions. In fact, these are the tests that any good
protection scheme must satisfy. For differential protection, the vector difference of two currents
is fed to the operating coil of the relay. This means for an external fault the line currents of the
two CTs should be equal in magnitude and should be in phase opposition so that the difference
current is zero.
The CTs on the star side of the power transformer are connected in delta, and on the
delta side, they are connected in star as the line currents of star-delta power transformer will
be displaced in phase by 30°. It is required that this phase displacement must be nullified by
connecting the CTs in that fashion.
Let us take first of all a star-star transformer (Fig. 14.46). When the star point of both
the transformers is ungrounded, a line-to-ground fault has no meaning because no fault current

I i

I i

i i

i i

0 0 0

Fig. 14.46 Ungrounded star-star transformer protection, through fault.

D-8\N-SYSTEM1\SYS14-3.PM6.5

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