LED Fundamentals and Roadway Lighting

Javier Urrea / Steve Ekblad

March 28th, 2013
1
 Learning Objectives
 Basic lighting metrics important in the outdoor space.
 LCS, Photometric Report, Roadway classifications
 Discuss lighting factors that impact human vision.
 Spectral Power Distribution, CRI, Color
 Understand BUG ratings and prior IES cutoff system.
 Reference IES Recommended Practices covering roadway lighting.
 RP-8, Required Illuminance, Average/Miniumu recommendations, Veiling
Luminance
 Apply key IES lighting calculation factors unique to LED luminaires.
 Lumen Maintenance, TM-21
 Standards organizations
 Discuss LED street lighting specification considerations

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 2

 Lighting Fundamentals

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 3

 Designing for Roadway
Design goal
• Produce quick visibility

• Accurate visibility at night

• Comfortable visibility at night.

 Quality visible lighting can:

• Safeguard, facilitate, and encourage vehicular & pedestrian traffic.

• Reduce Accidents

• Facilitate traffic flow, and provide security.

 Economic/social benefits include…

• Reduction in night accidents

• Aid to police protection

• Facilitation of traffic flow

• Promotion of business

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 4

 Color Temperature
Heating a “black-body”
CIE Chromaticity Diagram

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/lightandcolor/colortemp.html

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 5

 Physiology

rods

cones

2007 research proves new type of ganglion cell

ipRGC’s - intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

The human eye hasn’t changed…. Just the sources that trigger a response!
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 6
 Visual Processing

 Photoreceptors of the retina absorb the incident

photons of light and convert them into electrical
and electro-chemical signals. These signals are
processed in the retina an then transmitted to
the visual cortex of the brain.
 120 Million Rods serve as night retina. (Rod = Scotopic/night
vision). High sensitivity to light, but an inability to see detail in
color.
 8 million cones serve as day retina. (cone = photopic/day vision).
Ability to see fine detail and color. (strongly concentrated in the
fovea). When cones are operating, visual acuity, contrast
sensitivity, color discrimination are at maximum on-axis.

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 7

 Adaptation

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 8

 Adaptation

The human eye can see under full moonlight (.01

fc) and under bright noon daylight (10,000 fc)

Changes in daylight 1000:1 can be adapted to in

less than a second. But adapting from bright
sunlight to darkened theater can take as long as
30 minutes.

When cones are operating, visual acuity, contrast

sensitivity, color discrimination, etc. are at a
maximum on-axis.

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 9

 Light Source Spectrum
1
Integrating sphere
0.9

0.8

0.7
LED
0.6

0.5
Fluorescent
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 10
 LED Basics

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011

 LED Basics
Light Emitting Diode
An LED consists of a single p-n
semiconductor junction. Through a
process known as doping, the n-
type material is negatively charged
and the p-type material is positively
charged. Atoms in n-type material
have extra electrons, atoms in p-
type material have electron holes.
Applying a current to the diode
pushes atoms (n-type and p-type)
towards the junction. N-type atoms
donate extra electrons. A negative
charge is applied to the n-type side
allowing current to flow. When the
electrons in the n-type material fall
into the holes of the p-type material
they release energy in the form of
photons (electromagnetic
radiation)
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011
 LED Package
Basic Components
Reflector Lens
(glass, silicone)

Wire bond

Substrate

LED die

Basic structure of Illuminator type LED (surface mount LED)

– Semiconductor chip (die), contacts to apply power, bond wire
connecting contacts to die, a heat sync, and lens.
The LED Package provides:
– Protection for the LED die from the outside environment
– Conductive path to carry heat away from the LED die
– Refractive index matching from the LED die to air
Courtesy of Cree

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 13

 Color Temperature

~ 3000K

~ 4200K

~ 8000K

Various phosphors are used to create CCT. Phosphor White Method (remote
phosphor).
LED using InGaN (Indium gallium Nitrade) – can handle necessary levels of current,
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 heat, and humidity)
 Luminaire Implications

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 15

 Five key items

light color rendering

life

color thermal

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 16

 Photometric Report
BUG rating
Full Cutoff

Medium, Type 2

LCS values

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 18

 Old IES Cutoff System

Increasing concerns from municipalities regarding nuisance light.

Increasing need for system which provides more comprehensive
data.
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 19
 Luminaire Classification System

TM-15
 Ten zones / lumen count
180°

UH

100° 100°
UL
90° 90°

BVH FVH
80°
80°
BH
FH
60°
BM 60°
FM
BL
30° FL
30°
0°

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 20

 UH

BUG Rating UL

BVH FVH
BH FH
BM
BL FM
FL

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 21

 Roadway Classification

SHORT

MEDIUM

LONG

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Reference: IES Handbook

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 22
 Life Implications

life  Definition of life

 Parametric vs.
catastrophic
 Designated Lxx
100%
 L70 normally
Temp
light output

70%
Threshold
 Three “T’s”
 Threshold

 Time
Time
 Temperature
Operating hours L70

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 23

 Life Implications

life  Ambient and internal operating

temperatures and drive currents have
significant effect on the lumen
maintenance of LED light sources
integrated into the fixtures, but so
100% many features of LED lighting fixtures
themselves including lensing, quality of
Temp
components, and thermal design.
light output

70%
Threshold
 Power surges, static discharge,
vibration, and moisture infiltration can
also have a significant effect.
Time

Operating hours L70

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 24

 LM-79 Photometrics
 Provides Luminaire
light  Lumens
 Distribution
 Efficiency
 CCT / CRI
 Watts

 Combines lamp &

luminaire info!

IESNA LM-79-08
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 25
 LM-80 Lumen Maintenance
 LM80 provides
life First 6000 hrs of LED life
 Measured each 1000hr
 Lumens, CCT
 Three temperatures
 55C, 85C, Select
 At specific drive current(s)

 Does not provide

 Data past 6000hrs
 Projections of life

IESNA LM-80-08  Will be covered in TM21

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 26
 TM-21 Life Estimation
 TM-21 provides
Consistent method to predict life
life 

 Based on LM-80 data

 At specific temperatures (55, 85, ?)
 Two numbers to look for…
 Reported - eg L70 (6k) > 36khrs
 “Capped” at less than 6x test
 Projected – eg L70(6k) = 130khrs
 No “cap” on hours

IESNA TM-21-11

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 27

 Recommended Practice

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 28

 IESNA Recommended Practice

RP-08-00 Roadway Lighting

 Covers Street lighting applications
 Average Footcandles and Av / Mn
 New edition – luminance preferred
 Varies by pedestrian conflict and
interchange size

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 29

 RP-8 Streets and Roadways

Luminance
Illuminance

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 30

 Lighting Calculation

F x N x Lm x LF x CU
E= Area

 E = Required Footcandles
 F = Total Number of Fixtures
 N = Lamps per Fixture
 Lm = Lumens per Lamp
 LF = Loss Factors (LAT & LLD)
 CU = Coefficient of Utilization
 Area = Area of Space

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 31

 Computer Simulations

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 32

 Maintenance Factors
 Recoverable
• Light that can be recovered through lamp changes
or properly planned maintenance.
 LLD: Lamp Lumen Depreciation
 LDD: Luminaire Dirt Depreciation
 Unrecoverable
• Factors that are inherent to the design of the
fixture or the characteristics of the space.
 LAT: Luminaire Ambient Temperature
 RP-8-00 - Annex A

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 33

 LED Lumen Maintenance

100%
light output

Threshold
70%
Cooler

T = 25C

Required Lighting Hotter

L70 (hrs)
Time

Lumen Maintenance curves define LED life. And this varies with temperature.
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 34
 Luminaire Ambient Temperature
LAT = 1.2
Lumen Output

LAT = 1.0

LAT = 0.94

-40oC 25oC 40oC

Temperature

All figures on this graph are for illustration purposes only.

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 35
 Nighttime Temperatures

http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/climaps/climaps.pl

But average of the nightly minimum is NOT the same as nightly average!
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 36
 Overall Lighting Factor

100%
LAT

LLD
Threshold

Temp
Required Lighting

Time LF = LLD x LAT

Choose either Time or Threshold at which maintenance will occur and the Temperature
of the installation. These will determine both LLD and LAT for any luminaire.
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 37
 Light Loss Factors
 Required documents
 NAVLAP or Caliper LM-79 Test Report
 NAVLAP or Caliper IES photometric file
 LM-80 (LED manufacturer)
 Manufacturer’s documented lumen
depreciation factor based on expected
operating hours at average nighttime ambient
operating temperature, utilizing the IESNA
TM-21 calculation method

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 38

 Light Loss Factors
 Calculation Method
 Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) =
Manufacturer’s documented lumen
depreciation factor at expected system
operating hours at ambient operating
temperature in degrees centigrade.
 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) = 0.90 (or
whatever is deemed appropriate based on
your maintenance practices)
 Calculation: LLD X LDD = LLF
 Pass/Fail based on compliance with
application-specific photometric criteria
Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 39
 Elements of a Good LED Performance Spec
 Clearly defined and stated application
space “typicals” by HPS rating
 Roadway width, number of lanes, median
width
 Pole spacing, position (same side, opposite,
staggered), height, setback, and luminaire arm
length

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 40

 Elements of a Good LED Performance Spec
 Clearly defined lighting criteria
 Roadway classification
 Pavement type
 Level of pedestrian conflict
 Illuminance or luminance criteria and
uniformity requirements if other than IESNA
RP-08
 LLF defined based on threshold, time and
temp

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 41

 Elements of a Good LED Performance Spec
 Clearly defined application space & lighting
criteria

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 42

 Elements of a Good LED Performance Spec
 Objective photometric analysis
 AGI32 or Visual modeling of HPS typical
application spaces to verify and validate
equivalency
 Utilize actual TM-21 calculated lumen
depreciation data at specified operating hours
and ambient temperature, rather than an
arbitrary “across the board” approach

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 43

 Elements of a Good LED Performance Spec
 Performance based rather than
prescriptive
 Designed to meet the lighting criteria
 Designed to achieve maintained performance
for the specified system life in operating hours
and at the specified ambient temperature
 Shouldn’t focus on things like driver currents
and number of LED’s, or other arbitrary
attributes

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 44

 Economic Highlights

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 45

 Operational Costs: 400W MH
Energy Costs Maintenance Costs

o Assumptions
o 460W input power
o $0.15/kWh
o Lamps changed 2x in 10yrs
o 365 days/yr @ 12hr/day
o $20 lamp + $150 labor  $340
o Ballast & Photocell changed 1x in 10yrs
o ENERGY COST per year o $80 ballast + $20 photocell
o 2,015 kWh consumed
+ $150 labor  $250

$302/fixture annually $59/fixture annually

$361 Annual Operational Costs Per Fixture

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 46
 Operational Costs: LED Equivalent
Energy Costs Maintenance Costs

o Assumptions
o 219W input power
o $0.15/kWh
o 365 days/yr @ 12hr/day o No Lamp changes in 10yrs
o No Ballast changes in 10yrs
o ENERGY COST per year o Photocell changed 1x in 10yrs
o 959 kWh consumed o $20 Photocell + $150 labor  $170

$144/fixture annually $17/fixture annually

$161 Annual Operational Costs Per Fixture

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 47
 Operational Costs: LED vs. 400WMH

Annual Costs 400W MH 219W LED Savings Savings

Energy $302 $144 ($158) -52%

Maintenance $59 $17 ($42) -71%

Total per Fixture $361 $161 ($200) -55%

$200 Annual SAVINGS Per Fixture

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 48

 Future of Lighting

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 49

 LED – Efficacy Plateau

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011

 LED – Cost Projections

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011

 Standards Organizations

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 52

 Standards
 IESNA
o RP-08

o LM79, LM80, TM15, TM21, etc.

 DOE
o Caliper and NAVLAP accredited labs
o DOE Lighting Facts Program

o Municipal Solid State Lighting Consortium

 Design Lights Consortium
o Qualified Products List

o Required by SCE

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 53

Copyright Acuity Lighting Group ©2011 54