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Chapter I
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Smoking habit is one of the habits that is consider as minor by almost all of us. Since

junior high school a smoker friends, batch mates, classmates had been doing this habit

privately. Smoking is not just habit because a one stick of cigarette contains not just hundred

but thousands of chemicals that destroy our whole body little by little.

In Philippines smoking is estimated to kill over 730,000 Filipinos each year. Among

the youth (age 13-15), 55% are exposed to second-hand smoke at home and 265% in public

places. Almost 40% of adults are exposed to second-hand smoke in their homes and 37% of

workers are exposed to second-hand smoke in the workplace. (Lualhati F. Callo & Peter

Fermin Dajime,2016)

As of today’s youth, they already engaged in smoking that they don’t know what

would be the result or effect of smoking in their life and their future. But even they know it

they just ignoring it as a result of addiction.

Smoking is such a big addiction habits even though the government raise the price of

cigarette it just like unprofitable that they raise the price of cigarette because people are still

buying it for the satisfaction of their self and that is to smoke. In fact smoking accounts for

approximately 1 million premature deaths annually in china. In Germany alone the mortality

due to smoking is estimated at 100000 to 140000death a year .smoking is also consider as

currently responsible for the death of 1 out of 10 adult world wide or about 5 million death

every year. Research suggest that smoking and second hand smoke exposure combined were
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responsible for 438000 premature death, also it is estimated that there will be a double of

death from smoking from 5 million per year from approximately 10 million per year in 2020.

Teenager is the stage of growth maturity, the stage where the teens make choice for their life,

this is consider as one of the crucial stage of maturity because our prefrontal context is under

developing, which is an important element in decision making.14 years to 18 years old is the

stage where a person get attracted from smoking addicted throughout his or her life. Smoking

is a harmful habit that we do not consider seriously as a matter of fact this is also consider

as the first step in drug addiction particularly on what they get way drug theory because

according to the study conducted from Malaysia 100% of drug addicts are smokers. That the

use of illicit drug s such as cannabis, and other narcotics begin with the use of soft drugs such

as tobacco.

The main reason why my study focuses in teenagers because several study had found

out that teenage stage is the stage where the use of smoking is very high, a study from united

states of America found out that 82% of smokers tried there first cigarette before the age of

18 and 53% became a daily smoker before the age of 18.These several studies share one

quality and that is the teenagers as the rising point of smoking habit and the reason why it

push me to have a deeper research about the factors that affect smoking habits. This study

will give us a wide evaluation, analyzation and understanding about how and why a certain

person try and get addicted in smoking habit. A research that will compare and measure

different factors that affect a huge range of smokers and give us explanation which factors

influence us more to engage in smoking habits. A research that will answered whether the

taste and feel of the cigarette or psychological reasons is the factor that catches more

attention to the smokers.

There’s a family in USA named Mr. / Mrs. Spencer. Mr. Spencer is a smoker that

most of his money became wasted because he spend it in buying a pack of cigarettes. Until

he influence the one and only son of him. So the effect of smoking can harm anyone. So after

a year of smoking, Mr Spencer was informed that his wife has lung cancer but the question

is Do his wife smoke? Then they go to hospital and they found out that his wife is a second-

hand smoker. And Mr Spencer disease became worse because he has also heart problem. So

because of smoking there family became bad. And Mr Spencer and his son were constrained

to stop smoking and they begin to love the gift of god. They do exercise and eat healthy

foods. Fortunately There healthy habits really help their life.(World Health Organization,

WHO, 2012).

Objectives of study

1. To determine the number of smokers among the Senior High School Students

according to gender

2. To determine the perception of the Senior High School Students regarding Smoking

3. To determine the common effects why Senior High School Students got engaged in

smoking.

4. To determine the effects why Senior High School Students see smoking as means for

personal asset.

5. To determine the effects why Senior High School Students turns smoking as means

for Socialization
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Statement of the Problem

The problem under consideration is to identify those factors that push senior high

school students in smoking habits particularly MSU senior high school.

1.What is the profile of the respondents according to gender?

2.What is the perception of the Senior High School Students regarding smoking?

3.What are the effects of smoking habits among Senior High School Students?

4.Why Senior High School Students do had a perception of image building towards

smoking?

5.Why Senior High School Students do had a perception of tool for socialization towards

smoking?

Significance of the Study

This study is significant in a sense that it contributes to the studies done regarding

smokers and their perspectives. Furthermore, this study is deemed significant to the

following individuals:

Students. They will know more what the negative effects of smoking in their life.

They will have more knowledge and good perception on how smoking really puts us in

danger. They will be more responsible as well as always reminded of the effect of smoking.

Teachers. They can help on moulding the student for their betterment. They will

have and easy way on how the students to persuade in good way about the bad effect of

smoking. They will be more knowledgeable as well as a big help towards the students.
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Parents. They can have more knowledge on how to deal with their child that engages

already in smoking. They can have a good communication on breaking the arduous attack of

smoking to their child. They will be more efficient on curing their child towards smoking.

Society. They will be more aware on how the smoking ruins the lives of the people.

They can be reminded again on how is it bad. They can be more committed as well as

updated on things about smoking.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are being defined conceptually and operationally to have a better

understanding to the following terms.

Cigarette. A small roll of paper that is filled with cut tobacco and smoked

Habits. It means that it is a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic

exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance.

Harmful. It means causing or capable of causing damage or harm.

Perception. It means the way that you notice, think, or understand something using one of

your senses.

Smoking. It is the act of smoking a cigarette that produces harmful chemical.

Smokers. A person who smokes cigarettes, cigar, etc.

Tobacco. A plant that produces leaves which are smoked in cigarettes pipes, etc.

Nicotine makes the heart beat fast, brings lightheadedness, and upsets stomach. And carbon

monoxide (poisonous chemical from burnt cigarette that makes the heart do more work to
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supply sufficient oxygen in the body). Which weaken parts of our body and eventually lead

to diseases such as cancer and etc.

Tar build-up disrupts clearing process of the lungs and ruins air sacs, nicotine (a toxic

chemical compound that mostly consist nitrogen, which also makes cigarettes addictive).

Vice. Bad or immoral behavior or habits

Scope and Limitation

The study focused on the MSU Senior highs school both smokers and non smokers

since we are talking about perceptions of the teenagers, more over most student do not really

want share to others directly there smoking habits.

This study will be focusing on the Senior High School Mainly to those smokers that

are engaged already. The study was highly taken those smokers in order to have their

perception and negative effects of it towards them. This study won’t include also those

students that are secretive or taking it personally in order to manage or can’t have a negative

happenings or issue.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the various literature and studies which the researcher consider

as related to this study.

Related Studies

In this study you can have the references like books and others that are connected to

this topic. Here are the harmful effects of smoking such that cancer, like lung cancer, cancer

of the larynx, cancer of the oral cavity (mouth) and other diseases. People have the

perception in smoking that yes it actually stimulates your system, even though it makes you

feel relaxed. Nicotine affects chemicals in our brain and after a puff, you usually feel good

for a moment or two, which is why many smokers view smoking as stress relief when under

pressure. Some areas of the brain are pleasure related and when stimulated give the feeling of

relaxation and reduced anxiety. (E- Bulletin, is a service provided from the in-house team of

physicians (specialists, GP’s and the in-house training center) at the CEDARS –Jebel Ali

International Hospitals.

Smoking by youth and young adults can cause serious and potentially deadly health

issues immediately and into adulthood. Young people who smoke are in danger of addiction

to nicotine, reduce lung function, reduce ling growth, and early cardiovascular damage. Also

5.6 million children alive today will ultimately die early from smoking. (CDC- Center for

Disease control and prevention office on smoking and health.)

Bain and Moy were the first to evaluate the influence of smoking on the failure rate

of dental implant. They compared the results between smokers and nonsmokers patients in
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which implants were placed. He found that overall failure rate of 5.92% and specifically

implant failure in smokers was 11.28% as compared to 4.76% in nonsmokers.

Bain did a prospective study which constituted 223 consecutive branemark

implant placed in 78 patients. Patients were divided into three groups: Nonsmokers (NS),

smokers cessation protocol (SQ), and smokers who continued smoking (SNQ). He found that

there was statistically significant difference between failure rate in NS and SNQ group (P <

0.005) and between SQ and SNQ group (P < 0.5), but none between NS and SQ groups.

Thomas, et al., [1] in their retrospective study determined the effect of cigarette smoking and

residual native bone height on the survival of dental implant, placed in immediately in

grafted sinus. Total 334 subjects were screened in which 75 subjects were selected and 155

implants were placed. They subdivided subjects into smokers and nonsmokers, in which they

found:

Studies suggest smoking as the factor associated with complications like marginal

bone loss, Peri-implantitis, bone quality, and quantity, which in turn affect the implant

success rate.

Studies [31] also suggested that effect of smoking on implant may be reversible,

and therefore suggest that smokers should realize satisfactory outcomes if they cease

smoking even temporarily.

This portion of the study is going to present the different books and journals related to

this study. This is subdivided into various sub-topics.

Harms of Tobacco smoke fatal to smokers as well as to nonsmokers because smoking

can cause many types of cancers, including cancers of the kidney, larynx lung, mouth, throat,
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bladder and stomach. Moreover smoke contain harmful almost 7,000 chemicals in it, at least

250 are known to be harmful, including cyanide, carbon monoxide, ammonia and hydrogen.

These known harmful chemicals of smoke, almost 69 can cause cancer. These cancer-causing

chemicals such as Benzene, Beryllium, Butadiene and Cadmium Formaldehyde and Toluene.

According to report of US health Department (2006),

Related Literature

Researched on smoking in perspective of social relationships. And found that effects

of smoking are drastic and related with specific problems especially for young smokers. For

example brain hemorrhage (sub-arachnoids hemorrhage) is six times higher in teen smokers

than non-smokers Smith-Simone (2008).

Cigarette smoking is an intense growing habit among today youth. It accompanies

drinking alcohol, socializing and for stress relief (Marsh & Mathieson, 1983). The habit as

concept becomes complex when discussed amongst a desired population, especially when

information is needed to raise problem-solving approaches. No study has been seen or read

on university students’ attitudes, views and their perspective on smoking in England (Okpala,

2003). This paper dwells on some studies on gender and smoking patterns among randomly

picked second year students.

The consequences each year included $96 billion in health costs and 5.1 million life

years lost (Smoking-Attributable Mortality2008). Smoking increases the risk of many

cardiovascular, respiratory, and neoplastic diseases as well as other adverse health effects

such as infertility and osteoporosis (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2004).

Fortunately, adult populations have experienced a slow decrease in smoking numbers in

recent years. Smoking fell 1.6% between2005 and 2010, representing approximately 3

million fewer smokers than would have existed had no decrease occurred (Vital Signs:

Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults Aged !18 Years 2011).

Second-hand smoke also poses a threat to non-smokers, causing an estimated 46,000

heart disease deaths and 3,400 lung cancer deaths annually in the United States(Smoking-

Attributable Mortality 2008). In addition, 8.9 million Americans used smokeless tobacco and

2.2 million smoked tobacco in pipes in 2010 (Results from the 2010 National Survey 2011).

Smokeless tobacco contains 28 known carcinogens; it also has negative effects on oral and

reproductive health (“Smokeless Tobacco Facts”2011). Likewise, cigars, cigarillos, little

cigars, and pipe tobacco contain the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in

cigarettes. They have also been found to increase the risk of oral, respiratory, and

cardiovascular diseases (Burns et al. 1998). Regardless of the method used to ingest tobacco,

this lifestyle choice is a prominent cause of preventable disease and death, and as such is an

important topic for healthcare providers and educators.

Tobacco use varies among different demographic groups. In 2010, male Americans

were 4.2% more likely to be smokers than females. Among age groups between 18 and 64,

smoking percentages varied little: 20.1% of Americans age 18-24, 22% of those age 25-44,

and 21.2% aged 45-64 were smokers. Only 9.5% of people over 65 were smokers, however.

This is likely due in part to the shortened average lifespan of smokers compared to non-

smokers. Variation in frequency appeared between most racial groups. Though white and

black smokers showed similar percentages (21% and 20.6%, respectively), a low 12.5% of

Hispanics and 9.2% of Asians and a high 31.4% of American Indians were smokers. Poverty

status, likewise, was a predictor of tobacco use: Americans below poverty level were 10.6%
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more likely to smoke than those at or above poverty level (Vital Signs: Current Cigarette

Smoking Among Adults Aged 18 Years 2011).

There are limited data available examining the relationship between religious

affiliation and smoking practices. One study found that American adults who attended

frequent religious services were less likely to be smokers than infrequent attenders. “Further,

among smokers, frequent attenders smoked significantly fewer cigarettes per day” (Gillum

2005). Except for the Church of Latter Day Saints, tobacco use is not explicitly discouraged

by major religions because it was not available or known when their scriptures were written.

However, most –including Christianity, Judaism, Hindu, Buddhism, and Islam –have

principles that forbid or discourage the use of addictive substances. Islam, for example,

declares practices that are harmful to one’s health to be forbidden (Yong et al. 2008). The

Roman Catholic Church discourages excess in smoking in Catechism 2290, which states that,

“The virtue of temperance disposes us to avoid every kind of excess: the abuse of food,

alcohol, tobacco, or medicine.“ (Catholic Church 2000).

Education levels are strongly associated with differences in smoking use frequencies.

In one study, among American adults, 23.8% of high school graduates were smokers. A

shocking 45.2% of those who received a GED smoked. Of those with some college education

but no degree 23.2% smoked. The trend of decreasing smoking numbers with increasing

education levels continues: 18.8% of those with an associate degree, 9.9% of college

graduates, and 6.3% of graduate degree holders smoked (Vital Signs: Current Cigarette

Smoking Among Adults Aged !18 Years 2011)

Despite laws banning smoking under 18 years of age, smoking habits are usually

formed in adolescence. More than 80% of adult smokers begin smoking before 18 years of
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age(“Youth and Tobacco Use”2012). For this and other reasons, this age group is frequently

the focus of smoking research. The National Youth Tobacco Survey, a school-based survey

of middle school and high school students, has been a valuable source of information

concerning the tobacco use and perceptions among adolescents since it was first issued in

2000. Many investigators analyze thedata collected to determine different trends in

adolescent tobacco use, and findings from this data are used in this study to compare high

school and university tobacco use (Results from the 2010 National Survey 2011). “Each day

in the United States, approximately 3,800 young people under 18 years of age smoke their

first cigarette, and an estimated 1,000 youth in that age group become daily cigarette

smokers”(“Youth and Tobacco Use” 2012).The longer a person smokes, the more difficult

quitting smoking tends to be; young people are more likely than other adults to successfully

quit (Messer et al. 2008). In 2006, the National Youth Tobacco Survey showed that 14.0% of

high school students had used cigars, cigarillos, little cigars, or tobacco from a pipe and 8.9%

had used smokeless tobacco within the last month (“Youth and Tobacco Use” 2012).

Adolescents are often targeted by anti-smoking campaigns that aim to teach the

dangers of tobacco use and discourage students from trying cigarettes. These have shown

mixed results in recent years: “From 2000 to 2009, prevalence of current tobacco and

cigarette use and experimentation with smoking cigarettes declined for middle school and

high school students, but no overall declines were noted for the 2006--2009 period.”

(Arrazola et al. 2010). Use of smokeless tobacco among 12 to 17 year olds has actually

increased 0.3%from 2002 to 2010 (Results from the 2010 National Survey2011). However,

research has shown that young adolescents who are exposed to anti-smoking television ads

are significantly less likely to start smoking. Among younger adolescents (aged 12 to 13
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years at baseline), those reporting baseline exposure to television antismoking advertisements

were significantly less likely to progress to established smoking (Messer et al. 2008).

A common explanation for adolescent smoking is that “adolescents have poor

decision-making and risk-judging skills, leading them to believe they are invulnerable to

harm” (Song et al. 2008). Song and colleagues studied the relationship between perception of

smoking risks and smoking initiation among high school students. The study found that risk

perception was a predictor of smoking: students with a low risk perception or a high benefit

perception about three times more likely to start smoking. In addition to perception of long-

term health risks, the threat of short-term social issues such as bad breath and disciplinary

risks also significantly influenced smoking initiation (Song et al. 2008).

Peer pressure is also commonly believed to influence teen smoking behavior.

Previous studies of social influences on adolescent smoking found that peer smoking is

strongly associated with current smoking among early and middle adolescents. The

magnitude of the association between peer smoking and current smoking decreases from

early adolescence to middle adolescence. Parent smoking and exposure to tobacco-related

media are also associated with increased smoking in adolescence (Villanti et al. 2011).

While college students are close in age to high school students, their social structure

differs and their mental capacity for decision-making and risk-assessment are more

developed. As a result, it is necessary to study university students separately to determine

how peer pressure and perception of risk influence this age group. In addition, college

students tend to face greater stress levels and a higher prevalence of alcohol use. It is worth

investigating how these factors affect students’ tobacco use. Several studies have shown that
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key differences do in fact exist between the two groups with regards to smoking behavior and

opinions.

As stated above, the percentage of American college graduates who smoke, 9.9%, is

around half the national adult average of19.3%. However, among currently enrolled, full-

time college students, 24.8% reported cigarette use in the past month in 2010 (Results from

the 2010 National Survey 2011). A 2004 study of college students found that 11.5% of

nonsmokers begin smoking occasionally during their four years as an undergraduate (Wetter

et al. 2004). Full-time college students were less likely to be current cigarette smokers than

their peers who were not enrolled full time in college. Among young adults aged 18 to 22

who are not in college full-time, 39.9% were smokers in the year 2010. The same pattern was

found among both males and females in this age range (Results from the 2010 National

Survey 2011).Among recent regular smokers age 18-24, 84% reported that they had seriously

tried to quit in the past year, but only 8.5% succeeded in quitting (Messer et al. 2008).

As observed in the overall population, males who are full-time college students are

more likely to be smokers than female college students. In 2010, 27.1% of male college

students smoked (Results from the 2010 National Survey 2011). Race is a demographic

indicator of college student smoking risk as well: whites are most likely to smoke, followed

by Hispanic and Asian-Pacific Islander. Black students are least likely to be smokers

(Patterson et al. 2004). Few studies have investigated the relationship between religion and

college smoking frequency. However, literature suggests that students who consider religion

to be a “not very important” part of their lives are more likely to be smokers (Emmons et al.

1998).
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Few studies have examined the use of smokeless tobacco among college students

(Monson and Beaulieu 2011). One 2005 survey of university students in Texas reported that

17.1% were current smokeless tobacco users. Rates were much higher for men than women.

While only 8.5% of female respondents had ever tried smokeless tobacco and 3.2% were

current users, 31.8% of men had tried it and 22.4% were current users (Morrell et al. 2005).

College students often underestimate or do not know health risks associated with smokeless

tobacco use, and current users are more likely than nonusers to perceive smokeless tobacco

as a safer alternative to smoking (Monson and Beaulieu 2011).

Perceptions of smoking-related health risks (Prokhorov et al. 2002) and benefits are

also predictors of smoking practices among college students (Song et al. 2009). Respiratory

systems are shown to predict a smoker’s desire to quit, with more severe symptoms

associated with stronger intent to quit.

Peer pressure has been shown to play a role in college student smoking habits and

perceptions. The more college students think their peers approve of smoking, the more likely

they report a higher level of smoking intention. Further, it was found that the perceived

approval of “close peers” predicts smoking use most strongly (Paek 2009).

College students have been shown to consistently believe that more of their peers

smoke than actually do so (“Big Tobacco on Campus” 2008). Belonging to a fraternity or

sorority (Staten et al. 2007) and participation in intercollegiate sports are also predictors of

both smoking and smokeless use (Morrell et al. 2005). Social smoking is a recently identified

phenomenon among young adults in which subjects identify that they only smoke in social

environments. As a result, they consider themselves to be different from other smokers and
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often do not describe themselves as being smokers. More than two thirds of college smokers

are social smokers (Waters et al. 2006).

A link between alcohol and tobacco has been well established across populations. In

particular, it was found that college students who are current drinkers and drink in high-risk

ways are much more likely to start smoking in college than those who do not drink. This

study, which examined the factors contributing to smoking initiation among college students,

also found that 13% of students began using cigarettes at college (Staten et al. 2007).

Conversely, student smokers are more likely to use alcohol and other substances and

commonly report experimenting with marijuana, cocaine, or other drugs while smoking

(“Big Tobacco on Campus” 2008).

College students report they often use smoking as a means of controlling stress or

depression, and may smoke to signal to their friends or classmates when they are unhappy or

distressed(“Big Tobacco on Campus” 2008).Specifically, females who are vulnerable to

depression are more likely to smoke, in part because they feel it will relieve negative mood

(Morrell et al. 2010). In another study, relieving stress was named as one of the top two

reasons college respondents used smokeless tobacco (Monson and Beaulieu 2011).

Several methods to decrease smoking, both general and college-specific, have been

put in place in recent years and shown to effectively reduce smoking numbers. Cigarette

taxes have been raised in every state, and higher per pack costs have been shown to reduce

cigarette consumption (Sung et al. 2005). More than 130 colleges and universities across the

nation have banned smoking on the entire campus, including outdoor areas (U.S. Colleges

and Universities with Smoke free Air Policies Table 2008). Smoke-free air policies and laws

have been found to help reduce the amount of smoking and assist people to quit smoking. In
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a 2011 study evaluating the impact of a smoke-free campus policy on college students'

smoking behaviors and attitudes, it was determined that students exposed to a smoke-free

campus policy demonstrated significant favorable changes in smoking, smoking norms, and

perceptions of peer tobacco use(Seo et al. 2011). Evidence also indicates that restrictions on

smoking in student housing decrease college students’ likelihood of starting or increasing

smoking (Patterson et al. 2004).

Chapter III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodological process by the researcher in order to obtain

the data and information to meet the salient purpose of this study.

Research design

Qualitative descriptive is the type of technique that has utilized to our research study

because our study focuses on the behavior of individual smokers. We focused on the effects

of smoking habit to the senior high school and when we say habit this is something that

requires the study of the behavior of a certain respondents that will be more effective and

easier if we will use qualitative descriptive research study.

Research Instrument

The instrument that has used is a One-on-one interview and purposive. These

instruments are used in order for the researchers to gather the data conveniently and

efficiently since the study mainly tackles about the Perception of The Senior High School

Students regarding The Negative effects of Smoking Habits. These instruments are also used

for the comfortability of the participants and for the wide range of gathering data since it is a

head to head interview with full of details. Through these instruments, the data that want by

the researchers to utilize can be achieved and sufficient in order to achieve the goal and

answer the problem of the study.

Selection of key informants

The informant of our study was both the smokers and non smokers from senior high

school since our study relies on the factors affect smoking habits we would also like to

consider the opinion of non smokers moreover it became also a great idea to have a smooth

flow of the research because most smokers are not open to give and provide information

about the study.

Data gathering

The data that we had collected was definitely from MSU Marawi Senior High School

the first step that we did is, we divide the population of the MSU Marawi Senior High

school into groups or clusters after the division we got 3sample from each stratum, we

conducted data gathering by direct interview and as much as possible we made it in a formal

but friendly manner to made the interviewee less fear and relax.

Data analysis

The data that collect was analyzed according to how it affects the respondents in their

smoking habits. The first step that we did is to evaluate the answers of the informants

whether it is a factors that lead to smoking habits or not after that, the information was then

converted into different group that had identified where it belong as a factors that affect

smoking habits. We focused more on the behavior of the informant to identify the effects

smoking? What benefits or sense of feeling they gain in the habits? What are the things that

made them stock in the habits? And many other questions in order to have deep and wide

understanding about the study.