THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE NO.

12-2017-
131 (ANTI-SMOKING) AS PERCEIVED BY BRGY. OFFICIALS AND
SELECTED RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY POBLACION, ALABEL
SARANGANI PROVINCE

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal to the

Faculty of the Department of Political Science,
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Mindanao State University
General Santos City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Of the Degree Bachelor of Arts in Political Science

BNI ESMAEL E. CRAMEL JR.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title Page
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Chapter I: The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Assumptions of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Scope and Limitation 5
Definition of Terms 6
Conceptual Framework 7
Conceptual Model (Figure 1) 9

Chapter II: Research Methodology

Research Design 10
Research Design Model (Figure 2) 11
Research Locale and Subjects of the Study 12
Instrumentation 12
Data Gathering Procedure 13
Treatment and Analysis of Data 13

Chapter III: Review of Related Literature

 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Smoking is one of the major causes of death universally. Cigarettes carrying a

nicotine that brings harmful effects on the human bodies. Globally, around 7 million

people are dying this year 2018 because of lung cancer and other diseases caused by

smoking cigarettes. Due to this, the government alarmed about how to deal with this

universal problem. For Georgina Shirres, over the past few decades, there have been

rapid changes in the acceptability of the social habit of smoking.

For the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco kills up to half of its users

and tobacco kills more than 7 million people each year. More than 6 million of those

deaths are the results of tobacco use while around 890, 000 are the result of non-smokers

being exposed to second-hand smoke. Around 80% of the world’s 1.1 billion smokers

live in low- and middle- income countries.

According to the prior studies World Health Organization, in the Philippines,

more than of Filipino households are not smoke-free. Among the ASEAN members, the

Philippines had the second highest smoking prevalence rate (SEATCA, 2007). Every

year, there are about 20,000 smoking-related deaths in the country. Approximately 10

Filipinos die every hour due to tobacco-related diseases. According to the Tobacco Atlas

(2009), 38.9% of Filipino males smoke while 8.5% females. Among the health

professionals, 22% of total adults or 17.3 million smoke. There are around 14.6 million

adult males (48%) who smoke and 2.8 million adult females (9%).
 2

According to the Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine

Clean Air act of 1999, provides the policy framework the country’s air quality

management program. It seeks to uphold the right of every Filipino to breathe clean

addressing air pollution from mobile and stationary sources. And it prohibits smoking in

enclosed public places, including public vehicles and other means of transport and directs

local government units to implement this provision. And also the Executive Order No. 26,

series 2017 which entitled Providing for the Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments

in Public and Enclosed Places.

One of the significant accomplishments of the Philippine President Rodrigo

Duterte is the approval of Executive Order No. 26 entitled to provide for the

Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Places. In this

executive order supports the Clean Air Act of 1999 and the Tobacco Regulation Act of

2003 to impose a nationwide ban on smoking in all public places in the Philippines.

Alabel Sarangani Province has started the full implementation of the anti-smoking

ordinance passed by the municipal office last December 2017. Ordinance No. 12-2017-

131 known as the Anti-Smoking Ordinance prohibits smoking in public places around the

municipal specifically to its barangay/s and also restricts the sale, purchase, and

distribution of cigarettes to the minor. Below to this ordinance, individuals who will be

caught smoking public places will be fined from P1, 000 - P3, 000, while business

establishments which fail to comply with the provision of the ordinance, especially with

the designation of smoking areas will face a P1, 000 - P5, 000 fine. As one of the

successful accomplishment of local government unit of Alabel, Mayor Vic Paul M.

Salarda ordered for the strict implementation of the Anti - Smoking ordinance. With 14
 3

barangays in the Alabel Sarangani Province, one of the concerned Barangays in the

implementation of the said ordinance is Barangay Poblacion. As stated in section 9 of the

Ordinance, “All barangay are hereby required to organize their own anti-smoking task

force to coordinate with the Municipal Anti-Smoking Task”. Alabel Municipal Police

Station of Barangay Poblacion has the authority to implement the Municipal Ordinance in

Barangay Poblacion.

This study is essential to know how the Municipal Ordinance No. 131 series of 2017 or

Anti-Smoking Ordinance is being implemented in Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani

Province. This will seek to determine the level of awareness of the respondents and to

understand their perception towards the level of effectiveness of the policy

implementation which could be way in filling the gaps seen in the course of

implementation.

Statement of the problem

This is research will be focused on the implementation of Municipal Ordinance

no. 12-2017-131 or the Anti-smoking Ordinance as will be perceived by the barangay

Officials and selected residents of Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province.

Specifically, this sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the rules and regulation of the Anti-Smoking ordinance in Barangay

Población Alabel Sarangani Province?

2. What are the programs, plans, and action of Barangay Población Alabel Sarangani

Province?
3. What is the level of awareness of the selected residence of Barangay Poblacion,

Alabel Sarangani Province towards anti-smoking ordinance?

4. What are the facilitating and hindering factors in the implementation of the Anti-

Smoking Ordinance in Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province?

 4

5. What is the level of the effectiveness of the implementation of the anti-smoking

ordinance as perceived by Barangay Officials and selected residents in Barangay

Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province?

Assumption of the Study

The following are the assumption of the study

1. There are clear rules and regulation of Anti-smoking ordinance in Barangay

Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province.

2. There are programs and plans that raise the awareness of residents of Barangay

Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province and actions are conducted by barangay task

force in the implementation of the Anti-Smoking ordinance.

3. The respondents of this study are highly aware of the implementation of the Anti -

Smoking ordinance.
4. The Anti-Smoking ordinance still needs an improvement in conducting and

facilitating the ordinance to become more effective.

5. There are factors facilitate and also hinder the implementation of the Anti-

Smoking Ordinance in Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is to determine the level of awareness of the

selected residents in the selected and to understand the perception of the barangay

officials and selected residents in regards to the effectiveness of the policy

implementation. This will provide additional knowledge and information to the Barangay

regarding the implementation of the Anti-Smoking Ordinance in Barangay Poblacion,

Alabel Sarangani Province. The Barangay officials will gain acquire understanding

towards their implementation processes through the result of this study and it will be

beneficial to strengthen the Anti-Smoking Ordinance if failure and loopholes are seen in
 5

the implementation process. Selected residents as well will be educated about the status

of the implementation of the Anti-Smoking Ordinance concerning the rules and

regulations of Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province.

This study will serve as an additional reference for the students or other

researchers who will be interested to conduct related studies in the near future.

Scope and Limitation of this study

This study will be focused on the implementation of the Municipal Ordinance No.

12-2017-131 or the Anti-Smoking Ordinance as perceived by the Barangay Officials and

selected residents of Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province.

The boundary of the study covered only the rules and regulation of the ordinance,

the plans and programs of the Barangay, the level of awareness of the respondents as well

as their consciousness towards the level of effectiveness, and also the factors that

facilitated and constrained the policy implementation.

This study is a quantitative and qualitative inquiry in which the primary tool is

surveyed questionnaire and the second tool is a Key Informant Interview (KII). The

researcher selected Poblacion Market and seven Eight (8) Puroks in the Barangay

Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province to evaluate the perception of the respondents

specifically their level of awareness of the said policy implementation. These puroks are

Purok Masagana, Purok Mabuhay, Purok Tagumpay, Purok Eight (8), Purok Santa Cruz,

Purok Santo Niño, Purok Seven (7), and Purok Kogonal. The Barangay officials of

Barangay Poblacion will be interviewed on their perception towards the level of

effectiveness in the implementation of the Anti - Smoking Ordinance.

Definition of Terms
 6

The following terms are conceptually and operationally defined in this study:

Anti-Smoking. Conceptually, it is opposed to or promoting the discontinuance of the

smoking of tobacco and preventing people to smoke in public places. Operationally, it is

the Ordinance No. 12-2017-13 in Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province that

prohibits smoking in public places.

Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province. Conceptually, Poblacion is an urban

barangay in the Municipality of Alabel, Sarangani Province, Philippines. Operationally,

the location of the researcher will be conducted.

Effectiveness. Conceptually, the quality of being successful in achieving what is wanted

(The Cambridge Dictionary). Operationally, it is the measurement of the ‘performance of

the implementation of anti-smoking ordinance based on the perception of barangay

officials and selected residents of Barangay Poblacion.

Facilitating factors. Conceptually, these refer to the factors that make something easier

or less difficult, especially one that you would like to happen (Collins English

Dictionary). Operationally, these refer to the factors that affect the implementation of the

Anti - Smoking Ordinance.

Hindering Factors. Conceptually, these allude to factors that make difficulties and

breaking point the improvement of something (Cambridge English Dictionary).

Operationally, it refers to the factors that negatively affect the implementation of the Anti

- Smoking Ordinance.
 7

Implementation. Conceptually, it is the process of putting a decision or plan into effect

(English Oxford Living Dictionaries). Operationally, it refers to how the Anti-Smoking

Ordinance is being applied in Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province.

Ordinance. Conceptually, it refers to a law or rule made by a government or authority

(Cambridge Dictionary). Operationally, it is the Municipal Mayor’s order to ban smoking

in all barangays in Alabel Sarangani Province and provide sanctions for violations.

Perception. Conceptually, Perception is awareness, comprehension or an understanding

of something (Your Dictionary). Operationally, it is the respondents’ comprehension

towards the implementation of the Anti-Smoking Ordinance in Barangay Poblacion

Alabel Sarangani Province.

Conceptual Framework

The main purpose of the implementation of the Anti-Smoking Ordinance No. 12-

2017-131 is to regulate the users from using smoking cigarettes in public places, and also

to minimize it for the prevention of negative effects to human body. In line with this, in

the implementation of the ordinance, it is important how well the policy is being put in

practice. The implementation of Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province will be

examined by the researcher based on the consciousness of the residents. By implementing

rules and regulations, plans and programs, the residents will be able give their own views

and opinions and also the facilitating and hindering factors that may always prevent the

ordinance to achieve its goals and objectives and also it may serve as the screen to

people’s awareness. To summary, it will be determine either ordinance is effective or still

needs to be improved.
 8

To fully understand the concept, the figure 1 in the succeeding page presents the

conceptual model of the implementation of the Anti - Smoking Ordinance as perceived

by the Barangay Officials and selected residents of Barangay Poblacion, Alabel

Sarangani Province.

Conceptual Model
 9

Figure 1. The illustration below presents the flow of the implementation of the

Anti - Smoking Ordinance as perceived by the Barangay Officials and selected residents

of Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province.

MUNICIPAL’S ORDER NO. 131 SERIES
OF 2017 ORTHE ANTI-SMOKING
ORDINANCE

IMPLEMENTATION OF BARANGAY
POBLACION, ALABEL SARANGANI
PROVINCE

IMPLEMENTING
RULES AND PLANS AND ACTION PROGRAMS
REGULATIONS

FACTORS AND FACILITATING AND

HINDERING THE POLICY
IMPLEMENTATION

AWARENESS OF THE
RESPONDENTS

LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE POLICY
 Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology that will be employed in this study. This

includes the research design, research locale, instrumentation, data gathering, analysis

and treatment of data.

Research Design

This study is a quantitative and qualitative research which will focus on the

comprehension of the selected residents of Barangay Poblacion and its Barangay

Officials concerning the policy implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 131 series of

2017 or the Anti-Smoking Ordinance. The researcher strives to find out, calculate and

understand the cause of the implementation of the ordinance and the level of awareness

and level of effectiveness of the said Ordinance based on the respondent’s perception.

The primary tool is surveyed questionnaire and the second tool is a key informant

interview (KII) which will both determine the views and opinions of the Barangay

Officials and selected residents of Barangay Poblacion, Alabel in the implementation of

Anti-Smoking Ordinance. This method (mix method) will give a more comprehensive

understanding of the research problem than either quantitative or qualitative approaches

alone. Hence, this study will have a great potential to strengthen the rigor and improve

the analysis and findings of the respondent perception. This also advances the timeline of

a debate by offering more data for future discussions and research.

 11

Figure 2. Research Design Map

SOURCES OF DATA DATA

PROBLEMS DAATA GATHERING ANALYSYS
TOOLS

Rules and Content

Documents Archival
regulations Analysis

Programs, Plans Documents, Content and

Archival/ Key
and Action Barangay Thematic
informant
Officials analysis

Level of Percentage,
Selected Survey
Awareness Frequencies and
Residents Questionnaire
Ranking

Facilitator and Barangay

Key Informants Thematic
Hinder Officials Analysis

Level of Barangay Thematic

Effectiveness officials and Interview guide Analysis
selected and Survey
residents Questionnaire
 12

Research Locale and Subjects of the Study

The research locale of this study is in the Poblacion Market and Eight (8) selected

Puroks within the Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province. These puroks are

Purok Masagana, Purok Mabuhay, Purok Tagumpay, Purok Eight (8), Purok Santa Cruz,

Purok Santo Niño, Purok Seven (7), and Purok Kogonal.

Barangay Poblacion is one of the fourteen (14) barangays that composed the

Municipal of Alabel. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 80,359 people

and with the total area of 4,957,000 hectares.

The informants of this study are the selected Barangay Officials and the

respondents will the residents of Barangay Poblacion and they will be chosen randomly.

The researcher will be employed quota sampling to determine the residents. Other

informants will be the five (5) Barangay Officials, one (1) Police officer of the Municipal

Police station of Barangay Poblacion, and one (1) Barangay Health Worker will give a

total of 7 informants in this study. The respondents will be in the Poblacion Market and

Eight (8) Puroks in the barangay are covered in this study and each puroks will have 20

respondents which will give a total of 140 respondents. The selected residents can be

youth, adult, male and female.

Instrumentation

The primary instrument that will be used in gathering data is a survey

questionnaire which comprised items that would answer the specific questions. The

survey questionnaire will be divided into 3 parts. The Part 1 will be the profile of the

respondents, the Part 2 will be the level of awareness of the selected residents of

Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani Province toward the implementation of Anti-

 13

Smoking Ordinance, the Part 3 will be the level of effectiveness of the selected residents

of Barangay Poblacion, Alabel Sarangani province toward to the implementation of Anti-

Smoking Ordinance. The secondary tool will be the Key Informant Interview (KII) in

which the researcher will make a guide questions concerning the implementation of the

Anti-Smoking Ordinance. The guide questions will be contained detailed, specific and

examined inquires that will be asked in the course of an interview. And lastly, the

researcher will be using archival research to extract documents in Barangay Poblacion,

Alabel Sarangani Province.

Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering data, the researcher will secure a formal letter to be signed by the

Thesis Adviser and Department Chairman of Political Science. The letter will be

addressed to the Chairman of Barangay Poblacion, authorizing the researcher to conduct

the study. In line with this, the respondents will have the trust and confidence to

cooperate with the researcher

In the issuance survey questionnaire as the primary tool, the researcher will

explain the intention of the study to the selected residents and give an explanation to all

items in the inquiry form. As for the Key Informant Interview (KII), the researcher will

look for individuals who will have the best knowledge to give needed information

regarding on this study.

Treatment and Data Analysis

The data that will generate from the survey questionnaire will be computed and

presented through tables. The data will be treated and will be analyzed with the use of

frequency distribution, percentage and ranking, as for the Key Informant Interview (KII)
 14

generated data, a thematic analysis will be presented through a matrix. The data from KII

will also improve through the discussion and analysis of data from the survey

questionnaire.
 Chapter III

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature reviews of the study. It includes local and

international studies either published and unpublished materials that have relevance to

this research.

According to the Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine

Clean Air act of 1999, provides the policy framework the country’s air quality

management program. It seeks to uphold the right of every Filipino to breathe clean

addressing air pollution from mobile and stationary sources. And it prohibits smoking in

enclosed public places, including public vehicles and other means of transport and directs

local government units to implement this provision.

In addition, the local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) accords

every local government unit power and authority to promote the general welfare within as

territorial jurisdiction, including the promotion of health and safety of its people.

The Presidential order or Executive Order No. 26 entitled to provide for the

Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Places. In this

executive order supports the Clean Air Act of 1999 and the Tobacco Regulation Act of

2003 to impose a nationwide ban on smoking in all public places in the Philippines.

In the article of Malcolm A Moore and Hiroyuki Tsuda (Smoking-Related

Research in the Asian-Pacific Countries), they stated that among men, 35% of oral cancer

is attributable to the combination of smoking and alcohol drinking and 49% to pan-
 15

tobacco chewing, while in women, chewing and poor oral hygiene can explain 95% of

cases. (Balaram et al., 2002). In Assam, of the different combinations of ingredients that

were chewed the adjusted odds ratios were highest for those who had been using

fermented betel nut with any form of tobacco (Phukan et al., 2001). There is much scope

for targeting dietary factors in preventing oral cancer, coupled with aggressive anti-

tobacco use efforts. (Hebert et al., 2002). High values of estimates of attributable risk

percent (ARP) and population attributable risk percent (PARP) confirmed the positive

impact of reduction or elimination of the tobacco consumption practices on reducing the

risk of oropharyngeal cancer in the population of Central India. (Wasnik et al., 1998).

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma appears to be a special case, not associated with exposure to a

smoky atmosphere, betel-nut chewing, use of smokeless tobacco products, smoking or

drinking habits, but rather to consumption of smoked meat (Chelleng et al., 2000).

Another Related Literature of the graduate thesis by Xizi Cai (August, 2012) he

concludes that Chinese people would be more likely to be influenced by anti-smoking

campaigns with social, rational or routine strategy instead of ego, sensory or acute need

strategy. This result might suggest emphasizing more on social, rational and routine

message strategy approach for anti-smoking advertising in China. Under Taylor’s

message strategy wheel, either a single advertising approach or a combination of

approaches can be selected for an advertising strategy (Taylor, 1999). According to

people’s reasons of smoking or quitting, plus thoughts and attitudes toward smoking and

antismoking ads, it is apparent that factors related to the intention of quitting or reducing

smoke are complex and various, and highly related to each other. Therefore, the author

suggests adopting a combination approach selecting either two or three among social,
 16

ration and routine segments. The author believes that such kind of combination is

supposed to be more effective in changing Chinese people’s smoking behavior than only

using a single message strategy.

In the conclusion of the unpublished related research by the Secretariat of the

World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the Secretariat

concluded that in a range of jurisdictions, including low-and-middle-income countries

(LMICs), implementation of smoke-free policies in line with WHO FCTC Article 8 have

significantly reduced rates of exposure to SHS. Although many of the resulting decreases

in mortality and morbidity will be seen only after a few decades, there are, however,

certain health effects which are seen in the short-term. Specifically, jurisdictions

implementing smoke-free policies found an immediate protective effect towards a

decrease in acute coronary events, especially among non-smokers, and the protective

effect strengthened over time. Studies of short duration showed smaller effects than

studies of longer duration (dose-response). The protective effect was weak or non-

existent for active smokers but significant for non-smokers, providing further strength to

the causality of the relationship.

In addition to that, implementation of smoke-free policies has also been found to

significantly reduce respiratory symptoms in adults and improve lung function. In

addition, smoke-free policies were also associated with substantial reductions in preterm

births and hospital attendance for asthma attacks in children. Although much of the

available literature on the impact of tobacco control policies had previously come from

high-income countries (HICs), this is now changing, and a number of the studies included

in this paper are from LMICs. Many HICs have been implementing tobacco control
 17

policies progressively for several decades and have been carrying out studies on a variety

of tobacco control issues. Most HICs also have regular national surveys which collect

data on smoking parameters and have a system for recording health outcomes. However,

many LMICs in addition to adopting strong tobacco control legislation are also

establishing national systems for tobacco surveillance and related health indicators. Thus,

more data is becoming available to monitor indicators that are impacted by tobacco

control measures, such as exposure to SHS in public places and the resulting health

effects. This data will also help in further quantifying the health impact of tobacco

policies. The health gains attributed to the implementation of smoke-free policies that

are discussed in this paper are indeed encouraging. As time goes by, it is expected that

there will be an increasing number of studies showing the long-term improvement in

public health outcomes from smoke-free policies as well. However, it is expected that

current research showing immediate and significant public health gains can also serve as

an important impetus for full implementation of smoke-free policies in line with Article 8

of the WHO FCTC.

According to the prior studies of the World Health Organization, in the

Philippines, more than of Filipino households are not smoke-free. Among the ASEAN

members, the Philippines had the second highest smoking prevalence rate (SEATCA,

2007). Every year, there are about 20,000 smoking-related deaths in the country.

Approximately 10 Filipinos die every hour due to tobacco-related diseases. According to

the Tobacco Atlas (2009), 38.9% of Filipino males smoke while 8.5% females. Among

the health professionals, 22% of total adults or 17.3 million smoke. There are around 14.6

million adult males (48%) who smoke and 2.8 million adult females (9%).
 18

Another Related Literature conducted by Brooke L. Bennett, Melodi Deiner and

Pallav Pokhrel (February, 2017), according to their, total 11 studies were included in the

review. The majority of the studies (54.5%) were cross-sectional in design, 18% were

longitudinal, and the rest involved counting cigarette butts or smokers. Most studies

represented more women than men and more Whites than individuals of other

ethnic/racial groups. The majority (54.5%) of the studies evaluated 100% smoke-free or

tobacco-free campus policies. Other types of policies studied included the use of partial

smoking restriction and integration of preventive education and/or smoking cessation

programs into college-level policies. As far as the role of campus smoking policies on

reducing student smoking behavior is concerned, the results of the cross-sectional studies

were mixed. However, the results of the two longitudinal studies reviewed were

promising in that policies were found to significantly reduce smoking behavior and pro-

smoking attitudes over time.

Brooke L. Bennett, Melodi Deiner and Pallav Pokhrel made a conclusion that

More longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the role of college anti-

smoking policies on student smoking behavior. Current data indicate that stricter, more

comprehensive policies, and policies that incorporate prevention and cessation

programming, produce better results in terms of reducing smoking behavior.

The Related Literature that focused on the literature review on effects of smoking

on the success of dental implants, conducted by Donna Myers (October, 2018). Myers

examined data from 845 people with colorectal cancer to determine if smoking and

drinking may have influenced their chances of developing the disease. Their findings,

published in the journal Epidemiology, were straightforward.

 19

Consuming more than seven alcoholic drinks a week increased the risk of

colorectal cancer by 72 percent. Smokers were more likely to develop rectal cancer, with

risk increasing as the number of cigarettes increased (from 43 percent higher risk for light

smokers to 164 percent higher risk for heavy smokers)

Another study published by Deborah Leader, RN (October, 2018), another thorn

in the side of smokers. People who choose to smoke already know it is bad for them, but

a report released by the U.S. Surgeon General reminds smokers just how bad it is for

everyone around them, too. According to the report, entitled "The Health Consequences

of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke," even brief exposure to secondhand smoke

can cause immediate harm to people's health. The report states unequivocally that

secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children, as well as in adults

who don't smoke.