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DC Motor Speed Control Using Pulse Width Modulation

This document discusses using pulse width modulation to control the speed of a DC motor. It lists the required components including a 555 timer IC, transistor, diodes, capacitors, potentiometer, and DC motor. It explains that PWM encodes a message into a pulsing signal by varying the duty cycle. A duty cycle above 50% spends more time high, below 50% spends more time low. The speed of a DC motor is proportional to the back EMF divided by the magnetic flux. PWM controls motor speed by varying the width of applied voltage pulses to vary the average voltage and magnetic flux, controlling rotational speed.

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86 views

DC Motor Speed Control Using Pulse Width Modulation

This document discusses using pulse width modulation to control the speed of a DC motor. It lists the required components including a 555 timer IC, transistor, diodes, capacitors, potentiometer, and DC motor. It explains that PWM encodes a message into a pulsing signal by varying the duty cycle. A duty cycle above 50% spends more time high, below 50% spends more time low. The speed of a DC motor is proportional to the back EMF divided by the magnetic flux. PWM controls motor speed by varying the width of applied voltage pulses to vary the average voltage and magnetic flux, controlling rotational speed.

Uploaded by

Bharat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC Motor Speed Control Using Pulse

Width Modulation
Required Component:-

Component Name Quantity Values


555 timer IC 1 -
Transistor 1 2N3904
Diodes 3 1N4148
Capacitors 3 100nf
Potentiometer 1 -
DC motor 1 5v

 Pulse-width modulation (PWM):-

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM),


is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal.
Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for
transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to
electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition,
PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar
battery chargers, the other being maximum power point tracking.

Pulse Width Modulated Waveform


There are many different ways to control the speed of motors but one very
simple and easy way is to use Pulse Width Modulation.

Duty Cycle:-

When the signal is high, we call this “on time”. To describe the amount of
“on time” , we use the concept of duty cycle. Duty cycle is measured in
percentage. The percentage duty cycle specifically describes the percentage
of time a digital signal is on over an interval or period of time. This period is
the inverse of the frequency of the waveform.
If a digital signal spends half of the time on and the other half off, we would
say the digital signal has a duty cycle of 50% and resembles an ideal square
wave. If the percentage is higher than 50%, the digital signal spends more
time in the high state than the low state and vice versa if the duty cycle is
less than 50%. Here is a graph that illustrates these three scenarios:

50%, 75%, and 25% Duty Cycle Examples


100% duty cycle would be the same as setting the voltage to 5 Volts (high).
0% duty cycle would be the same as grounding the signal.

 Speed Control Of Dc Motor :-

As the armature rotates electrical current is passed from the motors terminals
to the next set of armature windings via carbon brushes located around the
commutator producing another magnetic field and each time the armature
rotates a new set of armature windings are energised forcing the armature to
rotate more and more and so on.
So the rotational speed of a DC motor depends upon the interaction between
two magnetic fields, one set up by the stator’s stationary permanent magnets
and the other by the armatures rotating electromagnets and by controlling
this interaction we can control the speed of rotation.
The magnetic field produced by the stator’s permanent magnets is fixed and
therefore can not be changed but if we change the strength of the armatures
electromagnetic field by controlling the current flowing through the
windings more or less magnetic flux will be produced resulting in a stronger
or weaker interaction and therefore a faster or slower speed.
Then the rotational speed of a DC motor (N) is proportional to the back emf
(Vb) of the motor divided by the magnetic flux (which for a permanent
magnet is a constant) times an electromechanical constant depending upon
the nature of the armatures windings (Ke) giving us the equation
of: N ∝ V/Keϕ.
So how do we control the flow of current through the motor. Well many
people attempt to control the speed of a DC motor using a large variable
resistor (Rheostat) in series with the motor as shown.
While this may work, as it does with Scalextric slot car racing, it generates a
lot of heat and wasted power in the resistance. One simple and easy way to
control the speed of a motor is to regulate the amount of voltage across its
terminals and this can be achieved using “Pulse Width Modulation” or
PWM.
As its name suggests, pulse width modulation speed control works by
driving the motor with a series of “ON-OFF” pulses and varying the duty
cycle, the fraction of time that the output voltage is “ON” compared to when
it is “OFF”, of the pulses while keeping the frequency constant.
The power applied to the motor can be controlled by varying the width of
these applied pulses and thereby varying the average DC voltage applied to
the motors terminals. By changing or modulating the timing of these pulses
the speed of the motor can be controlled, ie, the longer the pulse is “ON”,
the faster the motor will rotate and likewise, the shorter the pulse is “ON”
the slower the motor will rotate.
In other words, the wider the pulse width, the more average voltage applied
to the motor terminals, the stronger the magnetic flux inside the armature
windings and the faster the motor will rotate and this is shown below.
Dc motor controlling circuit using PWM.

The use of pulse width modulation to control a small motor has the
advantage in that the power loss in the switching transistor is small because
the transistor is either fully “ON” or fully “OFF”. As a result the switching
transistor has a much reduced power dissipation giving it a linear type of
control which results in better speed stability.
Also the amplitude of the motor voltage remains constant so the motor is
always at full strength. The result is that the motor can be rotated much more
slowly without it stalling. So how can we produce a pulse width
modulation signal to control the motor. Easy, use an Astable 555
Timer circuit as shown above.
Pulse width modulation is a great method of controlling the amount of
power delivered to a load without dissipating any wasted power. The above
circuit can also be used to control the speed of a fan or to dim the brightness
of DC lamps or LED’s.

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