Smart Waste Management

Submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements of the degree of
T.Y.B.Tech (Electronics)

By
Isha Bhavsar 151061011
Paurnima Dashpute 151061033
Prajakti Bhatnagar 151041049
Namrata Madnani 151041053

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
Mumbai 400 019
2017-2018
 ABSTRACT

Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste as a

result of continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization, is
becoming a burgeoning problem for national and local governments to
ensure effective and sustainable management of waste. The Economical
value of waste is best realized when it is segregated.
Waste management is all the activities and actions required to manage
waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and
regulation. Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries
and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local
government authorities.
Segregation of waste at dumping sites consumes more time and
manpower. This work proposes an Automatic Waste Segregator (AWS)
which is a cheap, easy to use solution for a segregation system at
households. The AWS uses an inductance sensing mechanism to identify
metallic items and resistive sensors to distinguish between wet and dry
waste.
Now-a-days, cities with developing economies experience exhausted
waste collection services, inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites
and the problems are worsening. Waste collection method in such countries
is an on-going challenge and many struggle due to weak institutions and
rapid urbanization.
Table Of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Waste Segregation and monitoring
3. Component List
i. Arduino Uno
ii. Moisture sensor
iii. Dc motor
iv. Servo Motor
v. Conveyor Belt
vi. ESP8266
4. Working
5. Flow Chart
6. Code
7. Output
8. Mit App Inventor
i. Design
ii. Working
9. Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
It consists of two parts
1. Waste Segregation
2. Waste Monitoring

Waste Segregation
The first reason for waste segregation is it is legally required.
Under the Waste Regulations 2011, you must segregate paper, cardboard,
plastic, metal and glass at source unless it is technically or economically
unfeasible. Under the same regulations, you should implement the waste
hierarchy; reduce, reuse, recycle, other recovery and disposal. By law, you
should implement this hierarchy and segregation helps with recycling in
particular.
Waste segregation is included in law because it is much easier to recycle.
Effective segregation of wastes means that less waste goes to landfill which
makes it cheaper and better for people and the environment. It is also
important to segregate for public health. In particular, hazardous wastes can
cause long term health problems, so it is very important that they are
disposed of correctly and safely and not mixed in with the normal waste
coming out of your home or office.
If you describe a bin of your waste as ‘paper and cardboard’ and someone
has half filled it with plastic, you are incorrectly describing your waste. If
this happens, you could face a fine, your waste contractor could refuse the
waste or you could be charged more for them to deal with it.
Segregated waste is also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not
require as much manual or mechanical sorting as mixed waste. For
example, here at EMS we segregate our paper and cardboard into a separate
skip to our other, general waste. When it comes to collection and disposal,
the paper and cardboard is nearly £3 cheaper than our general waste bin.
Over time that can add up and, if you have more diverse waste streams, you
can see further cost savings. For some waste streams, you may even be able
to sell it off and create a revenue stream.
There are a number of important reasons that we encourage waste
segregation; legal obligations, cost savings and protection of human health
and the environment.

The economic value of the waste generated is not realized unless it is

recycled completely. When the waste is segregated into basic streams such
as wet, dry and metallic, the waste has a higher potential of recovery, and
consequently, recycled and reused. The wet waste fraction is often converted
either into compost or methane-gas or both. Compost can replace demand
for chemical fertilizers and biogas can be used as a source of energy. The
metallic waste could be reused or recycled. Even though there are large scale
industrial waste segregators present, it is always much better to segregate the
waste at the source itself. The benefits of doing so are that a higher quality
of the material is retained for recycling which means that more value could
be recovered from the waste.
The occupational hazard for waste workers is reduced. Also, the
segregated waste could be directly sent to the recycling and processing plant
instead of sending it to the segregation plant then to the recycling plant. The
purpose of this project is the realization of a compact, low cost and user
friendly segregation system for urban households to streamline the waste
management process.
 Waste Monitoring
NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT IN WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 By 2030, almost two-third of the world’s population will be living in

cities. This fact requires the development of sustainable solutions for
urban life, managing waste is a key issue for the health.
 Efficient and energy-saving waste management, reducing CO2,air
pollution and vehicle exhaust emissions—these are just a few
examples for the demands of future cities. In views of that, the
efficient use and responsible handling of resources become more
important.
 Effectively managing waste is important in developed countries.
Waste management may swallow upto 50% of a city’s budget, but
only serve a small part of the population.
 Sometimes, upto 60%of waste is not being collected, it is often simply
burned by the roadside. It can pollute drinking water, it can spread
disease to people living nearby.
 Even with great route optimization, the worker must still physically
go to the dustbin to check waste levels. Because of this, trucks often
visit containers that do not need emptying, which wastes both time
and fuel.
 Waste management prevents harm to human health and the
environment by reducing the volume and hazardous character of
residential and industrial waste.
 Improving proper waste management will reduce pollution, recycle
useful materials and create more green energy.
FEATURES OF SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
 The smart, sensor based dustbin will judge the level of waste in it and
send the message directly to the municipal corporation.
 It can sense all the type of waste material either it is in the form of
solid or liquid.

 According to the filled level of the dustbin, the vehicles from the
municipal corporation will choose the shortest path with the help of
the “TRANSPORTATION SOFTWARE”, which will save their time.
 It emphasizes on “DIGITAL INDIA”.

ADVANTAGES

• Reduce the cost and complexity of the edge devices.

• Gateway can act as hub for things with different data standards and
wireless protocols that provide uniform face to the devices.
• Easy to control and monitor as the whole system is centralized.
• Gateway can control what data to be sent to the internet and provide
information security
• Convenient to link legacy equipment into the IoT.

LIMITATIONS
• One of more tier will add higher complexity in the integration
• Resources still reside locally comparing with using cloud technology
• As the system is centralized, failure of central hub will bring down the
network
• Disposal of e waste generates toxic substances which is harmful to
both environment and humans.
• Implementing the system on a broad level will take require a lot
resources both financially and technically
 Component List

1. Arduino Uno :-
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not
use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Power The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter
(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be
inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board
can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may
be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins
are as follows: VIN.
The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V.This pin outputs a
regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied
with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or
3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't
advise it. 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA. GND. Ground pins. Memory The
ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2
KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library). Input and Output Each of the 14 digital pins on the
Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and
digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and
transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External
Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide
8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11
(MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library. LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital
pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW,
it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which
provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they
measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper
end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality: TWI: A4 or SDA
pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.There are a couple of other pins on the board: AREF. Reference
voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). Reset. Bring
this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board. See also the mapping
between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the Atmega8,
168, and 328 is identical.
Specification :-

 Microcontroller ATmega328
 Operating Voltage 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins 6
 DC Current per I/O 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
 Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
 SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed 16 MHz
Moisture Sensor :-
This moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil
surrounding it. It's a low tech sensor, but ideal for monitoring an urban
garden, or your pet plant's water level. This is a must have tool for a
connected garden! This sensor uses the two probes to pass current through
the soil, and then it reads that resistance to get the moisture level. More
water makes the soil conduct electricity more easily (less resistance), while
dry soil conducts electricity poorly (more resistance). It will be helpful to
remind you to water your indoor plants or to monitor the soil moisture in
your garden.

Specification :-

 Power supply: 3.3v or 5v

 Output voltage signal: 0~4.2v
 Current: 35mA
 Pin definition: Analog output(Blue wire) GND(Black wire)
Power(Red wire) Size: 60x20x5mm
 Value range:0 ~300 : dry soil 300~700 : humid soil 70050 : in
water
2. DC Motor :-

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts

direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most
common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all
types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of
current flow in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be
powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution
systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range,
using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys,
and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but
is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and appliances.
Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator
and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills.
 3. Servo Motor :-
A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for
precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.
[1]
It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position
feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a
dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.
Servomotors are not a specific class of motor although the
term servomotor is often used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-
loop control system. Servomotors are used in applications such
as robotics, CNC machinery or automated manufacturing.
 5. Conveyor Belt :-
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often
shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types
of conveyor systems. A belt conveyor system consists of two or
more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with an endless loop of
carrying medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both
of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt
forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered
pulley is called the idler pulley. There are two main industrial classes of belt
conveyors; Those in general materia handling such as those moving boxes
along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to
transport large volumes of resources and agricultural materials, such
as grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, overburden and more.
 6. ESP8266 WIFI module :-

The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and
microcontroller capability. It is used to transmit sensor data to the server on
thingspeak.

Working

 In this project we are separating wet waste and dry waste .

 Here dry waste have very low moister content where as in wet waste
i.e mostly biodegradable waste contains more moister so we are
checking the moister level at the end of hopper so that it can separate
dry and wet waste by activating servo motor.
 Here if the wet waste is detected by sensor then servo motor rotates
and pushes the wet waste out of conveyer belt to dustbin1
 If the waste is dry then servo motor stayes in its initial position and
allows dry waste to go ahed fall on dustbin 2.
 In this way the dry and wet waste get segregated.
 Flow Chart

Start

Power on conveyer belt by sensing the waste has

come in hopper.

the end of hopper is closed with flip ,

which will allow the waste to fall slowely on
conveyer belt

At the end of hopper moister sensor senses the value of moistness

of waste flip is open for some time and immediately closes

If waste is wet

Servo motor rotes and Servo stayes in its intial position

pushes wet waste out Waste fall on other side of
convever belt

Processs start
again
 Code
#include <Servo.h>
int senpin = A1;
int senval;
Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo
// twelve servo objects can be created on most boardz
int pos =180; // variable to store the servo position
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
myservo.attach(9); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object
}
void loop()
{
senval = analogRead(senpin);
delay(150);
Serial.println(senval);
delay(150);

if (senval<930)
{
for (pos = 0; pos <= 135; pos += 1)
{
// goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees
// in steps of 1 degree

myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'

delay(35); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
}
}

Code for ESP8266

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <PubSubClient.h>
#include "UbidotsESPMQTT.h"
const char *ssid = "!!!!!!!!!"; //Your Access Point or Personal Hotspot, cannot be longer than 32
characters!
const char *pass = "*******"; //Your Access Point or Personal Hotspot password
const char* serverTS = "api.thingspeak.com";
String apiKey = "SIOFQ8PP87L7DV45"; //Insert your Channel API Key here
#define TOKEN "A1E-r09DNwZ6OxjYAXwmlqAi2zIPqI6w2l"
#define WIFINAME "OnePlus 5T" //Your SSID
#define WIFIPASS "prajakti1506" // Your Wifi Pass
Ubidots client(TOKEN);
//const int pingPin = 2; //Ultrasonic connected to GPIO0
int TRIGGER = 5; //Pin D1 = TRIGGER
int ECHO = 4; //Pin D2 = ECHO
float latitude=19.0225731;
float longitude=72.8562175;
void callback(char* topic, byte* payload, unsigned int length) {
Serial.print("Message arrived [");
Serial.print(topic);
Serial.print("] ");
for (int i=0;i<length;i++) {
Serial.print((char)payload[i]);
}
Serial.println();
}
void setup()
{
pinMode(0,OUTPUT); //LED connected to GPIO2
Serial.begin(115200); //Recommended speed is 115200

pinMode(TRIGGER,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ECHO,INPUT);
connectWifi();

// put your setup code here, to run once:

Serial.begin(115200);
client.setDebug(true); // Pass a true or false bool value to activate debug messages
client.wifiConnection(WIFINAME, WIFIPASS);
client.begin(callback);
client.ubidotsSubscribe("esp8266","distance");
}

void loop()
{
// establish variables for duration of the ping,
// and the distance result in inches and centimeters:
long duration, inches, cm;

// The PING))) is triggered by a HIGH pulse of 2 or more microseconds.

// Give a short LOW pulse beforehand to ensure a clean HIGH pulse:

digitalWrite(TRIGGER, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TRIGGER, HIGH);
 delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(TRIGGER, LOW);

// The same pin is used to read the signal from the PING))): a HIGH
// pulse whose duration is the time (in microseconds) from the sending
// of the ping to the reception of its echo off of an object.

duration = pulseIn(ECHO, HIGH);

// convert the time into a distance

inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);
cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);

Serial.print(inches);
Serial.print("in, ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print("cm");
Serial.println();

delay(100);

digitalWrite(2, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)

delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(2, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second

sendHeight(cm);

if(!client.connected()){
client.reconnect();
}

// Publish values to 2 different data sources

//client.add("stuff", cm); //Insert your variable Labels and the value to be sent
//client.ubidotsPublish("source 1");
/* client.add("Latitude", latitude); //Insert your variable Labels and the value to be sent
client.ubidotsPublish("source 1");
client.add("Longitude", longitude); //Insert your variable Labels and the value to be sent
client.ubidotsPublish("source 1");
client.loop();*/

client.add("stuff", cm); //Insert your variable Labels and the value to be sent
client.ubidotsPublish("source1");
client.add("stuff", 10.2);
client.add("more-stuff", 120.2);
client.ubidotsPublish("source2");
client.loop();

if(!client.connected()){
client.reconnect();
client.ubidotsSubscribe("Limit Setter","distance_limit"); //Insert the dataSource and Variable's Labels

}
client.loop();
}
void connectWifi()
{
Serial.print("Connecting to "+*ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("Connected");
Serial.println("");
}//end connect
long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds)
{ // According to Parallax's datasheet for the PING))), there are
// 73.746 microseconds per inch (i.e. sound travels at 1130 feet per
// second). This gives the distance travelled by the ping, outbound
// and return, so we divide by 2 to get the distance of the obstacle.
// See: http://www.parallax.com/dl/docs/prod/acc/28015-PING-v1.3.pdf
return microseconds / 74 / 2;
}
long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds) {
// The speed of sound is 340 m/s or 29 microseconds per centimeter.
// The ping travels out and back, so to find the distance of the
// object we take half of the distance travelled.
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}

void sendHeight(float cm)

{
WiFiClient tclient;//not to be confused with "client" in PubSub{}, and wclient for mqtt
if (tclient.connect(serverTS, 80)) { // use ip 184.106.153.149 or api.thingspeak.com
//Serial.println("WiFi Client connected ");

String postStr = apiKey;

postStr += "&field1=";
postStr += String(cm);
postStr += "\r\n\r\n";

tclient.print("POST /update HTTP/1.1\n");

tclient.print("Host: api.thingspeak.com\n");
tclient.print("Connection: close\n");
tclient.print("X-THINGSPEAKAPIKEY: " + apiKey + "\n");
tclient.print("Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n");
tclient.print("Content-Length: ");
tclient.print(postStr.length());
tclient.print("\n\n");
tclient.print(postStr);
delay(1000);

}//end if

tclient.stop();
}//end send to ts
 Output

1. When Dry waste comes

2. When wet waste comes

On thingspeak:

Ubidots app interface:

 App Inventor for Android

It is an open-source web application originally provided by Google, and now

maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
It allows newcomers to computer programming to create software
applications for the Android operating system (OS). It uses a graphical
interface, very similar to Scratch and the Star Logo TNG user interface,
which allows users to drag-and-drop visual objects to create an application
that can run on Android devices. In creating App Inventor, Google drew
upon significant prior research in educational computing, as well as work
done within Google on online development environments.
App Inventor and the projects on which it is based are informed
by constructionist learning theories, which emphasizes that programming
can be a vehicle for engaging powerful ideas through active learning. As
such, it is part of an ongoing movement in computers and education that
began with the work of Seymour Papert and the MIT Logo Group in the
1960s and has also manifested itself with Mitchel Resnick's work on Lego
Mindstorms and StarLogo.

Design :-

Working :-

This application can do for you some very useful operations in just one click
like discovering your current location, saving it and opening it on map. Also
you can send the saved location to anyone with option of taking picture of
the place where you are. You can easily switch from one saved location to
another by picking the desired location by name from the list. There is also a
log with all saved locations with time stamps when you saved them. When
you save your current location , there is an option to give some name, so it
will be easier to refresh your memory what is this place. So before running
the application please turn on the GPS sensor otherwise you will get warning
on start-up and every time when you will try to do something that requires
receiving data from the GPS sensor. The main screen is separated into two
parts . In the upper part you can see your current location. The application
determinates the address where you are automatically using your GPS
location. You can open "Your Current Location" on map by clicking on
"Open on map" button. And finally you can save your current location and
the application will remember for you your parking place, your new favorite
restaurant or place of the picnic which you want to share with your friends.
There is an option to give a name for the location before saving it and next
time you will easily know where have you been. If you will not give a name,
the default name will be the time when you will click on "Save Location"
button. That's all with the first part of the application. In the bottom part of
the screen there is "Saved Location" part. Here you can see every place
which was saved before. You can switch between saved locations by picking
them up from the list. You can open it on the map by clicking on "Open on
map" button. Just like this. Another useful feature is to show directions from
your current location to the saved one. For this operation you need your GPS
sensor will be turned on. After clicking on "Show directions" button you will
navigate to another screen where you can see the directions. By clicking on
"Open Log" button you will navigate to another screen where you can see
the log of all the places which were saved with the time stamps when you
saved them. The list is sorted in chronographically from the first saved
location to the last one. Here you can manage the saved places in the
memory by deleting the old ones. There is an option to delete some specific
record by choosing it from the list or to delete all of them. The last feature
from the "Saved location" part is to share your place with somebody else.
There is an option to take a picture of the place before sharing it. If "Take a
picture" check box is selected, then when you click on "Send Location"
button the camera will be started and you can take a picture of the place you
want to share. After that the google maps link of the saved place will be
shared by email , some messenger or any other application which supports
this feature. If you took a picture, then it will be sent also. To exit the
application click on Exit button.
CONCLUSION

Automatic Waste Segregator has been successfully implemented for the

segregation of waste into dry and wet waste at a domestic level. The system
can segregate only one type of waste at a time with an assigned wet and dry
waste. The experiment has been conducted for wet, dry wastes. It is found
that the change of moisture value is greater for wet waste and very less for
dry waste. Other objects like glass and wood have intermediate relative
dielectric constant and thus are detected as dry waste. Experimental result
shows that the waste has been successfully segregated into wet and dry using
the waste segregator.