International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology

E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 - 5161

®
©2014 INPRESSCO , All Rights Reserved
Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet

Research Article
Wind Towers "Wind Catchers" A Perfect Example of Sustainable Architecture
in Egypt
M.M.TolbaȦ*
Ȧ
Department of Architecture, Higher Institute of Engineering -ELShorouk Academy, Egypt

Accepted 10 February 2014, Available online 25 February 2014, Vol.4, No.1 (February 2014)

Abstract

This research seeks to examine how to use renewable natural resources to preserve the environment for future human
generations. The use of such renewable natural resources is always the best option. In addition, searching for innovative
architectural solutions for our energy-consuming buildings for ventilation, air conditioning and heating, poses a
challenge for designers, who need to take up responsibility in finding different solutions. Older generations used
available technologies to design buildings that imitate the benefits provided by natural resources, while present
generations continue to drain energy. Older generations worked on finding treatments for different environmental
architectural buildings. Amongst the best examples are: the wind towers (wind catchers), domes and cupolas, courtyards,
water fountains, oriels, takhtbosh, ewan, salsabeel, shokhshikha, sistrum, kamarhya, omarhya, etc., which are widely
used in the Middle East, especially in Cairo, Egypt. This research aims to describe the elements used in Islamic energy-
saving architecture with the help of natural resources. This paper will also explain how to use these simple and smart
energy-saving solutions to design buildings to save our energy-depleted resources.

Keywords: renewable, natural resources, energy-saving, environmental design, wind towers (wind catchers), courtyards,
domes, modern design.

1. Introduction Islamic architecture). They appeared later in old churches

in Christian architecture in Egypt, and in Islamic
1
Environmental design is a type of design that helps fulfill architecture, particularly during the Abbasid period,
our basic needs of an architectural space while being hospitals and most houses were designed with air towers
environmentally friendly and stable all year round. It is (wind catchers). Islamic architecture took into account the
attained by using natural renewable energy resources, such climatic conditions and sought to meet the needs of the
as the sun, water, and wind. Geographically, Egypt is a buildings in the environment. The wind tower of El-Saleh
site that can apply these environment friendly, sustainable Talaea Mosque is considered one of the oldest wind
and renewable options over time, as it contains various towers to remain intact. Following that are the wind
climate zones, and each zone has its own advantages. Most towers found in El-Camilia School, Baibars House and El-
lands in Egypt are desert land, falling between latitudes Senary House (1209AJ/1794 AD). The wind tower in El-
18-30 north of the equator ( Edwards, B )This area is Senary House is located on the right side of the house with
characterized by a dry climate with scarce and irregular the aim of cooling the interior of the house in the morning
rain fall with large differences in temperature between day when temperatures are high. All of these examples of wind
and night in both summer and winter. The northern part of catchers and other similar solutions created Egypt's many
the desert is located in the Mediterranean region (moderate architectural theories in the history of architectural
climate territory) which is located between latitudes 30-40 buildings.
north of the equator and is characterized by high In this research we want to know if it were possible to
temperature and low humidity (dry) summer, and by mild implement the theory of the wind catchers in modern
temperatures and rain in winter (Egyptian Meteorological times, and thus introduce it as an architectural concept
Authority (EMA)). with existing modern air-conditioning to keep up with the
Therefore, in the history of architecture in Egypt, current needs. Also, we consider the use of mono-draught
which dates back many centuries, we find the use of wind technology with a new approach, in addition to taking into
towers (wind catchers) as a design for buildings in account other factors such as the economic factor
different regions with varying climates. Wind towers had (represented in high energy prices) and environmental
appeared as an architectural element in Pharonic impacts (global warming) to study the suitability of these
architecture in the house of "Neb Amon"(Ministers of technologies using wind towers as a good and energy-
saving alternative in the future if they could be used on a
*Corresponding author: M.M.Tolba larger scale.
430 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1 (Feb 2014)
M.M.Tolba Wind Towers "Wind Catchers" A Perfect Example of Sustainable Architecture in Egypt

2. Wind Towers horizontal cross section must be small, so that it can

moisturize and cool the air passing through it.
Wind towers (wind catchers) are around 5-8 meters in In Egypt, pottery (with micro-pores) is filled with
height at the top deck of the building; they have a slot water that is put in the course of air passing through like
corresponding to the direction of the prevailing winds. the wind tower. Wet hay and wet charcoal plates are
The advantages of wind towers are: placed between metal sheets for the same purpose. Air
 They provide natural ventilation and passive cooling flow can also be directed through a water fountain or
for the interior spaces of buildings. “Salsabeel” for extra cooling. Also, air flow can be
 They seize the air passing over the building that is directed to a specific room or to a cool room to preserve
clean and free of dust from the upper layers in the food (refrigeration). In order for Wind towers to absorb
outside space, which is usually cooler. They push it humidity, they should be placed on the interior walls and
into the building and make it flow through the interior should not be facing the sun directly. This shows that
spaces, causing air circulation and making the interior climate plays an important role in the use of wind towers.
spaces cooler with constant air flow and proper The most common types of wind catchers according to
ventilation. The increase in air speed inside the their forms and aspects are:
building provides coolness and comfort to the people  One-way Wind Towers: These are towers placed on
living inside. top of a building with air outlets that direct prevailing
 They reduce the level of noise coming from outside air currents. It captures cold air and passes it through
the building, which usually accompanies the to the interior spaces of the building. This type of
ventilation coming from windows. wind tower is usually built within the thickness of the
 They ventilate buildings that do not have external wall itself and usually does not exceed 50 cm x 20 cm
windows. in diameter. In the lower end opening it does not rise
 They capture fresh air in any direction of the building, more than one meter above the ground. This type of
even if the room is not facing the prevailing wind. one-way wind catcher is covered at its opening by a
 They provide proper ventilation for many floors rectangular slope or a semi-circular lid which leads to
inside the building with no need for artificial methods a cylindrical cellar. It is usually used in desert areas,
of ventilation. like the sirocco in Egypt, which abound with wind-
 They minimize dust pollution carried with warm air provoking dust. It is used to prevent this dust from
drafts in desert climate zones. entering the house; the tower can also be treated by
placing a filter. (Lecoq,1978).
 They transfer heat by convection and evaporation
from inside the building to the outside. Figure 1  Two-way Wind Towers: In this type of towers, each
shows sector and cross section of a building with a opening has a specific function. The first is placed in
wind tower (wind catcher) ( Montazeri, H.R ). the direction of the prevailing wind (to absorb the
Wind towers can work with or without wind flow due to wind and leave it inside the house), while the second
differences in air temperature and pressure inside and is placed in the opposite direction to absorb hot air
outside the building, which works by sucking air in. from the rooms and release it to the outside. The hot
air is therefore replaced by moist air coming from the
first opening (Montazeri, H.R ). as shown in Fig 2.

Figure 2: The hot air is replaced by moist air coming from

the first opening

Figure1: Sector and cross section of a building with a  Wind tower openings can be controlled day and night,
Wind Tower (Wind Catcher). and can vary in function from one to the other
Figure2a. Due to varying temperatures, during the
2.1 The Impact of climate on designing wind towers (wind day one is used to absorb the air and the other is used
Catchers) in terms of size and type to discharge it, while at night when the weather is
cool both openings absorb the air.
Wind towers used in dry atmospheres differ from those  Multi-direction Wind Towers (Albadjir): These are
used in the humid climates. The size of the wind tower considered a development of the one-way wind tower.
depends on the temperature of the external air. If the However, it opens in four directions to absorb the air
temperature is low at the entrance to the wind tower then from every direction. Although, there are multiple
the horizontal cross section must be large, but if the forms of the Albadjir design, the square shape is the
temperature is high at entrance of the wind tower then the
431 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1 (Feb 2014)
M.M.Tolba Wind Towers "Wind Catchers" A Perfect Example of Sustainable Architecture in Egypt

most common. There is also a rectangular shape Table 1: using a correction factor
which has the longer side in the direction of the
prevailing wind. Some hexagonal and octagonal wind Correction factor
Area of outlet ÷ Area of
towers were found in some Gulf countries and Iran. inlet
These can be controlled through the opening and 1.38 5
closing of some slots, during the different seasons in 1.37 4
the year, or during day and night. 1.32 3
 Wall Wind Towers: These towers are based on the 1.26 2
idea of the impact of wind pressure on the surfaces of 1:0 1
walls in large rooms. On the outside, they appear as 0.85 0.75
horizontal hollow niches, located at the top-center of 0.63 0.5
the outer wall, at the bottom of the niche there is a key 0.34 0.25
to control the opening or closing from the inside.
High-pressure air flowing on the surface of the outer
wall facing the prevailing wind is collected in the
niche and pushed through the opening causing the
inside air current.
 Ventilation Tower: It is a square tower, from the
inside, divided into four longitudinal wells by two
perpendicular walls which parallel the external walls.
Air enters from outside through two wells facing the
wind, and at the same time the hot air leaves through
the other two wells. In complex ventilation systems,
groups of wind catchers are joined together to create a
tower for combined ventilation to serve a number of
rooms and is commonly used in tropical areas. Some
systems place containers of cold water in several
places to increase cooling, or hot coal in others for Figure 4: shows the difference in height, value and this
heating (Montazeri, H. R). speed in current can be regulated using a correction factor

2.2 Impact of wind towers on ventilation rates The same graph can be used to show the difference in
height and value. This speed in air current can be regulated
When there is a difference between internal and external using a correction factor given earlier if there is a
temperature, the difference in air pressure generated as a difference in size of the entrance and exit, this same graph
result of expansion of air may be used in creating can be used to find a ventilation rate when the size of the
ventilation by way of wind towers. The rate of ventilation opening is known. The graph in Figure 4 also illustrates
(V) depends on the difference between internal and several points including:
external temperature. The difference in height between the  In the presence of a slight difference in temperature
entrance and exit of air is measured from the center of the and a slight difference in height, there is little
holes (h)and air inlet area (A),ventilation rate per unit movement of air due to the impact of the wind towers
(aperture area) is explained in the Figure 3,4 and in the  Wind speed at the entrance is stronger when there is a
equation : V = 0.117 A  h. d t m3 / sec / m2 difference between internal and external temperature.
This is due to heating in winter.
 Under conditions of warm weather with open
windows, the difference between internal and external
air temperatures does not exceed five degrees and the
highest difference in height between the entrance and
exit is one floor with large openings that do not
exceed 1.5 meters.
 In hot, dry weather, the building is heavy and exposed
to daily difference in temperatures ranging from 5 to
10 degrees and at night when the temperature drops
outside, the impact of the buildings mass contributes
Figure 3: ventilation rate per unit (aperture area) to cooling the building.

When the different air inlet area varies considerably from 2.3 Building materials of wind towers
the exit area, a correction factor is used to increase or
decrease the value of (V) or the rate of ventilation. The Proper thermo-sensitive insulating materials must be used
previous equation is used to calculate the speed of air properly when building wind towers (wind catchers). Such
flowing through the entrance and exit as a function of materials should have the characteristic of discharging
difference between internal and external temperature. heat from the building during night time (because air
432 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1 (Feb 2014)
M.M.Tolba Wind Towers "Wind Catchers" A Perfect Example of Sustainable Architecture in Egypt

temperature outside the building is less than temperature architect Hassan Fathy explain the use of wind towers in
inside, and so heat is discharged to the outside; the exact architecture.
opposite of this happens during winter). Therefore,
materials that can be used include: hollow cement blocks
which help in thermal insulation, refractory bricks and
heat reflectors such as aluminum plates which are fixed to
the wall or modern insulating materials such as plant cork
foam, polyurethane foam, felt granules that fill hollow
blocks used in building walls and insulation slabs
(structural perlite). Wind towers can be protected with bay
wood to purify the air from dust used; this method is used
in Egypt as shown in Fig 5

Figure 6: shows Buildings in Paris Oasis Western Desert

of Egypt

2.5 Wind Towers in Global Architecture

Figure5. Wind Towers (Wind Catchers) protected with
bay wood to purify the air from dust used, in Egypt. During the global architectural development, Western
architects had a different approach to Islamic Architecture
2.4 Wind towers in contemporary Islamic architecture than Arab architects. In the early sixties, the interest in
traditional architecture was growing away from the ideas
Architects use wind towers to reflect their interest in promoted by modernist architects. This period witnessed a
reviving traditional and Islamic architecture, which rejection of the "International Style Architects" because of
reflects regional characteristics, whether in construction their designs and materials that were not ecofriendly,
materials or methods of set-up. But this trend has changed added to their lack of creativity. Traditional architects
in the designs of Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, who objected to modernism in regards to the latters’ use of
opened up with his philosophy and ideas opportunities for huge glass windows in large concrete structures. They saw
some architects to rethink the elements they use in that this was not logical as it increased the trapped heat in
traditional architecture. Hassan Fathy used primitive open spaces, thus requiring use of huge amounts of energy
materials and simple technology that has minimal to maintain a comfortable indoor environment. All of this
environmental and climatic effects on buildings. When led to raising awareness of how western architects can
designing buildings in the village of Paris Oasis in Egypt, combine principles of modern technology and the use of
he bore in mind the study of temperature that sometimes wind towers (wind catchers) (Fathy, H ) for the following
reaches 50 degrees Celsius in summer as well as the need reasons:
to store food without the use of any refrigeration. So, he  To improve the quality and circulation of air
resorted to natural air-cooling systems and was able to  The use of natural cooling and ventilation instead of
lower the temperature inside the house by about 15 modern air conditioners. Extensive studies were
degrees Celsius, using wind towers as well as air barriers conducted to verify the feasibility and performance of
and towers to improve air circulation and coolness. The wind towers. Results proved that natural air
underground level is used for storage (Fathy, H ). Figure 6 circulation inside the building has improved air
shows buildings in Paris Oasis in the Western Desert of quality and reduced internal temperatures. The wind
Egypt. The Facades and the private sectors of the design of catcher idea

433 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1 (Feb 2014)
M.M.Tolba Wind Towers "Wind Catchers" A Perfect Example of Sustainable Architecture in Egypt

removable door may be added to close the top of the tower

in case of a wind storm (Sharm el-mill ).
Western universities, like the University of Arizona,
began developing research on wind towers. Cooling
towers of different sizes and heights were developed using
wind catchers made of clay and other materials to suit
areas or spaces that need to be cooled. Such wind towers
have top openings on all four directions covered with a
layer of hay or cellulose that is kept constantly wet using a
small pump, excess water is channeled down to the tank.
The cold air in the tower goes down to the bottom and
enters the building to replace dry hot air.
Figure7. Wind Catchers) in contemporary Islamic
architecture 3. Models for using Wind Tower using Mono-Draught
Technology
 attracted the attention of western architects, who
executed this traditional Arabic form in the modern In the coastal city of Lansing in West Sussex, England,
wood buildings without adding any modern air sun pipes and wind catchers are known as mono-draught
conditioning devices as shown in the Visitor Center in technology. They are used to activate the systems of
Zion National Park in the United States, which natural ventilation in an elementary school which
represents a successful model for the adoption of accommodates 420 students on an area of 1200 square
energy-saving technologies, such as wind catchers as meters. This is carried out through the use of sensors in
shown in Figure 8 (Mito, A.S., Fathy, H., and Doshi, classrooms. If these levels exceed the maximum standard
B ). rates specified, automatic response activates the natural
ventilation system. Mono-draught technology provides
central control for different spaces together with local
manual control in each space. All of this is designed
according to the school’s building codes as shown in
Figure 10 (Foudazi, F., Rithaa, M ).

Figure 8: Successful model for the adoption of energy-

saving technologies

Figure 10: The systems of natural ventilation in the

elementary school in the coastal city of West Sussex-
England using mono-draught sun pipes and wind catchers

In the 2006 Inter-build fair, mono-draught technology was

used for residential air ventilation utilizing solar-power to
provide cooling during summer without the use of heavy
Figure 9: A removable door added to close the top of the powered air-conditioning. Combining mono-draught
tower technology and natural ventilation by using a solar–
powered fan reduces energy costs at home as well as
A cooling tower was designed using combined traditional carbon dioxide emission as shown in Figure 11, which
wind towers and modern devices made of light-weight shows some of the shapes used in natural ventilation
aluminum provided with a fan in order to create a large systems for homes. Warm air rises below the ceiling and
flow of air, with the addition of a water tank and a small through the solar-powered fan, so that warm air is pushed
pump to spray and circulate the water to cool the air. A outside the building. In summer, solar panels generate
constant energy making fans work efficiently expelling
434 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1 (Feb 2014)
M.M.Tolba Wind Towers "Wind Catchers" A Perfect Example of Sustainable Architecture in Egypt

warm air outside and cooling buildings and improving summer it is useful to get rid of the strong light glow
ventilation. At night cooling is achieved by leaving air (Naghman, K., Yuehong, Su., -, Saffa, B. R )
expulsion openings open to allow cool air to flow in from
outside. In winter, the system can be closed totally or can 3.3 Natural Daylight and Ventilation System
be open by only 5% to provide enough ventilation. During
winter with wind speed ranging between 2-3 meters per Sun-catcher mono-draught systems provide natural
second (m/s), the system provides 110 liters/s of air inside ventilation and daylight through a combination of a wind-
the house and in summer, solar energy provides an catcher and a natural daylight sun-pipe put together in a
estimated additional amount of 35 liters/s. This system has single system. Therefore, the sun-catcher is able to provide
multiple forms that can be placed on rooftops or above fresh air and natural daylight as well as extract the warm
doors and does not require any additional work (Sharm el- high carbon in the air. This group of sun-catcher and wind-
mill). catcher systems can be available in various sizes to suit the
sun-pipe sizes as 2 (Monodraught, Ltd ).

Figure12: Wind-catcher

3.4 Passive cooling and heat recovery systems

Passive cooling and heat recovery technology was

Figure11: shows some of the shapes used in natural developed in collaboration with the University of
ventilation systems for homes Nottingham to develop a mechanical air-conditioning
system utilizing storage and release of dormant thermal
3.1 Zero-Energy Natural Ventilation and Daylight Systems energy resulting from molecular change of phase change
materials (PCM) (where they can store nearly 4 kilowatt/h
This technology utilizes systems of natural ventilation of thermal energy, and supply about one kilowatt of
without energy-consuming air-conditioning. This is done cooling. This is done by using the passing of air through a
through air channels that control the amount of fresh air series of exchanges precisely-engineered, through which
passing to the space under the ceiling regardless of PCM is pumped). A big difference in air temperature can
direction of air–flow and without any mechanical be achieved before and after heat exchange using a
assistance. The wind-catcher system is divided into four fraction of the energy required to run conventional air
parts so that one or more parts are always in the direction conditioning systems (Naghman, K., Yuehong, Su., -,
of the wind and under the influence of positive and Saffa, B. R )
negative wind pressure, resulting in constant air
circulation. This technology works on minimizing noise 3.5 Solar-powered natural ventilation systems
generated by air passing through pipes and works
according to the rates of ventilation required for each
project, the need for night ventilation and the need to
maintain security for the project (Monodraught, Ltd ).

3.2 Natural Daylight Systems

This technology relies on the distribution of natural

daylight in different spaces. It is achieved by the use of the
dome of the diamond (sun-pipe) and silverside aluminum
pipe containing a mirror and a light distributor to distribute
the light evenly around the room along with the use of a Figure 13: Oval Cricket Stadium
daylight florescent bulb. The dome prevents the entry of
rain, dust and insects; it works in various degrees of sun These systems reduce costs and energy consumption; they
brightness, does not require high maintenance and can be are used to address the economic concerns of high energy
designed for compatibility with most structures. In case of prices and the fear of global warming. They also address
high rises, light penetration will be reduced, especially in the environmental impacts of high carbon dioxide gas and
the winter, but it is useful as it minimizes heat loss. In Freon gas Cricket, K., Booth, R., ARP Associates)

435 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1 (Feb 2014)
M.M.Tolba Wind Towers "Wind Catchers" A Perfect Example of Sustainable Architecture in Egypt

1. Ammonia gas inside pipe Low Temperature

Low Pressure Liquid State.
2. Ammonia gas inside pipe Low Temperature
Low Pressure Vapor State.
3. Ammonia gas inside pipe Low Temperature
High Pressure Liquid State
4. VAPOR make ammonia gas inside pipe High
Temperature High Pressure
5. FAN To make ammonia Low Temperature
High pressure liquid State
6. Compressor
7. Expansion Valve – To make ammonia gas
inside pipe Low Temperature Low Pressure
Liquid State
8. pipe cool
9. Solar cells to run water spray and treatment
systems such as the refrigerator or water
heating
10. Expansion Valve
11. Refrigerant ( Industry Standard )
12. water tank can heat water in it through heat
exchange tubes
13. umbrella to protect equipment from the sun
14. Air Falter
15. pipe heat exchanger to cool the air inside
16. water fitted with a machine gun for the
continuation of the water cycle
17. each sensor to detect room temperature and
humidity for the operation of the system
automatically

Figure14: The use of Wind Towers (Wind Catchers) in refrigeration "designed by researcher"
Design made by researcher

4. The use of wind towers in refrigeration their own economic difficulties. Consider, for example,
concrete buildings in high-temperature desert
Wind towers (wind catchers) can be used in operating the environments are rejected by the population of these areas
cooling system used in environment-friendly refrigerators because they do not provide a comfortable living
by utilizing solar energy. environment due to poor ventilation. Therefore, we need
The hot air that returns from the building and the hot to develop natural ventilation techniques that were used in
air resulting from refrigeration can be used to heat water the past to accommodate modern living needs, as well as
for the building, thus minimizing energy consumption. working to create a certain perception of an architectural
style that fits the needs of the community by avoiding
Conclusion building or creating designs of geometric shapes which
have zero ventilation whether natural or mechanical.
Technical development especially in the field of Therefore, we ought to take into account, the cultural
architecture in the twentieth century cannot be denied as heritage of Islamic architecture and its influence on local
we have achieved much in building appropriate structures architecture with the important contribution of
using simple, feasible and inexpensive methods and contemporary architecture and technology solutions to the
materials, including environment friendly methods, though problems of engineering.
what is known as environment friendly in architecture is
still limited. The techniques developed by our ancestors References
and that include innovative and simple solutions using
available resources, particularly in the field of natural Edwards, B., September 2007 Architecture to the Days of
ventilation, can be adopted and applied in modern times. Architecture Green, Snakes in Utopia: a Historical Overview
Huge insulated, air-conditioned structures are not always of Sustainability, conf .on Building Low Energy and
functional or economically feasible, not to mention their techniques of cooling ventilation advanced in the 21st
Century, Crete island, and Greece Vol.(2),pp 988-994,
negative environmental impact on the community. Modern London Ministers of Islamic architecture and the environment
communities suffer from energy drainage and destruction ,2004,World Series of cultural knowledge, Kuwaiti issuing
of the environment because of the use of advanced 304.
technologies. Developing communities suffer the Montazeri, H.R., July 2010 Two-sided Wind catcher
environmental impacts of trying to keep up with Performance Evaluation Using Experimental, Numerical and
advancing communities and their technologies, alongside Analytical Modeling”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 35, pp 1424-
1435.
436 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1 (Feb 2014)
M.M.Tolba Wind Towers "Wind Catchers" A Perfect Example of Sustainable Architecture in Egypt

Montazeri, H. R, December 2008, Experimental Study on Naghman, K., Yuehong, Su., -, Saffa, B. R., 2008, A review on
Natural Ventilation Performance of a One-sided Wind catcher, wind driven ventilation techniques, Int. conf. Energy and
Building and Environment, Vol. 43, Pages 2193-2202. Buildings, University of Nottingham, University Park,
Fathy, H1986, natural, energy and vernacular architecture: Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom ,Volume 40, Issue 8,
principles and examples with reference to the hot climatic Pp 1586-1604.
conditions, Chicago. Naghman, K., Yuehong, Su., -, Saffa, B. R., 2007 Experimental
Mito, A.S., Fathy, H., and Doshi, B, 1990, the regional and CFD study of ventilation flow rate of a Monod aught wind
framework of modern architecture, Thesis (Ph.D.), University catcher, Int. conf. Energy and Buildings, University of
of Georgia, pp. 86-104. Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Sharm el-mill., 10/06/2010, Design with Nature: wind catcher as Kingdom ,Volume 40, Issue 6, Pp 1110-1116.
a model system of natural ventilation in buildings, Int. Journal Cricket, K., Booth, R., ARP Associates. 2007. Journal of BD,
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vol.10, PP. 26-31. Sport and Recreation.
Foudazi, F., Rithaa, M., November 30-December 3, 2010, Ali Hossein Pour Hajjar, Mohammad Nagizadeh and Bahram
sustainable solutions for cooling systems in residential Aminzadehgoharrizi. An Analysis and Categorization of
buildings, a case study in the province of Western Cape, South Architectural Design’s Definition in Early Centuries of
Africa, 4th Int. Conf. on Sustainability Engineering and Formation: Iran’s Islamic ArchitectureDesign Principles and
Science, Auckland, New Zealand. Practices: An International Journal, Volume 5, Issue 6, pp.285-
Monodraught, Ltd. , Halifax House- Cressex Business Park- 302. Article: Print (Spiral Bound). Article: Electronic (PDF
High Wycombe- HP12 3SE- United Kingdom- File; 3.885MB).
www.monodraught.com .

437 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1 (Feb 2014)