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Network Models

The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions, such as the physical layer dealing with transmission medium and data rate, and the transport layer ensuring entire messages arrive intact and in order. It also maps the layers of TCP/IP to the OSI model and explains protocols like IP, TCP, and UDP. Finally, it covers addressing at different layers from physical to port addresses.

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Vishal Upadhayay
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59 views44 pages

Network Models

The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions, such as the physical layer dealing with transmission medium and data rate, and the transport layer ensuring entire messages arrive intact and in order. It also maps the layers of TCP/IP to the OSI model and explains protocols like IP, TCP, and UDP. Finally, it covers addressing at different layers from physical to port addresses.

Uploaded by

Vishal Upadhayay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NETWORK MODELS

By Premanand Lotlikar
Agenda

● Layered Tasks
● OSI Model
● Layers in the OSI Model
● TCP/IP protocol suite
● Addressing
Layered Taskas
Sending a letter
OSI Model
OSI Model

● Is a set of protocols that allows any two


different systems to communicate regardless
of their underlying architecture
● It is NOT a protocol; It is a model for:
○ Understanding and designing a network
architecture
○ Which is flexible, robust and interoperable
Layered Architecture
● OSI model composed
of 7 layers
● Related functions
collected into discrete
groups (layers)
● Each layer has
functions distinct from
others
● Allows complete
interoperability
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Information moves down in the sending device and moves up in the
receiving device
Interface defines the information and services a layer must provide
Interfaces provide modularity to a network
Exchange in OSI model
OSI Model in working
Layers in the OSI Model
Physical Layer

● Functions required to carry bit stream over


physical medium
● Deals with mechanical and electrical
specifications of the interface and
transmission medium
Physical Layer

● Physical layer also concerned with:


○ Physical characteristics of interface and medium
○ Representation of bits (how 0 & 1 changes to
signals)
○ Data rate
○ Synchronization of bits
○ Line configuration (P2P, Multipoint)
○ Physical Topology
○ Transmission mode (simplex, half-duplex,
full-duplex)
Data Link Layer

● Transform physical layer into a reliable link


● Makes the physical layer appear error-free to
the upper layer
Data Link Layer

● Framing
● Physical addressing (address of
sender/receiver)
● Flow control
● Error control
● Access control (which device has control over
the link)
Hop-to-Hop Delivery
Network Layer

● Responsible for source-to-destination delivery


of a packet
● Logical addressing
○ Adds logical address of the sender and receiver
● Routing
Source-to-Destination delivery
Transport Layer

● Responsible for process-to-process delivery of


the entire message
● Ensures that the entire message arrives intact
and in order
Transport Layer

● Service-point addressing
○ Port address
○ NL gets each packet to the correct computer; TL gets
the entire message to the correct process
● Segmentation and Reassembly
○ Each segment contains sequence number
● Connection control
○ Connectionless or Connection oriented
● Flow control (end2end; rather than single link)
● Error control (end2end; rather than single link)
Transport Layer
Session Layer

● It is the network dialog controller


● Establishes, maintains and synchronizes
interaction among communicating systems
Session Layer

● Dialog control
○ Half-duplex or Full-duplex
● Synchronization
○ Transfer of 1000 pages
○ Sensible to keep a check after every 100 pages
○ If 523 page fails, retransmitting only 500th page
onwards and not all the pages from 1 onwards
Presentation Layer

● Concerned with the syntax and semantics of


the information exchanged
Presentation Layer

● Translation
● Encryption
● Compression
Application Layer

● Enables user to access the network


● Provide user interfaces and support for
services like email, DBMS, remote file etc
Application Layer

● Network Virtual Terminal (remote logon)


● File transfer, access and management
● Mail services
● Directory services
Summary of layers
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

● Was developed prior to OSI model


● Original suite was defined as having 4 layers:
○ Host-to-Network, Internet, Transport, Application
● Today TCP/IP five layers are:
○ Physical
○ Data Link
○ Network
○ Transport
○ Application
TCP/IP and OSI model
Protocols

● Physical & Data Link Layer


○ Does not define any specific protocol
○ Supports all standard and proprietary protocols
● Network Layer
○ Internetworking Protocol (IP)
○ IP uses 4 supporting protocols:
■ ARP
■ RARP
■ ICMP
■ IGMP
IP Protocols

● Internetworking Protocol (IP)


○ Unreliable, connectionless protocol
○ Best-effort delivery: no error checking or tracking
○ Data packets are called Datagrams
○ Datagrams can be out of sequence or duplicated
○ IP keeps NO track of routes and no facility for
reordering
IP Protocols

● Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):


○ Associate a logical address with a physical address
● Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP):
○ Allows host to discover its Internet address when it
knows only its physical address
● Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):
○ Used to send message of datagram problem back to
the sender
● Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP):
○ Facilitates simultaneous transmission of a message
to a group of recipients
Protocols

● Transport Layer:
○ Represented by TCP and UDP
○ Responsible for delivery of a message from one
process to another
○ User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
■ Adds only port address, checksum, error control and
length information
○ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
■ Reliable stream transport protocol
■ Connection oriented
Addressing
Addressing

● Four levels of addressing:


○ Physical
○ Logical
○ Port
○ Specific
Relationship of layers and
addresses
Physical Addresses

● Address of the node as defined by the


LAN/WAN
● It is included in the frame used by data link
layer
● Lowest level address

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Logical Addresses

● Necessary for universal communication;


independent of underlying physical network
● Logical addresses are for unique identity
irrespective of the underlying physical network
● Currently logical address in the Internet is
32-bit
● No two publicly addressed and visible hosts
on the Internet can have the same IP address
IP addresses
Port Addresses
Recap

● Q) The Internet model include:


● A) physical, data link, network, transport, and
application layers
● Q) The transport layer is responsible for
● A) process-to-process delivery of the entire
● Q) The network layer oversees
● A) host-to-host delivery of individual packets
● Q) Processes on two or more devices
communicating at a same layer are called:
● A) Peer-to-peer processes

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