CAT

SKELETON

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 1.  calcaneus
2.  carpals
3.  caudal vertebrae
4.  cervical vertebrae
5.  clavicle
6.  costal cartilage #5
7.  femur
8.  fibula
9.  humerus
10. hyoid apparatus
11. ilium
12. ischium
13. lumbar vertebrae
14. metacarpals
15. metatarsals
16. olecranon
17. phalanges
18. pisiform bone
19. pubis
20. radius
21. sacrum
22. scapula
23. sternebra No. 2
24. tarsals
25. thoracic vertebrae
26. tibia
27. ulna
28. xiphoid process

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The skeleton of the cat and of most mammals can II--Appendicular Skeleton
be divided into the following parts: 

I--Axial Skeleton A--pectoral girdle, anterior

A--skull 

B--vertebral colum (spinal colum),
 1--scapula, dorsal

consisting of 

1--cervical or neck vertebrae (7)
 2--clavicle, ventral collarbone, vestigial 

2--thoracic vertebrrae, articulating 
 and embedded in muscle in the cat
with ribs (13)
 B--pelvic girdle, posterior, posterior, 

3--lumbar vertebrae (7)
 composed of the ossa coxae, each 

4--sacral vertebrae fused into a 
 consisting of

sacrum to which the pelvic girdle 
 

is attached (3)
 1---ilium, dorsal, articulating with the 


 sacrum

C--ribs (13 pairs) 2--pubis, anterior and ventral

D--sternum or breastbone, consisting of
 3--ischium (iss' kih umm), posterior 


 and ventral
1--manubrium
 C--limbs; homologies listed from a distal

2--sternbrae (6)
 

3--xiphoid process anterior limb posterior limb
(forelimb) (hind limb)
1--humerus 1--femur
2--radius, on side 2--tibia, on side

digit I of digit I

(thumb) (big toe)



3--ulna 3--fibula
4--carpals, in wrist 4--tarsals, in 

ankle 

5--metacarpals 5--metatarsals
6--phalanges 6--phalanges

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Atlas 1st vertebra of the neck, carries the head

Axis 2nd vertebra of the neck, is the axis, where the atlas turns around

Orbit bony hollow, where the eye is

Teeth formula for the teeth in the cat:

1st teeth: 26 teeth
upper jaw: 3 premolars, 1 canine, 3 incissors
lower jaw: 2 premolars, 1 canine, 3 incissors
Bite of an adult cat: 30 teeth
upper jaw: 1 molar, 3 premolars, 1 canine, 3 incissors
lower jaw: 1 molar, 2 premolars, 1 canine, 3 incissors
The change of the 1st teeth is about the 6th month, around the 24th week.

Mandible bone of the lower jaw, the bone is moveable, it is connected to the upper jaw with a hinge joint

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Hyoid bone, which takes part in swallowing and speaking
From the history of development this bone is a residual bone from the 1st branchial arch (visceral arch). In big
cats the hyoid is cartilaginous and flexible, which enables those cats to roar, but only to a one-way-purring at
expiration.
In cats the hyoid is bony, which enables cats to a two-way-purring at expiration and inspiration, but does not
enable them to roar, only just to meow.

Scapula shoulder blade acromion points into

the direction
The shoulder blade is not fixed connected to of the belly;
the spine (it is not connected via the an important
clavicles!), it is connected with firm muscles connection
point for
and ligaments. Therefore the shoulder muscles
blades are very flexible, and a cat fits into
the narrowest hollow.
metacromion points into
the direction
of the tail;
an important
connection
point for
muscles

gleniod cavity a hollow,

(or fossa) where the
head of the
humerus
articulates

Clavicle This bone is degenerated in cats and is not connected with the spine, it is embedded into a muscle.

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Front leg caput head of the humerus
Forelimb
humerus the upper bone of the forelimbs

The lower part of the forelimbs (shank) consists of 2

bones, which are connected via an articulation, thus the
paws can be turned around.

radius one of the 2 bones of the lower leg

ulna the second bone of the 2 bones of the

lower leg

radial notch a hollow in the ulna, where the head of

the ulna is connected to the radius

Claws trochlear a hollow, where the humerus is

The cat is able to extend and retract its claws. notch connected with the radius
The cat scratches and sharpens only the front claws, where also
glands are located to mark its territory. The claws of the hind styliod These processes build the margins of
paws are sharpened with the teeth. (process) the wrist.
The claws are not bony, the are made of keratin.
phalanges the bones of the fingers and toes

carpal, 7 bones of the root of the foot making

carpals the paws very flexible

metacarpal, 5 bones of the middle part of the foot

metacarpals

digit 5 toes, where the 5th toe at the inner

side of the leg is located higher than the
other toes

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Hind leg cauda tail
Hind limb
acetabulum a cup-like hollow in the hip bone, where
the femur articulates
caput head of the femur

trochanter, These are connection points for

greater and important muscles.
lesser
The shank consists of 2 bones, the tibia and fibula.
medial forms the medial margin of the ankle
malleolus
lateral forms the lateral margin of the ankle
malleolus
calcaneus hock
calcaneal a bony hip of the hock, where the
tuber Achilles tendon is connected
phalanges the bones of the fingers and toe
tarsus, 3 rows bones of the root of the foot
tarsals
metatarsus, bones of the middle part of the foot
metatarsals
digit 4 toes

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Pelvis, pelvic hip bones innominate bones
girdle The pelvis consists of 2 symmetrically places bones, the hip
bones.
The hip bone is the result of 3 bones melted together, the
ischium, the pubic bone and the ilium.
pelvic girdle It consists of the hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx. It is
the junction between the vertebra and the legs.

ischial hips of the ischium, where important muscles are connected

tuberosity
ischial divided into the greater and lesser foramen
foramen

acetabulum a cup-like hollow in the hip bone, where the femur articulates

pubic the joint, which connects both pubic bones

symphysis

pubic bone forms the medial part of the acetabulum

ilium forms the upper part of acetabulum

iliac crest important muscles, like the muscles of the belly, are connected
here

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The two muscles mentioned here have two functions working antagonistic.

rectus femoris The muscle is mounted at the ilium,

extends via a tendon over the patella
and ends at tibia. It flexes the thigh
moving the humerus anterior and
extends the shank.

semimembranosus The muscles is mounted at the ischial

tuberosity and ends at the medial part
of the thigh and the corresponding
opposite part of the tibia. It extends the
thigh moving the humerus posterior
and flexes the shank.

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 TURTLE
SKELETON

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 5. Pubis
6. Illium
7. Acetabulum
8. Ischium
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 1. Femur
2. Pubis
3. Epubis
4. Puboischiadic fenestra
5. Fibula
6. Tarsals
7. Ischium
8. Sacral Vertebrae
9. Phalanges
10. Metatarsals
11. Tibia
12. Illium ABRAHAM | 3B1 20
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 CHICKEN
SKELETON

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 SHARK
SKELETON

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