Scribd
Upload
2K views5 pages

Analytic Phase Research

The document outlines key concepts in data analysis including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and different types of variables. It discusses scales of measurement, measures of central tendency and variation, and frequency distributions. The appropriate method of data analysis depends on the study objectives, research design, and type of data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used to organize, summarize, and make generalizations about data. Statistical tests are selected based on the level of measurement, objectives, and sample type.

Uploaded by

Rosa Mia
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views5 pages

Analytic Phase Research

The document outlines key concepts in data analysis including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and different types of variables. It discusses scales of measurement, measures of central tendency and variation, and frequency distributions. The appropriate method of data analysis depends on the study objectives, research design, and type of data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used to organize, summarize, and make generalizations about data. Statistical tests are selected based on the level of measurement, objectives, and sample type.

Uploaded by

Rosa Mia
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Analytical Phase

Data analysis
- converting data to information

Branches:

Descriptive Statistics

-methods applied in order to organize, summarize and present data in


a form which will make them easier to analyze and interpret

Inferential Statistics

-methods involved in order to make generalizations and conclusions


about a target population, based on results from a sample

Variables

-a value of a characteristic that changes from subject to subject or


from time to time

Relationship between Variables:

Dependent Variable

- the outcome or response variable

Independent Variable

- the variable that is presumed to influence the outcome

Confounding Variable

- An extraneous variable which by itself may influence the outcome and


which may be mistaken to be the effect of the independent variable
being considered.

Types of Variables:

Qualitative Variables

- categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group from


another

Quantitative Variables
- categories can be measured and ordered according to quantity/amount

Discrete Quantitative Variables

- can assume only integral values or whole numbers

Continuous Quantitative Variables

- can attain any value including fractions or decimals

Scales of Measurement

Nominal Scale

- unordered categories

Ordinal Scale

- ordered categories

Interval Scale

- the exact distance between two categories can be determined but the
zero point is arbitrary

Ratio Scale

- Similar to interval but the zero point is fixed

Kinds of indicators

- Parameters – derived from the entire population

- Statistics – derived from a sample of the population

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean – arithmetic average

Median – middle value

Mode – most frequently occurring value

Measures of Variation

Range

- the difference between the highest observation and the lowest


observation
Variance

- refers to how much the individual observations differ from the mean

Standard Deviation

- square root of the variance

Coefficient of Variation

- Measures the relative dispersion which expresses the standard


deviation as a percentage of the mean

Frequency Distribution:

- the proportion of subjects found in the different classes of the


population

Proportion, ratio and rate:

Proportion

- a / (a+b)

- e.g. proportion of patients cured

Ratio

- a/b

- e.g. sex ratio = no. of males : no. of females

Rate

- e.g. incidence rate = (no. of new cases over a period of


time/population at risk) x 100,000

How is the method of data analysis determined?

The method of data analysis that should be used for a study


depends on:

- the objectives and the research design

- the scale of measurement/type of data

METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive Statistics

- Computations of indicators
 Measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode

 Measures of variation: range, standard deviation

 frequency/percentage distribution; rates, ratios

Organizing, presenting & summarizing data in forms that


facilitate interpretation

- Inferential Statistics

o computations of indicators

o comparison of indicators

o test for significance of observed differences

o determination of degree of association

Criteria for selection of a statistical test:

• Level of Measurement of the Data

– Nominal

– Ordinal

– Interval/Ratio

• Specific objectives to be attained

• Types of samples

• Assumptions of the test

Purpose of doing the test:

• to determine if a sample could have come from a population with a


stipulated mean or proportion or from a population of some pre-
specified distribution

• comparison of two means or proportions

• comparison of more than two means or proportions

• determination of correlation or association between variables

Type of Samples

• Independent samples – the elements in one sample is not in any


way influenced by the characteristics of the elements selected in the
other sample.
• Paired or related samples – samples which are matched for certain
variables

Two kinds of statistics test

Parametric tests – involves numerical data, measured either on an interval


or ratio scale

Non-Parametric tests – involves data that are not truly numerical being
only on a nominal or ordinal scale

Statistical Significance vs. Practical Significance:

• Practical Significance refers to the benefits that may be derived


from the application of the knowledge or technology tested by the
study.
• Statistical Significance measures the probability of accepting a
wrong hypothesis or of rejecting a true hypothesis.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy