CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1: INTRODUCTION

All students who taking Diploma in Geomatic Science at UiTM Arau should send their
group report for every practical task they have done. This report is the culmination of the
experience we gained while finishing the task given by our lecturer, Miss Nor Baizura bt
Hashim for this task.

There were 6 members in our group. They are Aifa , Shaqera, Aiman, Nasrul, Amierul and
Izzat. Each have their own responsibilities to finish this practical task and its report. It is not
easy to carry out this task. We need a lot of patience in ourselves and full of commitment
from each member of the group. Although there were some obstacles during the task, we are
grateful as all of members have given their cooperation and ideas in order to overcome it. The
obstacles happened made us learned from mistakes. So, with the presence of this report, we
hope we can share our experience and knowledge.

Cadastral surveys are used to document the boundaries of land ownership, by the
production of documents, diagrams, sketches, plans , charts, and maps. They were originally
used to ensure reliable facts for land valuation and taxation. Cadastral survey information is
often a base element in Geographic Land Information systems used to assess and manage
land and built infrastructure. Such systems are also employed on a variety of other tasks, for
example, to track long-term changes over time for geological or ecological studies, where
land tenure is a significant part of the scenario.

The practice of finding boundaries is neither a purely legal process, nor a

purelyscientific process. It is something in between with a twist. The boundary surveyor in
finding an old survey must be cognizant of the legal description of the land and any conflicts
which may affect it. This involves not only knowledge but skills in research and investigation.
Then the surveyor must be part archaeologist to find physical evidence of previous surveys
and occupation on the ground. Throughout the process the surveyor must understand the
concepts of good measurements to find and describe what is found, and be able to interpret its
relationship to the record. In the end those that do it well find it can be rewarding and fun,
sort of as mathematical detective work, with archaeology, dendrology, geology and paralegal
aspects thrown in. So we sometimes use the old saying "Land Surveying" is both an art and a
science.

1
1.2: PRACTICAL LOCATION

N MARKAS KESATRIA

LOT 53
(site projt)

LOT 1133 LOT 1122

SMV ARAU

DARI GATE B

Figure 1.1: location project

2
1.3: AIM AND OBJECTIVE

 Able to verify either the boundary mark can be use as satisfactory datum.
 Able to find boundary mark based on the certified plan.
 Able to marked the new boundary mark based on the certified plan.
 Able to use different approach when facing problems.

3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1: OVERVIEW OF CADASTRAL SURVEY

Cadastral surveying is the discipline of land surveying that relates to the laws of
land ownership and the definition of property boundaries. It involves interpreting and
advising on boundary locations, on the status of land ownership and on the rights, restrictions
and interests in property, as well as the recording of such information for use on plans, maps,
etc. It also involves the physical delineation of property boundaries and determination of
dimensions, areas and certain rights associated with properties, whether they are on land,
water or defined by natural or artificial features.

Cadastral surveys are generally performed to subdivide land into parcels for
ownership under a land title and to re-establish boundaries of previously surveyed properties
to determine the physical extent of ownership or to facilitate the transfer of the property title.

A surveyor, who is registered as a licensed surveyor under the Surveying Act 2004, is
the only person authorised to perform cadastral surveys in Victoria. The regulation of
cadastral surveying reflects the importance with which Government holds Victoria’s
cadastre. The cadastre is a parcel-based system of property (land) administration. It is
comprised of physically delineated boundaries, being the extents of parcels or interests in
parcels, and datasets containing the public record of the interests (ie. rights, restrictions and
responsibilities) in those parcels. The government and community entrust licensed surveyors
to maintain and protect the integrity of the cadastre, which underpins economic development
through confidence in the property market.

4
2.2: RECONNAISSANCE IN CADASTRAL SURVEY

 To get the overall picture of our given lot.

 To identify the proper place to demarcate the boundry marks for traversing control
network.
 To identify of there is any obstacles existing in our lot that might be block the total
station to observe
 Gets first description about survey area to make efficient planning before to start
survey.
 Find whole boundary mark

5
2.3: CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL FIELD TEST (DFT)

The differential field test should be carried out at the start of every new survey job.
It is important to ascertain if the EDM is in the acceptable working order. For work which is
started by using two CRM which it is visible sight, DFT should be made on these line.

If exist any difference of distance between direct observation (Total Station)

compared from two result of two CRM station, the compute/new observe distance of two
CRM Station should use as final distance. The difference limit is not exceeding 0.020 meters.

For difference exceeding limits 0.020 meter, action following must be taken if DFT
not exceed 0.010 meter, determination CRM must be done again and DFT exceed the limit,
the total station should make calibration.

6
2.4: CONCEPT OF DATUM

Datum

Datum is a reference mark from which measurement are made. In surveying and
geodesy, a datum is a reference point on the earth’s surface against which position
measurements are made, and an associated model of the shape of the earth for computing
positions.

Horizontal datum has the x and y coordinates which are the longitude and the latitude.
By using the coordinates, we can obtain the bearing and distance from the coordinates.
Vertical datum are used to be the control point which can be used to measure the reduce point
of other point by transferring of height.

In Cadastral Survey, datum is a line where the bearing and distance is proven not
budge from the actual position and the line will become a reference line to start a survey
work.

Datum is also used to find a fix and permanent coordinate. Without a good datum, we
will not achieve a satisfying work output like we wanted where the possibility there is space
or mistake between the lots that is survey. Due to that, each survey must be based on satisfied
datum so that the survey work can be continued on.

Categories of Datum

There are 2 categories of datum in cadastral surveying

1. Datum to start survey
 Refer to assume datum just to start survey
2. Satisfactory datum
 Refer to boundary mark

7
Determining of Satisfactory Datum

i. 2 boundary marks that is nearby proven with measurement or by traverse and

calculation together with solar observation that both mark is still in the same position
where the tolerance is acceptable.
ii. 3 boundary mark where 2 of it is next to each other, proven using interior and distance
or traverse and calculation, in the actual position.
iii. Any 2 boundary mark that is proven in the actual position using GPS as enforced by
the Department.

Tolerance for the Datum

The distance of the line for the datum must be more than 30 metre and satisfy the allowed
tolerance;

i. For the line which less than 40 metre, the tolerance is bearing does not exceed 01’ and
0.015 metre or
ii. For the line which is more than 40 metre, the tolerance for bearing is does not exceed
30” and 0.006 metre for every 20 metre, with a maximum tolerance of 0.050metre for
distance.
iii. The difference in interior angle between the observe calculation and the calculation
from CP must not exceed 10”.

8
2.5: CONCEPT OF TRAVERSING

Travers is divide by two which is:

- Closed Traverse
- Open Traverse

Closed Traverse

When complete cycle is made and consequently the work can be checked and adjusted. A
closed traverse begin and end on the same point (polygon traverse) or begin with known
point and ending at another known point (link traverse).

polygon traverse link traverse

Reference station

Traverse station

Datum line

Traverse line

9
Open Traverse

Open traverse begin with known point and ending with unknown point. The reliability of
traverse cannot be checked. Useful when the survey is a long narrow strip.

Reference station

Traverse station

Datum line

Traverse line

10
2.6: RADIATON (BM pick-up)

 Bearing and distance observation

 Observation on both faces (FL and FR)
 Record as two separate observation
 Maximum distance 300m

2.7: SOFTWARE USED

1) AUTOCAD

11
 2.8: INSTRUMENT USED

In this practical, there are several instruments that we have used. These instruments are needed in
completing this practical. The instruments are:

Total station Pegs

Prism Tripod

12
INSTRUMENT USED

Total station

Functionally : A Total Station integrates the functions of a theodolite for measuring angles,
an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and information recording. Total Stations are
being used for:

1.1 General purpose angle measurement.

1.2 General purpose distance measurement.
1.3 Provision of control surveys.
1.4 Contour and detail mapping.
1.5 Setting out and construction work.

Tripod
Function : To place the theodolite on the tripod and making temporary reference point
of station. To make temporary adjustment on tripod.

Prism
Function : Prism are use for reflection of wavelength and back during to transmitter.

Peg

Function : To make point at station that we choose.

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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1: FLOW WORK FORM

Reconnaissance

Datum to start survey

DIC (Different Field Test)

Step 1 : Reconnaissance

 We visited the site given in order to get the general view of the site itself. The
reconnaissance has been done by checking the nearest available control point
such as Land Lot, Datum (NDCDB) and CRM points. We actually got lot
number 7469 but it bearing is unlogic. So, we decided to change our lot from
lot number 7469 to lot number 7454 which is somewhere at infront of Dewan
Seri Semarak.

Step 2 : Datum to start survey

 Theoretically, datum is a line where the bering and distance are admitted
correct and the line will be the reference line for starting any new survey work.
It is important to start any survey work. We use 248 59 50 as reference to
determine the datum to start survey and the bearing and distance for that line
can be obtained by using the coordinates from other CRM.

14
Step 3 : Different Field Test

 DFT also known as Differential Field Test is a test where before the survey
work is started. It has been done to start a new job. We used pegs to form two
points in order to establish a straight line. We set up the total station at the first
point and it has been marked as point A and the second point is marked as
point B.. The distance is spontaneously divided by two parts. We set any point
between point A and B and marked it as point C. When measure the distance
between point A and point C and labeled it as L2. Distance L2 is recorded.
Then, we moved the total station to point B to measure the distance between
point C and B. As result the distance we labeled it as L3. The error calculation
for DFT (Different Field Test) is calculated by using formula L1- (L2+L3) and
its tolerance must not exceed 0.002m..

15
Traversing

1. Firstly, a reconnaissance survey is done to search for boundary mark around the area.
Every boundary mark that is found is marked on the certified plan.
2. The members in the group will decide on which boundary mark is most suitable to be
used as satisfactory datum.
3. Place a total station on the 2nd station while the prism at the 1st and also the 3rd point.
Perform temporary adjustment.
4. Insert the back bearing 2-1 in the total station based on the certified plan.
5. Press the button hold and shoot at the prism at 1.
6. Press the button hold to release.
7. Observe the horizontal distance from point 2 to 1 and record the distance.
8. Shoot at prism 3 and record the bearing and also the distance.
9. Calculate the difference in angle, distance and also the tolerance.
10. If the tolerance is acceptable, then the boundary mark can be used as satisfactory
datum.
11. Draw a sketch of the suitable traverse based on the data obtain.
12. Insert the bearing 2-1 based on the certified plan and open the bearing 2-3 based on
the certified plan.
13. Clamp the horizontal clamp.
14. Another person at the 3rd point will hold a mini prism on a pole and follow the
observer’s order.
15. The observer will guide the mini prism holder to be in line with the crosshair.
16. The observer the move the vertical slow motion screw to shoot at the mini prism to
obtain the distance.
17. The observer will guide the mini prism holder to move forward or backward until the
person is near to the distance in the certified plan and the observer will give the signal
to the mini prism holder to plant the peg.
18. Then the prism is set up at the point and temporary adjustment is performed.
19. The observer will guide the person at the prism to move the prism to be in line with
the crosshair based on the bearing in the certified plan.
20. The observer then will guide the person either to move the prism forward or backward
until they get the same reading in the certified plan.

16
21. Then, the peg will be adjusted by one person and another person will see through the
optical plummet to see if the peg is in the correct position.
22. The procedure is repeated from procedure 12 > 22.
23. If they are obstacles that causes us to unable to see the next station, then we should
plant a peg and do calculate the missing line of the line or maybe we could include the
peg as a part of our traverse.
24. A new boundary mark will be replacing the old boundary mark.
25. Calculate the angular misclosure and linear misclosure to check if the traverse is
1:8000 based on Cadastral Survey Regulation 2002.
26. Prepare the report of the survey work.

17
PROSEDURE DIC ( Double Independent Check)

Figure 1.2 traverse

Procedure :

Line 3-5

1. Step-up instrument on station 3, prism on station 4.

2. RO to station 2 and observe using face left and face right to station 4.
3. Replace prism at station 4 to station 5. Instrument stayed at 3. Observed using face
left and face right to station 5.
4. Replace prism on 2 to 4 i.e. instrument maintained at 3, but RO to sataion 4 with RO
0000’10”, 0000’20”, or others.

18
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1: RESULT DFT

A
C

A B
C

AC = AB + BC

DISTANCE BY DISTANCE BY ERROR

STATION USING TOTAL USING ZE = L1 – (L2+L3)
FROM TO STATION (m) MEASURING
TAPE (m)
A C 39.993 40.000 39.993 -
(19.990+19.995)
A B 19.990 20.000
= 0.008
B C 19.995 20.000

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4.2: PROVEN DATUM (third mark calculation, internal angle)

Figure 1.3 lot

Find missing line on 1-7

Station Bearing Distance Latitude Departure

1-6 160 29 30 32.723 -30.844 10.928

6-7 58 16 30 24.175 12.712 20.563

1-7 119 55 57 36.338 -18.132 31.491

20
 PO NEW

7 7

11955’57” 11956’70”

36.338m 36.334m

1 1

6859’50” 6859’50”

2 92.686m 2 92.695 m

Interior angle for PO Interior angle for NEW

= (11955’57”+180) – (6859’50”+180) = (11955’40”+180) –

(6856’70”+180)

= 299 55 57 – 248 59 50 = 299 55 40 – 248 57 10

= 50 56 07 = 50 58 30

Datum condition of 2002

Line <40m = bearing 01’

= distance 0.0015m

Line > 40m = bearing 30”

= distance 0.006m every 20m

= displacement 0.050m

21
Distance PO – 40 ×0.006

20 m

92.686- 40 / 20 ×0.006

=0.0158m

0.0158 + 0.015

= 0.0308 ( tolerance)

>40 = NEW - PO

= 40/20 × 0.006

= 0.012m

= 0.0308 (tolerance) – 0.012m

= 0.0188m

22
 4.3: TRAVERSING METHOD
( C CORRECTION, DATA
ADJUSTMENT- BOWDITCH
METHOD, LINEAR MISCLOSURE)

23
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.1: CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we had learned a lot of new things. Honestly, finding the boundary mark
was one of the best experience and practical work we had done. We learned about
verification of datum, how to find the boundary mark, how to plant a peg that is representing
a boundary mark. Some of the boundary mark that we checked is displace from its original
place. Other than that, we learned about the hand signal used during survey work by our
lecturer which is useful for us and easy to apply. Besides that, we even found a boundary
mark that is covered by ground and it has a square shape which is different from the round
concrete boundary mark.

The practice of finding boundaries is neither a purely legal process, nor a purely scientific
process. It is something in between with a twist. The boundary surveyor in finding an old
survey must be cognizant of the legal description of the land and any conflicts which may
affect it. This involves not only knowledge but skills in research and investigation. Then the
surveyor must be part archaeologist to find physical evidence of previous surveys and
occupation on the ground. Throughout the process the surveyor must understand the concepts
of good measurements to find and describe what is found, and be able to interpret its
relationship to the record. In the end those that do it well find it can be rewarding and fun,.

Finally, we hope can makes this practical perfectly in the next time. We have a lot of new
things to learn to become a surveyor in the future. We want to apologize if our report may
contain several mistakes and some errors. Thanks to all people that support this group for
finishing the practical on this semester.

24
 5.2: GENERAL/INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS

GENERAL COMMENTS:

In this practical work, we had learned a lot of new things. Honestly, finding the boundary
mark was one of the best experience and practical work we had done. We learned about
verification of datum, how to find the boundary mark, how to plant a peg that is representing
a boundary mark. Some of the boundary mark that we checked is displace from its original
place. Other than that, we learned about the hand signal used during survey work by our
lecturer which is useful for us and easy to apply. Besides that, we even found a boundary
mark that is covered by ground and it has a square shape which is different from the round
concrete boundary mark.

We also like to conclude that our traverse do not get 1:8000 and above. This is
because, there are some problem that we faced when doing the practical.

The problem that we face was when 1 of our station we aren’t able to see the other
station. Our members was very cooperative in the practical work as they are hardworking and
giving a goo cooperation. None of them were mumbling about the practical work but instead
most of us enjoyed the practical work. I would like to give each of them 9 marks out of 10
based on their leadership, commitment and attendances for the practical work.

In conclusion, we would like to thank our lecturers for all the support and knowledge
that they have given to us. May Allah bless them in everything they do.

25
 INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS

Mohamad Nasrullah bin Mamat

My comment is about the traversing we have done and also establishing a new
lot. From the practical I could see that, to start traversing we must have a satisfactory datum.
To find the satisfactory datum we have a method, for our practical we determine the datum
by approving is boundary marks which we determine the interior angle and the distance. If
the interior angle and distance is the same in the certified plan or the angle and distance in an
acceptable limit which have been determine by JUPEM.

Rating(from 0-10) of my group members according to their commitment, leadership and

attendances.

Name Commitment Leadership Attendances

MUHAMMAD AIMAN 10 10 10
MUHAMMAD IZZAT MUKRI 10 9 10
MOHD NOOR AMIERUL 10 9 10
INTAN SHAQERA 10 9 10
INTAN AIFATIKA 10 9 10

26
Muhammad Aiman bin Safi’n

Firstly, I want to thanks to my lecturer because She has teach all my group members
and I very well. My group and I really appreciate of their commitment by go on site then
guide and teaching us. Before this I had learned about the traverse at a semester one. In
semester two, it is not difficult to me to do this practical. During this practical, we have to
face many problems. However, my group and I take this problem as a simple problem.
Besides, I have learned more about the traverse. To all my group members, I want to thanks
because their commitment and give a hand to help me to do this practical and this report.
Thank you.

Rating (from 0-10) of my group members according to their commitment, leadership and
attendances.

Name Commitment Leadership Attendances

MUHAMMAD NASRULLAH 9 9 10
MUHAMMAD IZZAT MUKRI 10 9 10
MOHD NOOR AMIERUL 10 9 10
INTAN SHAQERA 10 9 10
INTAN AIFATIKA 10 9 10

27
 Muhammad Izzat Mukri bin Mohd Hanan

Firstly, I want to say thank you to my lecturer because teach me about traverse.
Actually, I think traverse is very difficult to do it, but after my lecturer teach me and with my
group member’s now I understand about it. During the field work for cadastral, our group has
to wait until other group who is our senior finish their work. This is because there is no place
to do this practical. Although have a lot of problems but finally we can also finish this
practical in the time. Finally, I also to say thank you very much to my group member’s
because co-operate in do this practical.

Rating(from 0-10) of my group members according to their commitment,leadership and

attendances.

Name Commitment Leadership Attendances

MUHAMMAD NASRULLAH 9 9 10
MUHAMMAD AIMAN 10 9 10
MOHD NOOR AMIERUL 10 9 10
INTAN SHAQERA 10 9 10
INTAN AIFATIKA 10 9 10

28
Intan Noor Aifatika bt Norfildaos

Firstly, I want thanks a lot to my lecturer, because Shas teachs and conducts my
groups and I very well about the traverse practical. Now, I can do this practical very well
with my group members. I also get more knowledge and know better way to do traverse.
Besides that, I can practice what I had learn in semester one in this semester. So I can
improve my skill on how to handling the instrument because use the other instrument which
is total station. I also want to say thank you to my group who has give good commitment to
do this practical and lastly I glad can finished our practical properly. Thank you.

Rating(from 0-10) of my group members according to their commitment, leadership and

attendances.

Name Commitment Leadership Attendances

MUHAMMAD NASRULLAH 9 9 10
MUHAMMAD IZZAT MUKRI 10 9 10
MOHD NOOR AMIERUL 10 9 10
MUHAMMAD AIMAN 10 10 10
INTAN SHAQERA 10 9 10

29
Intan Shaqera bt Harun

I want to dedicate this appreciate to my lecturer because without their support and
guide I cannot do my work very well. Now, I know how to do and understand about traverse
better than I do part one. I more understand after do this practical. Just listening in lectures,
makes I can not imagine what to do. I would like to say thank you to my team member and
my lecturer of their cooperation. They have give a full of commitment to complete this
practical. Thanks a lot.

Rating(from 0-10) of my group members according to their commitment, leadership and

attendances.

Name Commitment Leadership Attendances

MUHAMMAD NASRULLAH 9 9 10
MUHAMMAD IZZAT MUKRI 10 9 10
MOHD NOOR AMIERUL 10 9 10
MUHAMMAD AIMAN 10 10 10
INTAN AIFATIKA 10 9 10

30
Mohd Noor Amierul bin Manan

Firstly, I want thanks a lot to my lecturer, Mr Shahrizan because has teachs

and conducts my groups and I very well about the traverse practical. Now, I can do this
practical very well with my group members. I also get more knowledge and know better way
to do traverse. Besides that, I can practice what I had learn in semester one in this semester.
So I can improve my skill on how to handling the instrument because use the other
instrument which is total station. I also want to say thank you to my group who has give good
commitment to do this practical and lastly I glad can finished our practical properly. Thank
you.

Rating (from 0-10) of my group members according to their commitment, leadership and
attendances.

Name Commitment Leadership Attendances

MUHAMMAD NASRULLAH 9 9 10
MUHAMMAD IZZAT MUKRI 10 9 10
MUHAMMAD AIMAN 10 10 10
INTAN SHAQERA 10 9 10
INTAN AIFATIKA 10 9 10

31
REFERENCES

1 ) http://www.surveyorsboard.vic.gov.au/content/74/About-Cadastral-Surveying.aspx

32
 APPENDIX

( PRE COM PLAN)

33
CALCULATION VOLUME

34