Canal Falls
Canal Falls
AND IMPORTANCE
Table of Contents
The above two will decide the location of canal fall across canal. By
understanding topographic condition we can provide the required type of fall
which will give good results. At the same time, the provided falls is economical
and more useful. So, economical calculation is also important. Unbalanced earth
work on upstream and downstream result the project more uneconomical.
Ogee falls
Rapids
Stepped falls
Trapezoidal notch falls
Well type falls
Simple vertical drop falls
Straight glacis falls
Montague type falls
English falls or baffle falls
Ogee curve is the combination of convex and concave curves. So, Ogee fall
consists of both convex and concave curves gradually. This gradual combination
helps to provide smooth transition of flow and also reduce the impact. If the
canal natural ground surface is suddenly changed to steeper slope, ogee fall is
recommended for that canal. Stone pitching is provided in the upstream and
downstream of the fall.
Rapid Canal Falls
Rapid fall consists a long sloping glacis. It is constructed if the available natural
ground surface is plane and long. For this, a bed of rubble masonry is provided
and it is finished with cement mortar of 1:3 ratio. To maintain the slope of bed
curtain walls are provided at both upstream and downstream. Rapid falls are
high priced constructions.
Stepped Canal Falls
As in the name itself, stepped fall consist vertical steps at gradual intervals.
Stepped fall is the modification of rapid fall. It is suitable for the canal which has
it upstream at very high level as compared to downstream. These two levels are
connected by providing vertical steps or drops as shown in figure.
Trapezoidal Notch Canal Falls
In case of trapezoidal notch falls, a high crested wall is built across the channel
and trapezoidal notches are provided in that wall. Trapezoidal falls are very
economical and suitable for low discharges. Now a days this type of falls are
using widely because of their simplicity and popularity.
Simple vertical drop fall or sarda fall consists, single vertical drop which allows
the upstream water to fall with sudden impact on downstream. The downstream
acts like cushion for the upstream water and dissipate extra energy. This type
of fall is tried in Sarda Canal UP (India) and therefore, it is also called Sarda
Fall.
Straight Glacis Canal Falls
Montage fall is similar to straight glacis fall but in this case the glacis is not
straight. It is provided in parabolic shape to introduce the vertical component of
velocity which improves the energy dissipation to more extent.
In this case, straight glacis fall is extended as baffle platform with baffle wall.
This is suitable for any discharge. The baffle wall is constructed near the toe of
the straight glacis at required distance in designed height. The main purpose of
the baffle wall is to create hydraulic jump from straight glacis to baffle platform.
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Crest Dimensions:
This type of fall is not flumed.
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Body wall: When the discharge of a canal is less than 14 m^/sec the
section of body wall is kept rectangular (Fig. 19.22 (a)).
Base width B is determined by the batter given to u/s and d/s sides.
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Here H is depth of water above the crest of the fall in metres. (It
includes velocity of approach also).
d is the height of the crest above the downstream bed level in metres.
Discharge Over Crest:
The discharge formula used in this type of fall under free fall condition
is:
Q = CLH {H/b}1/6
where L is length .of crest in m and Q is discharge in cumec.
where Cd = 0.65
LC = 5√E.HL and
X = ¼ (E.HL)2/3
Total Length of Impervious Floor:
As for any hydraulic structure total length of the impervious floor
should be designed on the basis of Bligh’s theory for small structures
and Khosla’s theory for other works. Maximum seepage head is
experienced when on the u/s water is upto the crest level of the fall
and there is no flow on the d/s side. Referring Fig. 19.22 maximum
seepage head is given by ‘d’.
Ld = 2D + 2.4 + HL in metres.
The balance of impervious floor may be provided under the body wall
and on the u/s.
Staggered blocks:
Staggered block of height dc should be provided at a distance of 1.0 dc
to 1.5 dc from the d/s toe of the crest for clear falls. In case of
submerged falls the blocks may be provided at the end of the cistern. A
row of staggered cubical blocks of height equal to 0.1 to 0.13 of depth
of water should invariably be provided at the end of the d/s
impervious floor.
Vertical falls should be full width falls, i.e., the width of the crest
should be same as bed width of the canal because increased intensity
of discharge due to fluming creates scour on the downstream.
Unlike vertical falls the glacis falls can be flumed when combined with
bridge so as to economize in the cost. It k quite rational to select such
(q) discharge per metre run of crest width which with the height of
drop (HL) available gives value of total energy on the d/s (Ef2) equal to
F.S. depth of the canal. (It can be read from Blench curves). It does not
require deep cistern on d/s and avoids construction difficulty
particularly when subsoil water level is high. The throat width may be
rounded off to next half metre. The fluming thus calculated may not,
however, exceed limits given below subject to the condition that
overall width of fall crest is not more than bed width of the canal on
the downstream.
In case of full width falls and sometimes in flumed falls if crest level
works out unreasonably high fluming may be done or increased if
already flumed so that crest is not higher than 0.4 –D1 above the u/s
bed as otherwise it will increase afflux at low supplies and may cause
alternate silting/scouring.
The value of E is given by discharge formula Q = 1.84 Bt X E3/2
where Bt is clear width of crest. Therefore if n piers are provided in
between effective
Bt = (Bt – 0.2 n H)
and E is depth of crest below u/s TEL.
Length of crest (Lt) = 2/3 E.
The crest is joined to u/s and d/s canal bed with sloping glacis.
The u/s glacis (for non-meter falls) is given a slope of 1/2: 1. The u/s
crest end is kept curved with a radius of E/2,
The d/s glacis is given 2: 1 slope and it joins the cistern d/s with curve
having radius equal to E.
Cistern Dimensions:
Provisions of Cut-Offs:
The cut-offs should be invariably provided at the upstream end of
upstream glacis and at the downstream end of the downstream
cistern. The width of each curtain wall may be kept 0.4 m.
The depth may be as follows:
Depth of u/s cut-off = D1/3
Depth of d/s cut-off = D2/2
The minimum depth should however be 0.5 m.
(ii) The bed approach may be by means of u/s glacis having 1/2: 1
slope and joining tangentially the u/s end of crest with a radius equal
to E/2.
(iii) Protection of bed and sides by stone or dry brick pitching may be
done for a length of (D1+ 0.5) m. The bed pitching may be laid at a
slope of 1 in 10.
D/s Expansion and D/s Protection:
(i) On the downstream parallel and vertical walls are provided upto
the toe of the glacis.
h = D1/8
Length of the block = 3 h
Width of the block =2/3 h