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Canal Falls

The document discusses different types of canal falls, their importance, and design principles. Canal falls are solid masonry structures constructed on canals where the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed channel bed slope. The main types discussed are ogee falls, rapids, stepped falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well type falls, simple vertical drop falls, straight glacis falls, and Montague type falls. The document also covers location factors for canal falls and provides details on design principles for Sarda type and straight glacis falls.

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Rajesh Khadka
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
1K views20 pages

Canal Falls

The document discusses different types of canal falls, their importance, and design principles. Canal falls are solid masonry structures constructed on canals where the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed channel bed slope. The main types discussed are ogee falls, rapids, stepped falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well type falls, simple vertical drop falls, straight glacis falls, and Montague type falls. The document also covers location factors for canal falls and provides details on design principles for Sarda type and straight glacis falls.

Uploaded by

Rajesh Khadka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CANAL FALLS – THEIR TYPES

AND IMPORTANCE
Table of Contents

What is Canal Falls?


Canal falls are solid masonry structure which is constructed on the canal if the
natural ground slope is steeper than the designed channel bed slope. If the
difference in slope is smaller, single fall cane be constructed. If it is of higher
then falls are constructed at regular suitable intervals.

Location of Canal Falls

Location of canal fall depends upon the following factors


1. Topography of canal
2. Economy of excavation or filling

The above two will decide the location of canal fall across canal. By
understanding topographic condition we can provide the required type of fall
which will give good results. At the same time, the provided falls is economical
and more useful. So, economical calculation is also important. Unbalanced earth
work on upstream and downstream result the project more uneconomical.

Types of Canal Falls and their Importance


The important types of falls which were used in olden days and those which are
being used in modern days are described below:

 Ogee falls
 Rapids
 Stepped falls
 Trapezoidal notch falls
 Well type falls
 Simple vertical drop falls
 Straight glacis falls
 Montague type falls
 English falls or baffle falls

Ogee Canal Falls

Ogee curve is the combination of convex and concave curves. So, Ogee fall
consists of both convex and concave curves gradually. This gradual combination
helps to provide smooth transition of flow and also reduce the impact. If the
canal natural ground surface is suddenly changed to steeper slope, ogee fall is
recommended for that canal. Stone pitching is provided in the upstream and
downstream of the fall.
Rapid Canal Falls

Rapid fall consists a long sloping glacis. It is constructed if the available natural
ground surface is plane and long. For this, a bed of rubble masonry is provided
and it is finished with cement mortar of 1:3 ratio. To maintain the slope of bed
curtain walls are provided at both upstream and downstream. Rapid falls are
high priced constructions.
Stepped Canal Falls

As in the name itself, stepped fall consist vertical steps at gradual intervals.
Stepped fall is the modification of rapid fall. It is suitable for the canal which has
it upstream at very high level as compared to downstream. These two levels are
connected by providing vertical steps or drops as shown in figure.
Trapezoidal Notch Canal Falls

In case of trapezoidal notch falls, a high crested wall is built across the channel
and trapezoidal notches are provided in that wall. Trapezoidal falls are very
economical and suitable for low discharges. Now a days this type of falls are
using widely because of their simplicity and popularity.

Well Type Canal Falls


Well type falls are also called as syphon drop falls. In this case, an inlet well
with pipe at its bottom is constructed in upstream. The pipe carries the water to
downstream well or reservoir. If the discharge capacity is more than 0.29
cumecs then downstream well is preferred otherwise reservoir is suitable.

Simple Vertical Drop Falls (Sarda Type fall)

Simple vertical drop fall or sarda fall consists, single vertical drop which allows
the upstream water to fall with sudden impact on downstream. The downstream
acts like cushion for the upstream water and dissipate extra energy. This type
of fall is tried in Sarda Canal UP (India) and therefore, it is also called Sarda
Fall.
Straight Glacis Canal Falls

This is the modern type of construction, in which a raised crest is constructed


across the canal and a gentle straight inclined surface is provided from raised
crest to the downstream. The water coming from upstream crosses the raised
crest and falls on inclined surface with sufficient energy dissipation.
Montague Type Canal Falls

Montage fall is similar to straight glacis fall but in this case the glacis is not
straight. It is provided in parabolic shape to introduce the vertical component of
velocity which improves the energy dissipation to more extent.

English or Baffle Canal Falls

In this case, straight glacis fall is extended as baffle platform with baffle wall.
This is suitable for any discharge. The baffle wall is constructed near the toe of
the straight glacis at required distance in designed height. The main purpose of
the baffle wall is to create hydraulic jump from straight glacis to baffle platform.

Design Principles for Sarda Type


and Straight Glacis Fall
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ADVERTISEMENTS:

Read this article to learn about the design principles for


Sarda type and Straight Glacis fall.
Design Principles for Sarda Type Fall:
This type of falls are constructed on Sarda canal in Uttar Pradesh. It is
a fall with raised crest and with vertical impact. The soils in Sarda
command comprised sandy stratum overlain by sandy-clay on which
depth of cutting was to be kept minimum. This made it obligatory to
provide number of falls with small drops. In Sarda type falls (q)
discharge intensity varied from 1.6 to 3.5 cumec/m and drop varied
from 0.6 to 2.5 m.

Crest Dimensions:
This type of fall is not flumed.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

For canal discharge 15 cumec and more

Crest length of fall = Bed width of the canal.

For distributaries and minors

Crest length of fall = Bed width + Depth of flow.

ADVERTISEMENTS:
Body wall: When the discharge of a canal is less than 14 m^/sec the
section of body wall is kept rectangular (Fig. 19.22 (a)).

When the discharge of a canal is more than 14 m3/sec the section of


the body wall is kept trapezoidal with upstream batter 1: 3 and
downstream batter 1: 8.
For rectangular body wall:
Top width ‘b’ = 0.552 √d

Base width ‘B’ = H + d/√p

For trapezoidal body wall Top width b = 0.522 √(H + d)

The edges are rounded with a radius of 0.3 m.

Base width B is determined by the batter given to u/s and d/s sides.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

Here H is depth of water above the crest of the fall in metres. (It
includes velocity of approach also).

d is the height of the crest above the downstream bed level in metres.
Discharge Over Crest:
The discharge formula used in this type of fall under free fall condition
is:

Q = CLH {H/b}1/6
where L is length .of crest in m and Q is discharge in cumec.

Value of C for trapezoidal crest is 2 and for rectangular crest 1.85.

For submerged flow conditions (above 33% submergence) neglecting


velocity of approach the discharge is given by the following formula

where Cd = 0.65

HL = drop in water surface


and h2 = depth of d/s water level over top of crest.
Crest Level:
The height of crest above the upstream bed level is fixed in such a way
that the depth of flow u/s of the fall is not affected. From the discharge
formula mentioned above since Q is known value of H can be
calculated.
R . L of crest = F . S . L on the u/s – H.

The stability of body wall should be tested by usual procedure when


the drops exceeding 1.5 m are to be designed. In the body wall drain
holes may be provided at the u/s bed level to dry out the canal during
closures for maintenance, etc.
Cistern dimensions: Dimensions of the cistern may be fixed from the
Bahadurabad Research Institute formula given in article 19.17, i.e.,

LC = 5√E.HL and
X = ¼ (E.HL)2/3
Total Length of Impervious Floor:
As for any hydraulic structure total length of the impervious floor
should be designed on the basis of Bligh’s theory for small structures
and Khosla’s theory for other works. Maximum seepage head is
experienced when on the u/s water is upto the crest level of the fall
and there is no flow on the d/s side. Referring Fig. 19.22 maximum
seepage head is given by ‘d’.

Length of d/s impervious floor:


The maximum length of the d/s impervious floor is given by the
following relation.

Ld = 2D + 2.4 + HL in metres.
The balance of impervious floor may be provided under the body wall
and on the u/s.

Thickness of the Floor:


The d/s floor should be made thick enough to resist uplift pressures.
However, minimum thickness of 0.3 to 0.6 m (depending upon the
size of the drop) of concrete under 35 cm of brick masonry may be
provided on the d/s. On the u/s brick masonry is not necessary. The
brick on the edge laid on the d/s impervious concrete floor provide
additional strength and affords easy repairs to the floor.
Cut-off:
A sufficient depth of cut-off below the floor should be provided at the
d/s end of the floor for providing safety against steep exit gradient.
The depth of cut-off may range from 1 to 1.5 m. Sometimes deeper cut-
offs may be necessary to reduce horizontal floor length to satisfy
Khosla’s principle of exit gradient. For falls having 1 m and above head
on the crest should be provided more cut-offs. Cut-off at u/s end of
floor is also provided which may be smaller in depth.

Other Protective Works:


Provision of other accessories like upstream wings, staggered blocks
on the cistern floor, downstream wings, bed and side pitching is
generally done on the basis of thumb rules. For big structures,
however, actual design calculations may be done. For general
arrangement see Fig. 19.13.

Upstream wing walls:


For small falls upto 14 cumec the upstream wings may be splayed at 1:
1. For higher discharges u/s wing walls are kept segmental with a
radius equal to 6 H and continued thereafter tangentially merging into
the banks. The wings may be embedded into the bank for about 1 m.

Downstream wing walls:


For the length of the cistern the d/s wing walls are kept vertical from
the crest. Thereafter they are wasped or flared to a slope of 1: 1. An
average splay of 1 in 3 for attaining the required slope is given to the
top of the wings. The wings may be taken deep into the banks.

Staggered blocks:
Staggered block of height dc should be provided at a distance of 1.0 dc
to 1.5 dc from the d/s toe of the crest for clear falls. In case of
submerged falls the blocks may be provided at the end of the cistern. A
row of staggered cubical blocks of height equal to 0.1 to 0.13 of depth
of water should invariably be provided at the end of the d/s
impervious floor.

Bed and side pitching:


The d/s bed pitching with bricks 20 cm thick over 10 cm ballast is
provided horizontally for a length of 6 m. Thereafter for lengths up to
5 to 15 m for falls varying from 0.75 to 1.5 m may be provided with
down slope of 1 in 10. The side pitching with bricks on edge with 1: 1
slope is provided after the return-wing on the downstream. A toe wall
should be provided between the bed pitching and the side pitching to
provide a firm support to the latter.

Design Principles for Straight Glacis Fall:


Crest Dimensions:
Clear width of crest.

Vertical falls should be full width falls, i.e., the width of the crest
should be same as bed width of the canal because increased intensity
of discharge due to fluming creates scour on the downstream.
Unlike vertical falls the glacis falls can be flumed when combined with
bridge so as to economize in the cost. It k quite rational to select such
(q) discharge per metre run of crest width which with the height of
drop (HL) available gives value of total energy on the d/s (Ef2) equal to
F.S. depth of the canal. (It can be read from Blench curves). It does not
require deep cistern on d/s and avoids construction difficulty
particularly when subsoil water level is high. The throat width may be
rounded off to next half metre. The fluming thus calculated may not,
however, exceed limits given below subject to the condition that
overall width of fall crest is not more than bed width of the canal on
the downstream.

Crest level = u/s TEL – E

In case of full width falls and sometimes in flumed falls if crest level
works out unreasonably high fluming may be done or increased if
already flumed so that crest is not higher than 0.4 –D1 above the u/s
bed as otherwise it will increase afflux at low supplies and may cause
alternate silting/scouring.
The value of E is given by discharge formula Q = 1.84 Bt X E3/2
where Bt is clear width of crest. Therefore if n piers are provided in
between effective
Bt = (Bt – 0.2 n H)
and E is depth of crest below u/s TEL.
Length of crest (Lt) = 2/3 E.
The crest is joined to u/s and d/s canal bed with sloping glacis.

The u/s glacis (for non-meter falls) is given a slope of 1/2: 1. The u/s
crest end is kept curved with a radius of E/2,

The d/s glacis is given 2: 1 slope and it joins the cistern d/s with curve
having radius equal to E.

Cistern Dimensions:

R.L. of cistern = d/s TEL -1.25 Ef2 = d/s FSL -1.25 D2


Length of cistern = 5 Ef2 for good earthen bed
or Ld = 6 Ef2 for erodible sandy soils.
The cistern should be joined to the designed d/s bed with a up slope of
1 in 5 (1: 5) This arrangement enables formation of hydraulic jump on
the sloping glacis.

Provisions of Cut-Offs:
The cut-offs should be invariably provided at the upstream end of
upstream glacis and at the downstream end of the downstream
cistern. The width of each curtain wall may be kept 0.4 m.
The depth may be as follows:
Depth of u/s cut-off = D1/3
Depth of d/s cut-off = D2/2
The minimum depth should however be 0.5 m.

Total Length of Impervious Floor:


The total length of floor should be such that with the depth of curtain
walls as fixed earlier give permissible exit gradient. Khosla’s curve for
exit gradient may be used for this purpose.

The length of floor between u/s and d/s cut-offs so determined if


appears excessive the downstream cut-off may be further deepened
suitably to achieve adequate floor length.

It may be noted that the total impervious floor length


comprises:
i. Length of cistern;

ii. Horizontal length of d/s glacis;

iii. Crest length along the axis of the canal; and

iv. Horizontal length of u/s glacis.

In case some little length is still remains to be provided as per earlier


calculations it may be provided on the u/s side of u/s glacis.

Thickness of the Floor:


Minimum thickness on the u/s may be from 0.3 to 0.6 m. Floor
thickness in the glacis and cistern should be sufficient to withstand
uplift pressure safely.

U/s Approach and U/s Protection:


(i) If the fall combines with it functions of a discharge meter as well,
the side and bed approaches to the crest have necessarily to be gradual
and smooth so as to avoid eddies and impact losses and to reduce
concentration of flow.

In non-meter falls, however, the side walls may be splayed at an angle


of 45° from the upstream edge of the crest. The walls are carried
straight into the canal berm for a length of at least 1 m.

(ii) The bed approach may be by means of u/s glacis having 1/2: 1
slope and joining tangentially the u/s end of crest with a radius equal
to E/2.

(iii) Protection of bed and sides by stone or dry brick pitching may be
done for a length of (D1+ 0.5) m. The bed pitching may be laid at a
slope of 1 in 10.
D/s Expansion and D/s Protection:
(i) On the downstream parallel and vertical walls are provided upto
the toe of the glacis.

(ii) The expansion afterwards should be gradual so that the expanding


flow adheres to the sides and scour due to formation of back-rollers on
sides is prevented. A rectangular hyperbolic expansion given by
Mitra’s equation for hyperbolic expansion is generally adopted.
If this expansion works out too long, side splay of about 1 in 5 may be
adopted. For small falls to effect economy expansion with side splay of
1 in 3 considered sufficient.

(iii) Side walls in expansion may be flared out from vertical to 1: 1 if


the earth fill behind is not problematic like black cotton soil. In such
cases the side walls may be designed as vertical gravity walls.

(iv) Side protection consisting of 20 cm thick dry brick pitching for a


length of 3 D2 should be provided. It should rest on a toe wall 1½ brick
thick and of depth equal to D2/2 subject to minimum of 0.5 m depth.
(v) A deflector wall of height D2/10 above d/s bed may be provided at
the downstream end of the cistern. The minimum height should be 15
cm. Thickness of the deflector wall may be kept 0.4 m.
(vi) With provision of deflector wall at the end of the floor d/s bed
pitching beyond the floor is not necessary.

Friction Blocks as Energy Dissipators:


Friction blocks are found to be most effective. In case of flumed
straight glacis falls (without baffle) four rows of friction blocks may be
provided. they are staggered in plan. The u/s edge of the first row of
the friction block is located at a distance of 5 times the height of the
blocks (5 . h) from the toe of the glacis. The dimensions of the blocks
may be as follows:

Let, height of the blocks = h

h = D1/8
Length of the block = 3 h
Width of the block =2/3 h

Distance between rows = 2/3 h


When glacis is provided with baffle only two rows of friction blocks is
sufficient upto 2 m fall. The u/s edge of the first row may be located at
1/3 length of d/s expansion from the end of the cristern floor.

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