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Design of Earthen Dam

The document outlines design requirements for earthen dams according to IS: 8826 including ensuring safety against overtopping through adequate spillway capacity, stability analysis using methods like circular arc or sliding wedge, and seepage control through measures like cutoff trenches, grout curtains, and horizontal filters. Key factors in design include crest width, side slopes, core dimensions, and minimum freeboard height. Different types of spillways like chute, side-channel, and straight-drop are also described.

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324 views22 pages

Design of Earthen Dam

The document outlines design requirements for earthen dams according to IS: 8826 including ensuring safety against overtopping through adequate spillway capacity, stability analysis using methods like circular arc or sliding wedge, and seepage control through measures like cutoff trenches, grout curtains, and horizontal filters. Key factors in design include crest width, side slopes, core dimensions, and minimum freeboard height. Different types of spillways like chute, side-channel, and straight-drop are also described.

Uploaded by

skruub1e
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Design of Earthen Dam

As per IS: 8826 (1978 – Reff 2020)


Basic design requirements for Earthen Dams
1. Safety against Overtopping
2. Stability of dam
3. Safety against internal erosion/seepage
Basic design requirements for Earthen Dams
4. Dam and foundation should be safe against piping.
5. Upstream and Downstream slope must be protected against wave
action and wind action
Safety Against Overtopping
• Provide sufficient spillway capacity and ensure emergency spillway is
accessible and free from blockage
• Ensure sufficient freeboard to prevent overtopping due to waves
• Settlement of embankment to be restricted to 1% of height of dam

Max Reservoir Level Freeboard


Stability Analysis (as per IS:7894)
Design Shear Strength
• All shear test results to be obtained from tri-axial shear testing
• Embankment material to be compacted to design dry density
• Testing shall be done from zero to maximum stresses expected
• Unconsolidated Undrained test to be performed for impervious soils during
and immediately after construction
• Consolidated Undrained test mimic drawdown conditions of impervious
zones and are used for upstream slope during partial pool formation
• Consolidated Drained test suitable for freely draining soils where pore
pressure does not develop.
Stability Analysis (as per IS:7894)
Phreatic Line
• The phreatic line is an imaginary line which denotes the flow line
below which seepages takes place
• Parabolic in shape
Stability Analysis (as per IS:7894)
Phreatic Line
Determination of the parabolic equation can be complicated and time
consuming. Hence, IS Code suggests approximation of the phreatic line.

The phreatic line shall be obtained by joining the entrance point and
breakout point on discharge face. Breakout point is located on
discharge face at height of h/2 from base of dam, h being the head on
upstream above the impervious base.
A short transition curve may be manually introduced at the entrance.
Stability Analysis (as per IS:7894)
Methods of Analysis
1. Circular Arc Method
• Cross-section of surface of rupture assumed to be an arc of circle or cylindrical
• This method is preferred for homogenous earth dams and when foundation is a thick
deposit of fine grained materials.
2. Sliding Wedge Method
• Applicable when one or more layers of soil is weak in upper part of foundation, and
when core has fine grained soil with large shells of dense material with a hard stratum
foundation
• Trial section divided into two or three segments, ( top = active wedge, bottom = passive
wedge, middle = central block)
• Forces on each wedge determined and these forces shall be in equilibrium.
Stability Analysis (as per IS:7894)
Sliding Wedge Method
B
 Known values:

• Calculate shear strength of wedge


• Verify obtained factor of safety with recommended values in IS:7894
Stability Analysis (as per IS:7894)
Design conditions for analysis
Crest Width
•Top
  width of dam (W) should be sufficient to keep Phreatic Line within
the dam structure and have enough width for roadway.

Crest
Side Slope
• Depends on shear strength of soil used;higher strength  steep slope
• Slope to be selected such that base width of dam is sufficient
• Slope usually varies from 2:1 to 4:1 (H:V)
Type of Soil Upstream Slope Downstream Slope
Homogeneous well graded 2.5 : 1 2:1
Homogeneous course silt 3:1 2.5 : 1
Homogeneous silty clay ( H < 15m ) 2.5 : 1 2:1
Homogeneous silty clay ( H > 15m ) 3:1 2.5 : 1
Sand with clay core 3:1 2.5 : 1
Core of dam
• Made of impervious material to prevent seepage flow. Generally
made of clay with gravel/sand.
• Height of core should be at least 1m higher than MRL to prevent
seepage due to capillary action.
• Width should be greater than 50% of MRL

 
1m

Max. Reservoir Level

Core

 50% of MRL
Freeboard
• Minimum freeboard is the distance between maximum flood level
and crest of dam
Type of spillway Height of Dam Minimum Freeboard
Uncontrolled spillway All heights 2 – 3m
Controlled spillway Upto 60m 2.5m
Controlled spillway More than 60m 3m

• If dam constructed in cold regions, addition freeboard of 1.5m


provided for safety against freezing of water.
Seepage Control
1. Cutoff Trench

Core

Cut-off
Pervious Layer

Impervious Layer
Seepage Control
•1.  Cutoff Trench
• Acts as an impervious layer under the dam
• Restricts seepage thus prevent collapse of dam
• Should extend till hard-rock strata
• Minimum width should be 4m
• For small dams,

= Width of cut-off trench


= Maximum Reservoir Level
= depth of cut-off trench below ground level
Seepage Control
2. Grout Curtain
• Grouting is injecting cement, clay, chemicals or combination of it into soft soil
• The injected slurry solidifies and creates an impervious barrier
Seepage Control
3. Horizontal Filter
• Horizontal filter provided at the toe to drain seepage
• Coarse grained material used as they have high permeability

Horizontal Filter
Spillway
• A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of
water from a dam
• Spillway prevents water level to rise above MRL to avoid flooding

Spillway
High Flood Level
Max Reservoir Level
Chute Spillway
• Discharged conveyed from reservoir through an open channel
• Profile dependent on topography of site
Side-Channel Spillway
• Similar to chute spillways, but located at the end of the dam.
• Water flows parallel to crest length
Straight-Drop Spillway
• Easiest and cheapest spillway in existence
• Water freely falls over the crest
• Auxiliary dam with artificial pool constructed at place of fall of water

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