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Sonet SDH DWDM

SONET is a digital transmission standard developed for fiber optic networks. It defines a hierarchy of electrical signaling levels called Synchronous Transport Signals. SONET uses synchronous time-division multiplexing and a ring topology. Key elements include add/drop multiplexers, regenerators, and terminals. SONET provides efficient bandwidth management and standard interfaces but requires strict synchronization.

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441 views35 pages

Sonet SDH DWDM

SONET is a digital transmission standard developed for fiber optic networks. It defines a hierarchy of electrical signaling levels called Synchronous Transport Signals. SONET uses synchronous time-division multiplexing and a ring topology. Key elements include add/drop multiplexers, regenerators, and terminals. SONET provides efficient bandwidth management and standard interfaces but requires strict synchronization.

Uploaded by

Omar Ayoub
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SONET

INTRODUCTION
 Digital transmission standards for fiber-optic cable

 Independently developed in USA & Europe


 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) by ANSI
 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) by ITU-T

 Synchronous network using synchronous TDM multiplexing

 All clocks in the system are locked to a master clock

 It contains the standards for fiber-optic equipments

 SONET was originally designed for the public telephone network.


 A bit-way implementation providing end-to-end transport of bit
streams.

 Multiplexing done by byte interleaving.

 SONET commonly transmits data at speeds between 155


megabits per second (Mbps) and 2.5 gigabits per second (Gbps).

 One of SONET’s most interesting characteristics is its support


for a ring topology .

 Very flexible to carry other transmission systems (DS-0, DS-1,


etc)
SONET LAYERS

SONET defines four layers: path, line, section, and photonic

 Path layer is responsible for the movement of a signal from its


optical source to its optical destination

 Line layers is for the movement of a signal across a physical line

 Section layer is for the movement of a signal across a physical


section, handling framing, scrambling, and error control

 Photonic layer corresponds to the physical layer of OSI model


SONET ARCHITECTURE
ADM regenerator ADM
Path Line Section Line Path
Termination Termination Termination Termination Termination

path
line line line
section section section section

Architecture of a SONET system: signals, devices, and connections

 Signals: SONET(SDH) defines a hierarchy of electrical signaling levels


called STSs (Synchronous Transport Signals, (STMs)). Corresponding
optical signals are called OCs (Optical Carriers)

 Devices: STS Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer, Regenerator, Add/Drop


Multiplexer and Terminals
 Connections: SONET devices are connected using sections,
lines, and paths

Section: optical link connecting two neighbor devices: mux


to mux, mux to regenerator, or regenerator to
regenerator

Lines: portion of network between two multiplexers

Paths: end-to-end portion of the network between two


STS multiplexers
SONET FRAMES

• Each synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composed of 8000


frames.
• Each frame is a two-dimensional matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90
× n columns.
• A SONET STS-n signal is transmitted at 8000 frames per second

• Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel

• In SONET, the data rate of an STS-n signal is n times the data


rate of an STS-1 signal

• In SONET, the duration of any frame is 125 μs


SONET NETWORKS
1. Point-to-point network :

2. Multipoint network :
Ring Network: UPSR

Unidirectional Path Switching Ring (UPSR)


Ring Network: BLSR

Bidirectional Line Switching Ring (BLSR)


Mesh Network

 Ring network has the lack of scalability


 Mesh network has better performance
SONET Advantages
 Reduced network complexity and cost

 Allows transportation of all forms of traffic

 Efficient management of bandwidth at physical layer

 Standard optical interface

 De-multiplexing is easy.
SONET Disadvantages
 Strict synchronization schemes required

 Complex and costly equipment as compared to cheaper


Ethernet
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY (SDh)
INTRODUCTION
 Standard for interfacing optical networks

 Simple multiplexing process

 SDH is basically the international version of SONNET

 SONNET is NORTH AMERICAN version of SDH


SDH frame structure

• STM-1 frame is the basic transmission format for SDH

• Frame lasts for 125 microseconds

• It consists of overhead plus a virtual container capacity


SDH network elements
 Regenerator (Reg.)

 Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

 Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

 Digital Cross Connect (DXC)


REGENERATOR
STM-N STM-N

Regenerator

It mainly performs 3R function:


1R – Reamplification
2R – Retiming
3R – Reshaping
It regenerates the clock and amplifies the incoming
distorted and attenuated signal. It derive the clock
signal from the incoming data stream.
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

PDH STM-N
Terminal
SDH Multiplexer

It combines the Plesionchronous and synchronous


input signals into higher bit rate STM-N Signal.
Add/Drop Multiplexer
(ADM)

Add / Drop
STM-N STM-N
Multiplexer

PDH SDH
Digital Cross Connect
(DXC)
STM-16 STM-16
STM-4 STM-4
STM-1 STM-1
140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s

Cross - Connect
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH LAYER
General view of Path Section designations

PDH
SDH #
SDH Regenerator SDH
ATM Cross-
IP
multiplexer SDH SDH SDH multiplexer
connect

Regenerator Regenerator
Section Section

Multiplex Section Multiplex Section

Path
Network Configurations

 Point to Point
 Point to Multipoint
 Mesh Architecture
 Ring Architecture
SDH Advantages

 Allows multi-network internetworking

 SDH is synchronous

 Allows single stage multiplexing and de-multiplexing


DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE DWDM
SYSTEM
DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
Wavelength Wavelength
Division Division
l1
Multiplexer Fibre Demultiplexer
l1
A X
l2 l2
B Y
l3 l1 + l2 + l3 l3
C Z

 Multiple channels of information carried over the same fibre, each using an individual
wavelength

 Dense WDM is WDM utilising closely spaced channels

 Channel spacing reduced to 1.6 nm and less

 Cost effective way of increasing capacity without replacing fibre

 Allows new optical network topologies, for example high speed metropolitian rings
DWDM STANDARDS

 ITU Recommendation is G.692 "Optical interfaces for multichannel systems


with optical amplifiers"

 G.692 includes a number of DWDM channel plans

 Channel separation set at:


 50, 100 and 200 GHz

 equivalent to approximate wavelength spacings of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 nm

 Channels lie in the range 1530.3 nm to 1567.1 nm (so-called C-Band)

 Newer "L-Band" exists from about 1570 nm to 1620 nm

 Supervisory channel also specified at 1510 nm to handle alarms and


monitoring
Optical Spectral Bands
Receivers
DWDM
Multiplexer
Optical
fibre

Power Line Line Receive


Amp Amp Amp Preamp
DWDM
Transmitters DeMultiplexer

 Each wavelength behaves as if it has it own "virtual fibre"

 Optical amplifiers needed to overcome losses in mux/demux and long fibre spans
WHAT COMPONENTS MAKE UP THE
DWDM SYSTEM

•THE ERBIUM DOPED


FIBER
AMPLIFIERS (EDFA)
•MULTIPLEXERS
•DEMULTIPLEXERS
•ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER
•OPTICAL SWITCH.
DWDM Advantages
 Greater fibre capacity

 Easier network expansion


 No new fibre needed

 Just add a new wavelength

 Incremental cost for a new channel is low

 No need to replace many components such as optical amplifiers

 DWDM systems capable of longer span lengths


 TDM approach using STM-64 is more costly and more susceptible to chromatic and
polarization mode dispersion

 Can move to STM-64 when economics improve


DWDM Disadvantages
 Not cost-effective for low channel numbers
 Fixed cost of mux/demux, transponder, other system components

 Introduces another element, the frequency domain,


to network design and management

 SONET/SDH network management systems not well


equipped to handle DWDM topologies

 DWDM performance monitoring and protection


methodologies developing

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