OPTICAL NETWORKS

ADVANTAGES
•Huge Bandwidth
•Low signal attenuation
•Immunity to electromagnetic interference
•High security
•No cross talk
•Low signal distortion
•Low power requirement
•Cost effective
Fig. 12-1:
Network
topologies
Fig. 12-3: Linear bus topology
 SONET/SDH
SONET – Synchronous Optical NETwork
used in North America
SDH- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy used
in other parts of the world
•Defines a synchronous frame structure for
transmitting TDM signals in the optical fiber
networks
•To solve the signal-conversion problem,
SONET standardizes the signaling rates,
framing format, & termination b/w sonet
equipment. networks
 SONET/SDH
• Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)or
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are
standardized multiplexing protocols that
transfer multiple digital bit streams over
optical fiber using lasers or LEDs. Lower
rates can also be transferred via an electrical
interface.
 TRANSMISSION FORMATS AND
SPEEDS
• Synchronous Transport Signals (STS)
- SONET -Hierarchy of signaling levels

• Synchronous Transport Module (STM)

- SDH -Hierarchy of signaling levels
 Transmission rates of
SONET/SDH

OC -1 STS-1 51.84 Mbps -

OC -3 STS-3 155.52 Mbps STM -1
OC -9 STS -9 466.56 Mbps STM -3
. . . .
. . . .
OC-192 STS-192 9953.28Mbps STM -64
 & SDH Hierarchy
SONET Electrical Optical Signal Bit Rate (Mbps) SDH
Signal Electrical Signal

STS-1 OC-1 51.84 N/A

STS-3 OC-3 155.52 STM-1
STS-9 OC-9 466.56 STM-3
STS-12 OC-12 622.08 STM-4
STS-18 OC-18 933.12 STM-6
STS-24 OC-24 1244.16 STM-8
STS-36 OC-36 1866.24 STM-12
STS-48 OC-48 2488.32 STM-16
STS-192 OC-192 9953.28 STM-64
STS: Synchronous OC: Optical Channel STM: Synchronous
Transport Signal Transfer Module
 Synchronous Transport Signals
(STS)
• SONET defines a hierarchy of signaling
levels called STS.
• STS-1 TO STS-192 supports certain data
rate specified in Mbps.
• Physical links defined to carry each level of
STS are called Optical Carriers (Ocs).
• Standard : ANSI T1.105.06 - SONET
ITU –TG.57 - SDH
 SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT
MODULE (STM)
• Synchronous Transport Module (STM)
- SDH -Hierarchy of signaling levels
• IN SDH, the basic rate is equivalent to STS-
3 or 155.52Mb/s. This called Synchronous
Transport Module-level 1 (STM-1)
• STS-N has a rate equal to N x51.84Mbps.
SONET FRAME STRUCTURE
An STS-1 and an STS-n frame
SONET Frame Structure

First 3 columns are

reserved for Transport
Overhead (TOH) bytes.

Remaining 87
columns are
Synchronous payload
envelope.(SPE)
 STS -1 SONET Frame
• 90 columns by 9 rows of bytes
• TRANSPORT OVERHEAD (TOH) BYTES-1st three
columns.
• Used for network management information.
• SYNCHRONOUS PAYLOAD ENVELOPE (SPE) –
remaining 87 columns
• PATH OVERHEAD (POH) – 1 column – located
anywhere in the SPE.
• SPE contains user data and details about
charges and payment required for
transmission.
 Bit Rate
• STS -1frame = 90 columns of bytes x 9rows
of bytes
= 810 bytes = 810 x 8bits = 6480 bits
• A frame is 125 μs in duration, corresponding to
one 8KHz voice sample.
• Within one second 8000 frames will be
transmitted,
• Total data rate of STS – 1 frame:
= 810bytes/frame x 8000 frames/sec
=6480 x 8000
= 51,840,000 bits or 51.840Mbps.
Note
In SONET,
the duration of any frame is 125 μs.
 SONET LAYERS
• Path Layer
• Line Layer
• Section Layer
• Photonic Layer
Figure 2 SONET layers compared with OSI or the Internet layers
 PATH LAYER
• Path layer – deals with transport of signals.
• to map signals into a format required by line
layer
• Functions include reading, interpreting
and modifying the POH for performance
 LINE LAYER
• Deals with the transport of the path layer
payload and its overhead across the physical
medium
• Function – to provide synchronization and
to perform multiplexing for the path layer.
• It includes protection switching,
synchronization, multiplexing, line
maintenance and error monitoring
 SECTION LAYER
• Deals with the transport of an STS-N frame
across the physical medium
• Function – framing, scrambling, error
monitoring and section maintenance.
 PHOTONIC LAYER
• Deals with the transport of bits across the
physical fiber medium
• Function – conversion between STS-N and
OC-N signals
• Includes wavelength launching, pulse
shaping and modulation of power levels.
 SONET/SDH RINGS OR ARCHITECTURE

• In SONET/SDH, there are eight possible

combination of ring types.
• First, either two or four fibers running
b/w nodes on a ring.
• Second, the signals can travel either
clockwise only or in both directions.
• Third, protection switching can be
performed either via a line-switching or
path-switching schemes.
•In link failure or degradation, line
switching – move all signal channels of an
entire OC – N channel to protection fiber

•Path switching – move individual channels

within an OC-N channel to another path
 SONET ARCHITECTURE
• In eight possible combinations, the
following two ring architectures become
popular for SONET/SDH networks.
architecture.

1. Two-fiber, Unidirectional, Path-

Switching Ring (Two fiber UPSR)

2. Two fiber or Four-fiber Bi-directional

Line Switching Ring (Four fiber BLSR)
• In SONET/SDH, there are eight possible
combination of ring types.
• First, either two or four fibers running b/w
nodes on a ring.
• Second, the signals can travel either
clockwise only or in both directions.
• Third, protection switching can be
performed either via a line-switching or
path-switching schemes.
SONET/SDH RINGS OR ARCHITECTURE
TWO-FIBER UPSR
Fig. 12-8(varied): BLSR architecture
Fig. 12-9: BLSR reconfiguration
Fig. 12-11: Generic SONET network
 WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING (WDM)
•Simultaneous transmission of a number
of different peak wavelength optical
signals in a single fiber.

Increases the information capacity

 Types of multiplexing
• Analog - FDM & WDM
• WDM – CWDM, DWDM & UDWDM
• Digital – TDM

• CWDM – Coarse WDM

• DWDM – Dense WDM
• UDWDM – Ultra Dense WDM
WDM network
 WDM explanation
• Tunable sources,tunable optical filters &
opt.ampr.
• Mux- combine the optical o/p into serial
spectrum of closely spaced wavelength
signals.
• Demux- separate the optical signals into
appropriate detection CHs.
 TYPES OF WDM
1. CWDM – Coarse Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
- 4-16 wavelengths /fiber
- b.w utilization is less
-Difficult to amplify
- low cost
2. DWDM – Dense WDM
- 32 + wavelengths/fiber.
 wavelengths are close together
Increased density & capacity.
3 UDWDM – Typically 100+ wavelengths
per fiber.
 WDM N/Ws TYPES

1. Broadcast and Select networks

2. Wavelength routed networks
3. Types of broadcast and select networks:
Single hop
Multihop
Shuffle net multi-hop
BRAOD CAST AND SELECT NETWORKS
Single hop broadcast and select networks
Passive star topology Single-hop network
Multihop networks – Broadcast and select networks
Fig. 12-17: Data packet
ShuffleNet Multihop network
 WAVELENGTH ROUTED
NETWORKS
• When broadcast & Select networks are
extended into WAN, the disadvantages are
• More wavelengths are needed as the no.
of nodes in the n/w grows.
• Use of large no. of optical booster
amplifiers.
• Wavelength routed N/Ws overcome these
limitations
Wavelength routed networks
wavelength reuse
• Node 1 – node 2 & from node2 – 4 requires
same wavelengths.
• Node 2 – node 3 & from 4- 5 requires diff.
wavelengths.
• No of required wavelengths – reduced.
4 x4 Optical cross-connect
Wavelength utilization using wavelength conversion
Wavelength utilization without wavelength
conversion
Increase in utilization
 NON LINEAR EFFECTS ON
N/W PERFORMANCE
• EFFECTIVE LENGTH & AREA
• STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING
• STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING
• SELF-PHASE MODULATION
• CROSS-PHASE MODULATION
Nonlinear effects on network performance
Effective length
SRS effects
Spectral broadening due to SPM
Kerr effect – nonlinearity in the R.I is known as kerr
nonlinearity. This non linearity produces carrier-
induced phase modln. Of the propagating signal.
Freq. chirping – The direct current modln of a single
longitudinal mode laser can cause a dynamic shift
of the peak w/ls. This phenomenon, which results
in dynamic line width broadening under the
direction of modln of the injection ct.
CROSS-PHASE MODULATION
Four wave mixing (FWM)
Two optical wave mixing
 Performance of WDM + EDFA
systems
• When we designing the optically amplified
WDM links and networks, it requires careful
consideration of the system which includes,
1. LINE BANDWIDTH
2. OPTICAL POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR
A SPECIFIC BER
3. CROSS TALK BETWEEN OPTICAL
CHANNELS
 LINE BANDWIDTH
• If N Transmitters in WDM links, operate at
bit rates of B1 through BN respectively,
then the total bandwidth is.
N

• Ʃ Bi
i =1
OPTICAL POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR A
SPECIFIC BER
SNR Vs Number of Amplifiers
 CROSS TALK

• Defined as the interference of one channel’s

signal into another channel.
• Types of cross talk
Intrachannel crosstalk
Interchannel crosstalk
Intrachannel crosstalk
 Expln
• Two independent signals enter an opt.
switch. This switch routes- signal entering
port 1 to port 4 and port 2 to port3.
• Within the switch, a fraction of opt.P
entering port 1 gets coupled to port3, where
it interferes with the signal from port2.
 INTRACHANNEL CROSS TALK

• Interfering signal is at the same wavelength as

the desired signal.
• This effect is more severe than inter channel
crosstalk
Interchannel crosstalk
 INTER CHANNEL CROSS TALK

• Arises when an interfering signal comes from

a neighboring channel that operates at a
different wavelength.
 NOISE EFFECTS ON
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

• MODEL NOISE
• MODE-PARTITION NOISE
• FREQUENCY CHIRPING (OR) CHIRPING
• REFLECTION NOISE
 SOLITONS
• Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) causes
most pulses to broaden in time as they
propagate through an optical fiber.
• A solitons are pulses that travel along the
fiber without change in shape or amplitude
or velocity.
• Remain unaffected even after collisions
with each other.
 SOLITONS
Higher- Order Solitons
First-order soliton or Fundamental Solitons
 SOLITON PARAMETERS
• Full- Width Half-Maximum ( FWHM)
• Dispersion Length
• Soliton Peak Power
• Soliton width and spacing
Half- maximum Soliton pulse width in terms of
normalized time units.
 Optical CDMA &
Ultra High Capacity Networks
THANK YOU