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Laguna State Polytechnic University: Transmission Media and Antenna Systems

The document discusses various types of radio propagation. It explains that line-of-sight propagation uses radio waves that travel in a straight line, which is used for cell phones and wireless networks. At lower frequencies, ground waves can bend over obstacles and travel beyond the horizon. Skywave propagation involves radio waves reflecting off the ionosphere, which is used for shortwave broadcasting and amateur radio to communicate over long distances. The document also discusses electromagnetic waves and their behavior as they propagate through free space or other media.

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57 views6 pages

Laguna State Polytechnic University: Transmission Media and Antenna Systems

The document discusses various types of radio propagation. It explains that line-of-sight propagation uses radio waves that travel in a straight line, which is used for cell phones and wireless networks. At lower frequencies, ground waves can bend over obstacles and travel beyond the horizon. Skywave propagation involves radio waves reflecting off the ionosphere, which is used for shortwave broadcasting and amateur radio to communicate over long distances. The document also discusses electromagnetic waves and their behavior as they propagate through free space or other media.

Uploaded by

JhonrielHarvey Alvarez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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`

Republic of the Philippines


LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Province of Laguna

College of Engineering

Transmission Media and Antenna Systems


Assignment no. 2

Submitted To:
Engr. Kereish J. De Ocampo

Submitted By:.
Deyparine, Jonell Jay L.
ECE-5B

October 26, 2018


`

Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are


propagated, from one point to another, or into various parts of the atmosphere.
As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are
affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption,
polarization, and scatteringUnderstanding the effects of varying conditions on
radio propagation has many practical applications, from choosing frequencies
for international shortwave broadcasters, to designing reliable mobile telephone
systems, to radio navigation, to operation of radar systems.

different types of propagation are used in practical radio transmission


systems. Line-of-sight propagation means radio waves which travel in a straight
line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. Line of sight
transmission is used to medium range radio transmission such as cell phones,
cordless phones, walkie-talkies, wireless networks, FM radio and television
broadcasting and radar, and satellite communication, such as satellite
television. Line-of-sight transmission on the surface of the Earth is limited to the
distance to the visual horizon, which depends on the height of transmitting and
receiving antennas. It is the only propagation method possible at microwave
frequencies and above. At microwave frequencies, moisture in the atmosphere
(rain fade) can degrade transmission.

At lower frequencies in the MF, LF, and VLF bands, due to diffraction radio
waves can bend over obstacles like hills, and travel beyond the horizon as
surface waves which follow the contour of the Earth. These are called ground
waves. AM broadcasting stations use ground waves to cover their listening
areas. As the frequency gets lower, the attenuation with distance decreases, so
very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) ground waves can
be used to communicate worldwide. VLF and ELF waves can penetrate
significant distances through water and earth, and these frequencies are used
for mine communication and military communication with submerged
submarines.

At medium wave and shortwave frequencies (MF and HF bands) radio


waves can refract from a layer of charged particles (ions) high in the
atmosphere, called the ionosphere. This means that radio waves transmitted at
an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth beyond the horizon, at
great distances, even transcontinental distances. This is called skywave
propagation. It is used by amateur radio operators to talk to other countries,
and shortwave broadcasting stations that broadcast internationally. Skywave
`

communication is variable, dependent on conditions in the upper atmosphere;


it is most reliable at night and in the winter. Due to its unreliability, since the
advent of communication satellites in the 1960s, many long range
communication needs that previously used skywaves now use satellites.

In addition, there are several less common radio propagation mechanisms, such
as tropospheric scattering (troposcatter) and near vertical incidence skywave
(NVIS) which are used in specialized communication systems.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

When electric power is applied to a circuit, a system of voltages and


currents is set up in it, with certain relations governed by the properties of the
circuit itself. Thus, for instance, the voltage may be high (compared to the
current) if the impedance of the circuit is high, or perhaps the voltage and
current are 90° out of phase because the circuit is purely reactive. In a similar
manner, any power escaping into free space is governed by the characteristics
of free space. If such power "escapes on purpose," it is said to have been
radiated, and it then propagates in space in the shape of what is known as an
electromagnetic wave.

Free space is space that does not interfere with the normal radiation and
propagation of radio waves. Thus, it has no magnetic or gravitational fields, no
solid bodies and no ionized particles. Apart from the fact thatfree space is
unlikely to exist anywhere, it certainly does not exist near the earth. However, the
concept of free space is used because it simplifies the approach to wave
propagation, since it is possible to calculate the conditions if the space were
free, and then to predict the effect of its actual properties. Also, propagating
conditions sometimes do approximate those of free space, particularly at
frequencies in the upper UHF region. Since radiation and propagation of radio
waves cannot be seen, all our descriptions must be based on theory which is
acceptable only to the extent that it has measurable and predictive value. The
theory of electromagnetic radiation was propounded by the British physicist
James Clerk Maxwell' in 1857 and finalized in 1873. It is the fundamental
mathematical explanation of the behavior of electromagnetic waves. The
mathematics of Maxwell's equations is too advanced to be used here. The
emphasis will j,e on description and explanation of behavior, with occasional
references to the mathematical background.
`

Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are energy propagated through free space at


the velocity of light, which is approximately 300 meters per microsecond.
Visualize-yourself-standing on a bridge overlooking a calm body of water. If you
were to drop an object (which did not float) into the pond, you would see this
energy process in action, As the object traveled downward, there would be a
path of bubbles generated in the same direction (vertical) as the object, but
there would also be a circular wave pattern radiating from the point of impact
and spreading horizontally across the body of water. These two energy
reactions approximate (at a very simplistic level) the electromagnetic and
electrostatic radiation pattern in free space. The energy created by the
displacement of the liquid is converted into both a vertical and a horizontal
component. The energy level of these components varies inve·rsely to the
distance; i.e., the horizontal wavefront covers a larger area (considering no
losses due to friction obstacles, etc.) and spreads the total energy generated
over this expanding wavefront, reducing the energy in any given section
dramatically as the wavefront expands and moves away from the point of
contact.

A wave describes a mechanism of how energy is transferred from one


place to another without any matter being transferred. It is the disturbance that
is propagated only. Waves travel with well-defined speeds determined by the
properties through which they travel.

A disturbance on a string (e.g. guitar string) propagates along the string.


`

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

· Transverse wave.

· An electromagnetic waves is propagated by the oscillations of the electric


and magnetic fields. A changing electric field produces a changing magnetic
field and a changing magnetic field produces a changing electric field. Thus,
an electromagnetic wave is self propagating and does not need a medium to
travel through.

· Can travel through vacuum, speed is c = 3.0 x 108 m.s-1

· When electromagnetic waves are emitted or absorbed by an atom, done


so in quanta of energy:

E=hf
`

A progressive electromagnetic wave is a self-supporting, energy-carrying


disturbance that travels free of its source. The light from the Sun travels through
space (no medium) for only 8.3 minutes before arriving at Earth. Each form of
electromagnetic radiation (radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, light, ultraviolet,
x-rays and g rays) is a web of oscillating electric and magnetic fields inducing
one another. A fluctuating electric field (electric charges experience forces)
creates a magnetic field (moving charges experience forces) perpendicular too
itself, surrounding and extending beyond it. That magnetic field sweeping off to
a point further in space is varying there, and so generates a perpendicular
electric fields that spreads out. Nothing is actually displaced in space like a
water wave where the water oscillates up and down and side-ways.

All electromagnetic waves propagate in vacuum at exactly the speed of light

c = 2.997 924 85 m.s-1

This is a tremendous speed, light travels 1 m in only 3.3×10-10 s.

"There are only two fundamental mechanisms for transporting energy and
momentum: a streaming of particles and a flowing of waves. And even these
two seemingly opposite conceptions are subtly intertwined – there are no waves
without particles and no particles without waves … " from Hecht.

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