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Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of the PH101 Physics-I course at IIT Guwahati. It will cover topics in analytical (classical) mechanics up until the mid-semester exam, and relativity, quantum mechanics for the final exam. Students will have two quizzes and mid/final exams to evaluate their understanding. The course will review mathematical concepts needed for classical mechanics like partial differentiation and then cover analytical mechanics concepts beyond Newton's laws, including Lagrangian and Hamiltonian equations of motion.

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158 views20 pages

Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of the PH101 Physics-I course at IIT Guwahati. It will cover topics in analytical (classical) mechanics up until the mid-semester exam, and relativity, quantum mechanics for the final exam. Students will have two quizzes and mid/final exams to evaluate their understanding. The course will review mathematical concepts needed for classical mechanics like partial differentiation and then cover analytical mechanics concepts beyond Newton's laws, including Lagrangian and Hamiltonian equations of motion.

Uploaded by

tejas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Welcome to

IIT Guwahati
PH101: PHYSICS-I

Lecture 1

Padma Kumar Padmanabhan


Uday Maiti
Department of Physics
IIT Guwahati
Topics

1. Analytical (Classical) mechanics


(Up to Mid-Sem Exam; Of 50% marks)

Prof. P. Poulose
Prof. Girish Setlur

2. Relativity
3. Quantum mechanics
(For End-Sem Exam; Of 50% marks)
Evaluations

Quiz-I of 10% marks on 27th August 2018 (tentatively)

Mid-Semester Exam of 40% (as per institute time table)

Quiz-II of 10 marks (Dates will be announced later)

End-Semester exam of 40% (as per institute time table)


Course Web Page:
http://www.iitg.ac.in/physics/fac/padmakumarp/Courses/PH101/JulyNov2018.htm
Syllabus
Books
Text Books:
1. Introduction to Classical Mechanics by Takwale R and Puranik P
(McGraw Hill Education, 1 st Ed., 2077) .
2. Classical mechanics by John Taylor (University Science, 2005).
3. Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles by
R. Eisbergand R, Resnick [f ohn-Wiley, 2nd Ed., 2006).

References:
1. A Student's Guide to Lagrangians and Hamiltonians by Patrick Hamill
(Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 2013).
2. Theoretical Mechanics by M. R. Spiegel (Tata McGraw Hill, 2008).
3. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. Iby R. P. Feynman, R. B.
Leighton, and M.Sands, [Narosa Publishing House, 1998J.

Intro. Classical Mechanics, David Morin (Cambridge)


Layout of mechanics course

• Mathematical concepts of partial differentiation and coordinate systems.

• Constraints, degree’s of freedom and generalized coordinates.

• Challenges with unknown nature of constrain forces in Newtonian Mechanics

• D’Alembert’s Principle of virtual work to remove the constrain forces from


analysis.

• Lagrange’s equation: An alternative to Newton’s law

• Variational method and Lagrange's equation from variational principle

• Hamiltonian equations of motion


Analytical mechanics
Introduction of new concepts of mechanics
beyond Newton’s law:
Largangian and Hamiltonian equations

Why this is important?


 Making the analysis easier, in particular complex dynamical
situations with imposed constrains/conditions.

 More general concepts extendable to other modern area of


physics like quantum mechanics, field theory etc.
Review of certain mathematical concepts
Key to understand classical mechanics
Total Differential: Function of one variable
 =            = ()

 ∆   + ∆ − ()
  = = =
 ∆ → 0 ∆ ∆ → 0 ∆

∆
 = [  ()]  ∆


• Infinitesimal change of  around certain point () =(rate of change of  around the
point) (magnitude of change in  )

• At stationary points (A,B, C),  does not changes [  = 0] even if  is changed


infinitesimally,
which implies that at those points    = 0.
Partial differential: function of more than one
variables
(, ) depends on two independent variables   .
-
Example: Height () of a hill as function of position direction
coordinate ,  .
-
direction
 The rate of change (slope) in the ‘   , when 
remains constant is denoted by

   + ∆,  − (, )
( )! =
 ∆
∆ → 0
 The rate of change in the ‘   , when  remains
constant is denoted by

  ,  + ∆ − (, )
( )" =
 ∆
∆ → 0
Partial differential -
direction
-
direction

• Change in height if I walk in the ‘#’ direction [keeping ‘’


fixed] by ‘$#’ ?

'%
[$%]$# =( )$#
'#

=    ()  ′′   +  ()  

'%
• Similarly, [$%]$, =( )$,
',
Partial differential -
direction
-
direction

Change in height if I go in the arbitrary direction so that ‘’


changes by ‘ ’ and ‘’ also changes by ‘ ’

'% '%
$% = ( )$#+( )$, =[ ]-" + [ ]-!
'# ',

• Generalization for a function which depends on several


variables (. , / , 0 …. 1 )

23 23 23 23
= ( ) . + ( ) / +…….+ ( ) 1 =∑:: ( ) 9
2"4 2"5 2"6 2"8
Partial differential (Examples)

 f(x,y) = a x2 + b y2

'% '%
=;<= =;?>
'# ',

 f(x,y) = a x2y + b

'% '%
=;<=> = <=;
'# ',

 f(x,θ) = a x Sin(θ) + b θ2

'% '%
= < Sin(θ
θ) = < = Cos(θ) + 2b θ
'# 'T
Differentiation of function of functions
(, ) is such that  and  are function of another variable say, .
-3
We wish to find the derivative .
-@

Example:  =  + ln  /
(we say, f depends x & y explicitly;
f depends u implicitly!)
Let,  =  cos  and  =  sin 
-3
How to calculate ?
-@

Method 1: Direct substitution


Step 1:  = ( cos )( sin ) + ln( sin )/
-3
Step 2: Find
-@
Example
H   ( IJ  + ( ),
:
G(, ) =  / +  /

But
 = 0cos T
&
.
 = 0Sin T - ) /
/
Chain rule of partial differential

Method 2: Chain rule


23 23
You know, =( ) +( ) 
2" 2!

$% '% $# '% $,
=( ) +( )
$N '# $N ', $N

Find the First differentials individually


23 23 -" -!
, , ,
2" 2! -@ -@
and then substitute in the above relation.
Chain rule of partial differential

Generalization for a function depends on several variables


(. , / , 0 …. 1 ) and the variables are function of another
set of variables, Let, 9 (. , / , …. 1 )

23 23 23 23
= ( ) . + ( ) / +…….+ ( ) 1 = ∑1. ( ) 9
2"4 2"5 2"6 2"8

23 23 2"4 23 2"5 23 2"6 1 23 2"8


=( ) +( ) +…….+ ( ) =∑ . ( )
2@4 2"4 2@4 2"5 2@4 2"6 2@4 2" 2@8 4
1
  9
= P( )
O 9 O
.
Questions?

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