Chapter 4

Chapter Summary and

4 Vocabulary
A matrix is a rectangular array of objects. Matrices are frequently Vocabulary
used to store data and to represent transformations. Matrices can 4-1
be added or subtracted if they have the same dimensions. Addition *matrix
of matrices can be used to obtain translation images of figures. element
*dimensions
Any matrix can be multiplied by a real number, called a scalar. equal matrices
Multiplying each element in the matrix by the scalar yields the point matrix
scalar product. However, not all matrices can be multiplied by 4-2
other matrices. The product of two matrices exists only if the *matrix addition,
number of columns of the left matrix equals the number of rows of sum of two matrices
scalar multiplication,
the right matrix. The element in row r and column c of AB is the scalar product
product of row r of A and column c of B. Matrix multiplication is difference of two matrices
associative but not commutative.
4-3
Matrices with 2 rows can represent points, segments, lines, row-by-column
multiplication
polygons, and other figures in the coordinate plane. Multiplying *matrix multiplication
such a matrix by a 2 × 2 matrix on its left may yield a matrix product
transformation image of the figure. Transformations for which
4-4
2 × 2 matrices are given in this chapter include reflections, *transformation
rotations, size changes, and scale changes. They are preimage
summarized on the next two pages. The rotation of 90º about the image
origin is a particularly important transformation. Based on that *size change
transformation, it can be proved that two nonvertical lines are center of a size change
magnitude of a size change
perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is –1. *identity matrix
The set of 2 × 2 matrices is closed under multiplication. The *identity transformation
similar
identity matrix for multiplying 2 × 2 matrices is 1 0 . The
0 1 4-5
identity transformation maps any figure onto itself. *scale change
horizontal magnitude
The Matrix Basis Theorem provides a way to generate and vertical magnitude
remember matrices for transformations. When a transformation A stretch
shrink
is represented by a 2 × 2 matrix, if A(1, 0) = ( x1, y1 ) and
4-6
x1 x 2 reflection image of a point
A(0, 1) = ( x 2, y 2 ), then A has the matrix .
y1 y 2 over a line
reflecting line, line of
reflection
*reflection

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 Chapter Wrap-Up

Reflections, rotations, and translations preserve distance. A Vocabulary

size change Sk multiplies distances by k. These properties can be 4-7
proved using the Pythagorean Distance Formula for the distance d *composite of two
between two points ( x1, y1 ) and ( x 2, y 2 ): transformations
4-8
d = 
⎪ x 2 - x 1⎥ 2 + ⎪ y 2 - y 1⎥ 2 . *rotation
center of a rotation
Matrices for many specific transformations were discussed in magnitude of a rotation
this chapter. 4-10
*translation
Transformations Yielding Images Congruent to Preimages
Reflections:
over x-axis over y-axis over the line y = x over the line y = –x
1 0 –1 0 0 1 0 –1
0 –1 0 1 1 0 –1 0
rx: (x, y) → (x, –y) ry: (x, y) → (–x, y) ry=x: (x, y) → (y, x) ry = –x: (x, y) → (–y, –x)
y y y y

x x x x
0 0 0 0

Rotations with center (0, 0):

magnitude 90º magnitude 180º magnitude 270º
0 –1 –1 0 0 1
1 0 0 –1 –1 0
R90: (x, y) → (–y, x) R180: (x, y) → (–x, –y) R270: (x, y) → (y, –x)
y y y

x x x
0 0 0

Translations:
y
No general matrix
T h,k: (x, y) → (x + h, y + k)
x
0

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 Chapter 4

Transformations Yielding Other Transformations

Images Similar to Preimages
Scale changes with horizontal
Size changes with center magnitude a and vertical
(0, 0) and magnitude k: magnitude b:

k 0 a 0
0 k 0 b
Sk: (x, y) → (k x, ky) Sa,b: (x, y) → (ax, by)

y y

x
x 0
0

Theorems
Size Change Theorem (p. 244) Matrices and Composites Theorem
Pythagorean Distance Formula (p. 265)
(p. 245) Composite of Rotations Theorem
Scale Change Theorem (p. 251) (p. 270)
Matrix for r y Theorem (p. 256) Matrix for R90 Theorem (p. 270)
Matrix Basis Theorem (p.257) Perpendicular Lines and Slopes
Matrices for rx, r y=x, and r y=–x Theorem (pp. 274, 276)
Theorem (p. 259) Parallel Lines and Translations
Theorem (p. 282)

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 Chapter Wrap-Up

Chapter

4 Self-Test
Take this test as you would take a test in class. You
will need a calculator. Then use the Selected Answers
section in the back of the book to check your work.

1. Write a matrix to represent polygon 10. Calculate the matrix for r y ° R 270 .
HULK if H = (–2, 4), U = (5, 1), In 11–12, refer to the graph below.
L = (–2, –2), and K = (–4, 2).
y
2. One day on a Veggie-Air flight from
Iceburg, there were 16 first-class and R
5
107 economy passengers going to S
Jicamaport, 4 first-class and 180 economy
passengers bound for Okraville, and R' x
2 first-class and 321 economy passengers T ᎑3 S' 5 10
Q
flying to Potatotown.
a. Write a 2 × 3 matrix to store this ᎑5
P
information. Include appropriate T' Q'
column and row headings.
b. Write a 3 × 2 matrix to store this ᎑10
P'
information. Include appropriate
column and row headings.
11. What translation maps PQRST
In 3–6, use matrices A, B, and C below. onto P'Q'R'S'T '?
2 0
5 –2 –1 17 4 12. Graph the image of PQRST under
A= 4 –2 B= C= 1 √ the transformation rx .
1
__ __ 2
6 5
– __1 __1 8 3
2 2 13. The 4-Star Movie Theater has four
3. Determine which of the following screens. The number and type of
products exist: AB, BA, AC, CA, BC, theater attendees is summarized in
and CB. the following matrix for one show time
of four different movies.
4. If possible, find BA. If it is not possible,
explain why. Children Adults Students
5. If possible, find A - C. If it is not possible, Movie 1 38 135 169
explain why. Movie 2 84 101 152
6. Calculate _13_ B. Movie 3 84 118 135
1 0 Movie 4 67 236 34
7. Why is called the identity matrix?
0 1
Ticket prices for children, adults, and
8. Are the two lines with equations
students are $4.00, $6.50, and $5.00,
y = 5x – 3 and y = _15_ x + 2 perpendicular?
respectively. Use matrix multiplication to
Explain your answer.
determine the total ticket sales revenue
9. Find an equation for the line through for each movie.
(4 )
_1_, –1 that is perpendicular to y = _1_ x + 4.
7
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 Chapter 4

14. Savannah Reed and Denise Wright have In 17 and 18, XYZ has vertices X = (–4, 5),
decided to merge their book inventories Y = (2, 6), and Z = (–3, 1).
and hold a book sale. If the matrices 17. Write a sentence that describes this
below represent each person’s inventory, matrix multiplication geometrically:
write a matrix for the inventory of books
–1 0 –4 2 –3 4 –2 3
after merging. = .
0 1 5 6 1 5 6 1
Savannah Denise
Fiction Nonfiction Fiction Nonfiction 18. Graph XYZ and R 270(XYZ ).
Paperbacks 42 15 5 2 19. Find the matrix of the image of
Hardbacks 10 2 3 1 2.5 1 –6
under each transformation.
Audiotapes 7 1 0 3 –5 4 –12
Audio CDs 4 0 2 0 a. S4, 3 b. T 2.5,–1

2 –9 True or False In 20 and 21, if the statement is

15. Show that multiplying A = by the false, give an example to show that it is false.
7 5
scalar 2 is equivalent to multiplying A on 20. A line and its translation image are
the left by the matrix for S 2 . always parallel.
21. A line and its rotation image are
16. Write a matrix you can use to apply
always perpendicular.
the transformation T, where
T: (x, y) → (–y, x), to a figure in the 22. Consider the transformation S 7.
coordinate plane. a. What is the image of (a, b) under S 7?
b. If P = (2, 5) and Q = (3, 9), show
that the distance between S 7(P) and
S 7(Q) is 7 times the distance between
P and Q.
23. Find an equation
___ for the perpendicular
bisector of PQ in Question 22.

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 Chapter Wrap-Up

Chapter Chapter SKILLS

PROPERTIES

4 Review USES
REPRESENTATIONS

SKILLS Procedures used to get answers OBJECTIVE C Multiply matrices. (Lesson 4-3)
In 9–12, multiply the matrices if possible.
OBJECTIVE A Write matrices for points and
polygons. (Lesson 4-1) 4 1 1 2
9.
6 –3 –3 4
1. Write a matrix to represent each point.
a. U = (4, 5) 4
10. 1 –2 0
b. E = (3, –4) 3
c. D = (–4, 1) –2 4
2 2 5
d. G = (–2, –4) 11. 3 3
6 4 –2
e. F = (3, 1) 4 1
2. Write a matrix to represent polygon 2
1 2 4 3 –1
FUDGE, if its vertices are those defined 12. 2
–1 0 –1 1 –1
in Question 1. 2
In 13 and 14, find p and q.
OBJECTIVE B Add, subtract, and find scalar
p 0 4 16
multiples of matrices. (Lesson 4-2) 13. =
0 q –2 –4
2 2 5
In 3–6, let A = 6 4 –2 and 0 –2 p 12
14. =
0 –3 –3 1 0 q 5
–2 4 7
OBJECTIVE D Determine equations of lines
B = 3 3 –5 . Calculate.
perpendicular to given lines. (Lesson 4-9)
4 1 –10
15. Find an equation of the line through (2, –5)
3. A - B 4. A - 3B
perpendicular to the line y = _13_ x + 1.
5. B-2A 6. B + A
16. Find an equation of the line through (4, –6)
In 7 and 8, find p and q. perpendicular to the line y = 5.
4 p 2 3 10 9
7. 2 + = 17. Given A = (4, 7) and B = (–6, 1), find an
q –3 5q 7 21 1
equation
_ for the perpendicular bisector
8 –2 q 4 5 –10 of AB .
8. -2 =
–3 p –7 3 11 7 18. Consider two lines. One is the image of
the other under R 90. The slope of one
of the lines is _18_. What is the slope of the
other line?

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 Chapter 4

PROPERTIES Principles behind the 28. Give an example to show that a figure and
mathematics its image under S3, _2 are not similar.
3

29. Use the Pythagorean Distance Formula to

OBJECTIVE E Recognize properties of
show that S2 multiplies distances by 2.
matrix operations. (Lessons 4-2, 4-3, 4-7)
30. Find an equation for the image of the line
In 19–22, a statement is given.
2x + 3y = 60 under R 90 .
a. Is the statement true or false?
b. Give an example to support your answer. 31. Repeat Question 30 if the transformation
is the translation T–1, 3 .
19. Matrix multiplication is associative.
20. Matrix multiplication is commutative. OBJECTIVE G Relate transformations to
21. Matrix subtraction is commutative. matrices, and vice versa. (Lessons 4-4, 4-5,
4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-10)
22. Scalar multiplication of matrices
is commutative. 32. Translate the matrix equation
–1 0 4 –4
In 23 and 24, suppose Y and P are matrices. Y has = into English by
0 –1 3 –3
dimensions 1 × 7 and P has dimensions m × n.
filling in the blanks.
23. If the sum Y + P exists, what are the
values of m and n? The image of the point ? under
a rotation with center ? and
24. If the product PY exists, what is the value
magnitude ? is the point ? .
of n?
25. What matrix is the identity for 33. Multiply the matrix for r y=x by itself,
multiplication of 2 × 2 matrices? and tell what transformation the product
represents.
OBJECTIVE F Recognize relationships 34. Write a matrix for a scale change with
between figures and their transformation horizontal magnitude 5 and vertical
images. (Lessons 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10) magnitude 3.5.
In 26 and 27, fill in the blank with A, B, or C to 35. a. Calculate a matrix for R180 ° r x .
make a true statement.
b. What single transformation corresponds
A not necessarily similar or congruent to your answer?
B similar, but not necessarily congruent 36. a. Find two reflections whose composite is
C congruent R180 .
26. A figure and its size change image b. Use matrix multiplication and your
are ? . answer to Part a to generate the matrix
27. A figure and its reflection image are ? . for R180 .

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 Chapter Wrap-Up

37. a. What size change maps FIG onto F 'I'G' 47. Lines j and k are parallel. j has slope 8 and
as shown below? k passes through the point (0, 0). Find
y another point on k.
6 G' 48. Let  NSA be represented by the matrix
4
G
152 –12 87
.
F' 16 113 –23
F2
x Let  N 'S 'A' = R 270( NSA).
᎑6 ᎑4 ᎑2 0 2 4 6
᎑2

?
a. What is the slope of NA
I
᎑4


b. What is the product of the slopes of NA
I'


' '
and N A ?
᎑6
c. Use your answers to Parts a and b to
b. Explain how to use a matrix operation to

find the slope of N 'A'.
transform FIG to F 'I'G'.
Multiple Choice In 38–40, choose the matrix for
each transformation. USES Applications of mathematics in real-
world situations
0 –1 0 1 0 3
A B C
1 0 1 0 3 0 OBJECTIVE I Use matrices to store
–1 0 1 0 3 0 data. (Lesson 4-1)
D E F
0 1 0 –1 0 3 49. In 2005, the average loss for people
who were victims of three common
38. r y=x 39. S 3 40. R 90 online scams was $240 for credit or
2 –1 4 3 debit card fraud, $410 for nondelivery of
41. Find the image of under r x .
0.7 0 –1 5 merchandise, and $2000 for investment
fraud. In 2006, the amounts lost to these
42. HARP has coordinates H = (–2, 2),
scams averaged $427.50, $585, and
A = (–1, –2), R = (0, 0), and P = (1, 4).
$2694.99, respectively. Store these data
Find the matrix of HARP under R 270 .
in a 2 × 3 matrix.
0 –8 6
43. Find the matrix of under S 0.5 . 50. The recommended daily allowance (RDA)
4 0 4
of vitamin K is 60 μg for a 9- to 13-year-old
OBJECTIVE H Given their slopes, determine
male, 75 μg for a 14- to 18-year-old male,
whether lines are parallel or perpendicular to
and 120 μg for a 19- to 30-year-old male.
each other, and vice versa. (Lessons 4-9, 4-10)
(Note: μg means micrograms, or one-
44. Line  has equation y = 3x, and line m millionth of a gram.) The RDA of thiamin
has equation y = kx. If  ⊥ m, find the is 0.9 mg for a 9- to 13-year-old male,
value of k. 1.2 mg for a 14- to 18-year-old male, and
45. Suppose A = (0, 3), B = (2, 4), C = (7, 8), 1.2 mg for a 19- to 30-year-old male.

 CD

 ? Explain. The RDAs of vitamin C for these age
and D = (2, 9). Is AB
categories are 45 mg, 75 mg, and 90 mg,
46. Multiple Choice Line a has slope –4. respectively. The RDAs of niacin for these
Which of the following is the slope of a age categories are 12 mg, 16 mg, and
line perpendicular to a? 16 mg, respectively. Store these data in a
1
A 4 B __4 C – __14 D –4 3 × 4 matrix.

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 Chapter 4

In 51 and 52, the matrix gives the time (in minutes 54. Suppose the New York Yankees and
and seconds) behind Lance Armstrong’s time each Seattle Mariners both decided to raise
competitor in the Tour de France finished in each their ticket prices by 5%. Prices of tickets
of three years. in dollars in 2008 for three tiers are given
2003 2004 2005 in the matrix below.
Lance Armstrong 0:00 0:00 0:00 Bleachers Premium Box Upper Deck

Jan Ulrich 1:01 8:50 6:21 Yankees 14 95 80

Francisco Mancebo 19:15 18:01 9:59 Mariners 7 60 20
a. What scalar multiplication will yield the
51. Which element represents the time
new ticket prices?
behind Armstrong’s time that Jan Ullrich
finished in 2003? b. Find a matrix that stores the new ticket
prices for each team.
52. How much time behind Jan Ullrich’s time
did Francisco Mancebo finish in 2005? 55. In basketball, a free throw is worth 1 point,
a shot made from inside the three-point
OBJECTIVE J Use matrix addition, matrix arc is worth 2 points, and a shot made
multiplication, and scalar multiplication to from behind the three-point arc is worth
solve real-world problems. (Lessons 4-2, 4-3) 3 points. Suppose that in one game,
53. The matrices below contain box office Brenda made 9 free throws, 11 shots from
data for three popular movie series. One inside the three-point arc, and 2 shots
matrix contains the movies’ domestic from behind the three-point arc. In the
gross earnings, in millions of dollars, for same game, Marisa made 5 free throws,
both the first and second movie in the 7 shots from inside the three-point arc,
series, while the other matrix contains the and 5 shots from behind the three-point
movies’ foreign gross earnings. arc. Write a matrix B for the number of
each type of basket each player made and
Domestic Gross (106 dollars)
a matrix P for the number of points the
Spiderman The Matrix Harry Potter
baskets are worth, then calculate BP to
Original 404 171 318 find the total points each player scored.
Sequel 374 282 262
56. An office supply store sells three different
Foreign Gross (106 dollars) models of graphing calculators. Model
Spiderman The Matrix Harry Potter
X sells for $150, model Y sells for $130,
and model Z sells for $100. The following
Original 418 285 659
matrix multiplication represents a
Sequel 410 457 617
teacher’s order at the store.
a. Calculate the matrix that stores the 150
worldwide total amount of money each 5 11 7 130
movie made (in millions of dollars). 100
b. Of these movies, which made the most a. How many of each model did the
money worldwide? teacher order?
c. Which sequel made more money b. What is the total cost of the order?
worldwide than its original movie?

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 Chapter Wrap-Up

REPRESENTATIONS Pictures, graphs, or In 60 and 61, refer to polygon BRUCE and its image
objects that illustrate concepts B' R' U' C' E' shown below.
y
OBJECTIVE K Graph figures and their
6
transformation images. (Lessons 4-4, 4-5,
4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-10) 4 R'
U
E 2C U'
57. a. Graph the polygon HELP described by
C' R x
–3 1 1 –3 ᎑5 0 5
the matrix . B
B'
2 1 5 7
᎑4
b. Use matrix multiplication to find the
᎑6 E'
image of HELP under S 2,3 .
c. Graph the image of HELP. 60. a. What transformation maps BRUCE
d. Is the image similar to the preimage? onto B 'R 'U 'C 'E '?
Explain why or why not. b. Show how the coordinates of
58. A popular road atlas company uses a B'R'U'C'E' can be derived by
1:7,500,000 scale to represent roads on matrix multiplication.
a map. Consider the actual road to be 61. a. Write the image B"R"U"C"E" of
the preimage. Write a matrix that could B'R'U'C'E' under r x as a matrix and
be used to transform the road to its draw the image.
map representation.
–5 0 –3 b. Is B"R"U"C"E" congruent to
59. Consider  ABC defined by . B'R'U'C'E'? Explain.
1 0 –3
c. Are the two images similar? Explain.
a. Graph  ABC and  A'B 'C ', the image
of  ABC under r y=x ° r x .
b. What single transformation maps
ABC to  A'B 'C '?

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