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 Prior Knowledge Check
1) The matrix and . Find 3) A matrix .
and . Use your calculator to find

[ ][ ] [ ]
0 1 −5 −3 5 −4 −2
2) A 1
matrix
3 . Find: 1
13 8 − −1 −2 −1
7
a) 1 5 −1
b)

−10

−
1 −2
[
10 − 4
−1
3 ]
 achings fo
Exercise 7A
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to describe
linear transformations

You will be familiar with

transformations from GCSE
(reflection, rotation, translation and
enlargements)

A transformation moves all points

(x,y) in a plane according to some
rule

The new points are known as the

image.

7A
 Linear Transformations
[] [ ]
You can use matrices to describe
𝑥 2𝑥 −𝑦
linear transformations 𝑻: →
𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑦 You can write the
coordinate as a vector

The three transformations S, T and U

are defined below. Find the image of
𝑻: [] [
2
3
→
2 (2)− 3
2+3 ] (ie the directions from
(0,0))
 Sub in values

[ ]¿ ( 1 , 5 )
the point (2,3) under each of these 1 Calculate
transformations. ¿
5

[] [
𝑺: 𝑥 → 𝑥 +4
𝑦 𝑦−1 ] [] [
𝑻:
𝑥
𝑦
→
2𝑥 −𝑦
𝑥+ 𝑦 ]
𝑼: [ ] [ ]
𝑥
𝑦
→
2𝑦
− 𝑥2 𝑼: [ ] [
𝑥
𝑦
→
𝑥+ 4
𝑦 −1 ] You can write the
coordinate as a vector

[] [ ]
2( 3) (ie the directions from
𝑼: 2 →
[] [
𝑺: 𝑥 → 𝑥 +4
𝑦 𝑦−1 ] You can write the
3 −( 2)
2 (0,0))
 Sub in values

[ ¿] ( 6 ,− 4 )
coordinate as a vector Calculate
6
[] [ ]
¿
𝑺 : 2 → 2+ 4
(ie the directions from
(0,0))
−4
3 3−1
 Sub in values

[ 2 ]¿ ( 6 ,2 )
Calculate
6
¿
7A
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to describe
linear transformations 𝑦 [] [
𝑺: 𝑥 → 𝑥 +4
𝑦−1 ]
[] [ ] [] [ ]
Only involves linear transformations
𝑺: 𝑥 → 𝑥 +4 𝑻:
𝑥
→
2𝑥 −𝑦
𝑦 𝑦−1 𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑦 The origin is not moved

𝑼: [ ] [ ]
𝑥
𝑦
→
2𝑦
− 𝑥2 𝑻:
[] [
𝑥
𝑦
→
2𝑥 −𝑦
𝑥+ 𝑦 ]
Only involves linear transformations
The origin is not moved
 A linear transformation has
two properties

 It only involves linear

𝑼: [ ] [ ]
𝑥
𝑦
→
2𝑦
− 𝑥2
transformations of x and y (so no
powers) Only involves linear transformations
The origin is not moved
 The origin, (0,0) is not moved by
the transformation So T is the only linear transformation here!

7A
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to describe
linear transformations
𝑻:
[ ] [
𝑥
𝑦
→
2 𝑦+𝑥
3𝑥 ] Write in the form

[] [ ]
𝑥 𝑥+ 2 𝑦 shown to the right for
𝑻: → S
The linear transformation: 𝑦 3 𝑥+ 0 𝑦
Just write the
𝑺:
[] [
𝑥
𝑦
→
𝑎 𝑥+𝑏𝑦
𝑐𝑥+ 𝑑𝑦 ] 𝑻= [ 1
3
2
0 ]
numbers in their
respective positions

Can be represented by the matrix:

𝑴=
[ ]
𝑎
𝑐
𝑏
𝑑

Since:
[ 𝑐 𝑑] [ 𝑦 ] [ 𝑐𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 ]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥
¿
𝑎 𝑥+ 𝑏𝑦 𝑽:
[] [ ]
𝑥
𝑦
→
−2 𝑦
3𝑥+ 𝑦
Write in the form

[ 𝑦 ] [ 3 𝑥+ 𝑦 ]
𝑥 0 𝑥 −2 𝑦 shown to the right for
Find matrices to represent these 𝑽: → S
linear transformations: Just write the

[ ] [ ]
𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑥 numbers in their
𝑻:
𝑦
→
3𝑥 𝑽= 0
3 [ −2
1 ] respective positions

𝑽:
[] [
𝑥
𝑦
→
−2 𝑦
3𝑥+ 𝑦 ] 7A
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to describe
linear transformations [ −1
2 []
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
1
3 ]
(2 x 2) x (2 x 4) = (2 x 4)
The square S has coordinates (1,1),
(3,1), (3,3) and (1,3).

Find the coordinates of the vertices of

[ −1
2 []
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
3
1
3]=[¿ ¿]

the image of S after the transformation

given by the matrix: ( −1 ×1 ) +(2 ×1)
( −1 ×3 ) +(2× 1)
( −1 ×3 ) +(2× 3)
( −1 ×1 ) +(2 ×3
𝑴=
[ −1
2
2
1 ] ( 2 ×1 ) +(1× 1)( 2 ×3 ) +(1 ×1)(2 ×3 ) +(1 ×3)(2 ×1 ) +(1× 3)

 Write the coordinates of the vertices as

vectors, and combine them into a 2x4
¿
[ 1
3
−1
7
3
9
5
5 ]
matrix…

[ ]
So the new vertices will be at:
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 :11 3
1
3
3
1
3 (1,3), (-1,7), (3,9) and (5,5)

 Now multiply the transformation matrix

by the coordinates!
7A
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to describe
linear transformations

Original Vertices New Vertices

(1,1), (3,1), (3,3) and (1,3) (1,3), (-1,7), (3,9) and (5,5)

10 10

-10 10 -10 10

-10 -10

7A
 achings fo
Exercise 7B
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to represent
rotations, reflections and
enlargements
(0,1)

We are going to look at how to

represent reflections, rotations and
enlargements using Matrices
(1,0)

Translations are not linear

transformations (as the origin would
move), so these will not be covered As a Matrix we could represent these coordinates as:
here!
[ 1
0
0
1 ]
To decide what transformation a matrix
performs, you should consider its effect
on two simple vectors (you can also
think of them as coordinates)

7B
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to represent (0,3)
rotations, reflections and
enlargements

Describe fully the geometrical (0,1)

transformation represented by this matrix:

[ 3
0
0
3 ] (1,0) (3,0)

 This is telling us that if the original

coordinates are (1,0) and (0,1)…

 The new coordinates will be (3,0) and

(0,3) (ensure they are in the correct The coordinates have stretched
order)
outwards…
 You should ALWAYS start with a sketch of
(1,0) and (0,1), and then mark on the two
 This matrix is an enlargement of scale
new coordinates factor 3, centre (0,0)

 After this, consider what transformation

has happened…
7B
 Linear Transformations y=x

You can use matrices to represent

rotations, reflections and
enlargements

Describe fully the geometrical (0,1)

transformation represented by this matrix: (-1,0)

[ −1
0
0
−1 ] (0,-1)
(1,0)

 This is telling us that if the original

coordinates are (1,0) and (0,1)…

 The new coordinates will be (-1,0) and

(0,-1) (ensure they are in the correct Be careful!
order)
 This is not a reflection in y = x as the
 You should ALWAYS start with a sketch of coordinates would not match up…
(1,0) and (0,1), and then mark on the two
new coordinates  Both have moved 180˚ round the centre

 The transformation is therefore a rotation

 After this, consider what transformation
has happened… of 180˚ around (0,0)
7B
 Linear Transformations y=x

You can use matrices to represent

rotations, reflections and
enlargements
(0,1)
Describe fully the geometrical

[
transformation represented by this matrix:
0
−1
−1
0 ] (-1,0)

(1,0)

(0,-1)
 This is telling us that if the original
coordinates are (1,0) and (0,1)…

 The new coordinates will be (0,-1) and (-

1,0) (ensure they are in the correct order) y = -x
 A bit like last time, this is not a reflection in
 You should ALWAYS start with a sketch of y = x as the coordinates do not match up
(1,0) and (0,1), and then mark on the two
new coordinates  However, they have been reflected in a
different way
 After this, consider what transformation
has happened…  The transformation is therefore a
reflection in the line y = -x
7B
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to represent
rotations, reflections and
enlargements
(0,1)
We will now consider these problems in
reverse, finding a matrix for a particular
transformation
(-1,0) (1,0)
 As you have seen, quick sketches are
vital when thinking about these
problems…

 Find a matrix to represent the

transformation:
‘Reflection in the y-axis’ 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
[ 1
0
0
1 ] Just replace the relevant
coordinate in the

[ ]
 Start with a sketch as normal and matrix…
−1 0
consider where the coordinates will end 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 :  The second coordinate
up… 0 1
hasn’t changed!

 A reflection in the y-axis will move the

(1,0) coordinate across This matrix will perform a reflection in the y-axis! 7B
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to represent
rotations, reflections and
enlargements (0,2)

(0,1)
We will now consider these problems in
reverse, finding a matrix for a particular
transformation
(1,0) (2,0)
 As you have seen, sketches are vital
when thinking about these problems…

 Find a matrix to represent the

transformation:
‘Enlargement, centre (0,0), scale
factor 2’
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
[ 1
0
0
1 ] Just replace the
 Start with a sketch as normal and coordinates in the
consider where the coordinates will end
up…
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
[ 2
0
0
2 ] matrix…

 An enlargement of scale factor 2 will This matrix will enlarge the shape by a scale
double the values of the x and y factor 2, centre (0,0) 7B
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to represent
rotations, reflections and
( −
1
,
√(?,?)
2 √2
1
) ( 1
,
√(?,?)
2 √2
1
)
(0,1)
enlargements

(1,0)
We will now consider these problems
in reverse, finding a matrix for a
particular transformation

We will use 2 separate diagrams here…

 As you have seen, sketches are  It is not necessarily as obvious this time as to what the
vital when thinking about these new coordinates are….
problems…  Imagine we looked in a bit more detail…
 The new red coordinate will still be a distance of 1 from
the origin, as there has been no enlargement
 Find a matrix to represent the
transformation: 𝑂𝑝𝑝=𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ×𝐻𝑦𝑝
‘Rotation of 45° anticlockwise
𝑂𝑝𝑝=𝑆𝑖𝑛 45×1
Hyp 1
about (0,0)’ ¿
1 Opp √2
1
√2 𝐴𝑑𝑗=𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 × 𝐻𝑦𝑝
 Start with a sketch as normal and
consider where the coordinates will 45° 𝐴𝑑𝑗=𝐶𝑜𝑠 45×1
end up… 1 1
¿ 7B
√2 Adj √2
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to represent
rotations, reflections and
( −
1
,
1
√2 √2 ) ( 1
,
√2 √2
1
)
(0,1)
enlargements

(1,0)
We will now consider these problems
in reverse, finding a matrix for a
particular transformation

 As you have seen, sketches are Now we can adjust the transformation matrix,
vital when thinking about these based on the new coordinates!
problems…

 Find a matrix to represent the

𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
[ 1
0
0
1 ]

[ ]
transformation: Just replace the
1 1 coordinates in the
‘Rotation of 45° anticlockwise −
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 : √ √2
2 matrix…
about (0,0)’
1 1
√2 √2
 Start with a sketch as normal and
consider where the coordinates will
end up… This matrix will rotate the shape 45°
anticlockwise about (0,0) 7B
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrices to represent
rotations, reflections and
enlargements

There are also two definitions

As a general rule, the matrix you should remember:
representing a rotation of angle
anticlockwise about the origin is: Invariant points
[𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ]  These are points which map
onto themselves under a
transformation

Invariant lines
 These are lines which map onto
themselves under a
transformation

7B
 achings fo
Exercise 7C
 Linear Transformations
You need to be able to recognize Multiply the matrix by the set of coordinates
enlargements and stretches

[ 30 02 ][ 11 ]
using matrices 1 2
2 2
The matrix .
[
¿ 3
2
3
4
6
4 ]
a) Find the image of the triangle
with vertices (1,1), (1,2) and (2,2) The new coordinates will be at (3,2), (3,4) and (6,4)
under the transformation
represented by .
5
b) Sketch and on the same set of
′
coordinate axes. 𝑻
c) Describe geometrically the
𝑻
transformation represented by .

-5 5
The triangle has been stretched
by a factor of 3 parallel to the x-
axis and a factor of 2 parallel to
the y-axis -5

7C
 Linear Transformations
You need to be able to recognize  For any of these stretches, the x and y-
enlargements and stretches axes are invariant lines and the origin is
using matrices an invariant point

 For a stretch parallel to the x-axis only,

The matrix is a stretch of scale factor points on the y-axis are invariant points,
parallel to the x-axis and a factor of
and any line parallel to the x-axis is an
parallel to the y-axis.
invariant line

 For a stretch parallel to the y-axis only,

 Note that if , then the
transformation is an enlargement points on the x-axis are invariant points,
with scale factor . and any line parallel to the y-axis is an
invariant line

 It is important to realise that if the

stretch is in both directions, then
although the x and y-axes are invariant
lines, the individual points on the lines
are not

7C
 Linear Transformations
You need to be able to recognize a) The transformation will be a stretch
enlargements and stretches using parallel to the x axis with scale factor 2, and
matrices a stretch parallel to the y-axis with scale
factor 4.

If a linear transformation is represented

by Matrix , then represents the scale
factor for the change in area. b) A sketch helps! (𝟒 ,𝟐)

 If the determinant is negative, it 𝟐

means that the shape has been
(𝟏 , 𝟎) 𝟑 (𝟒 ,𝟎)
reflected

The Matrix . So the area is 3 square units

a) Describe fully the transformation
represented by matrix
b) A triangle has vertices at (1,0),
(4,0) and (4,2). Find the area of the c)
triangle So the area of the new triangle will be
c) Triangle is transformed by using 24 square units
matrix . Find the area of the image
of .

7C
achings fo
xercise 7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to C
represent combinations of T’
transformations B
T A
A C
A C B
B
The points A(1,0), B(0,1) and C(2,0) are the T’’
vertices of a triangle T. The triangle T is rotated
90° anticlockwise around (0,0) and then the
image T’ is reflected in the line y = x to obtain
the triangle T’’. Rotated 90°
anticlockwise about Reflected in y = x
(0,0)
a) On separate diagrams, draw T, T’ and T’’
First transformation,
the 90° anticlockwise
b) i) Find the matrix P such that P(T) = T’ rotation

[ ]
ii) Find the matrix Q such that Q(T’) = T’’
(0,1)
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 : 1 0
(0,1) 0 1
 These are asking you what matrix takes you Replace the
from T to T’ and from T’ to T’’ respectively… coordinates!
(-1,0) (1,0)

[ ]
0 − 1 coordinate changes…
 Consider
𝑷=
1 0 [
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 : 0
1
−1
0 ]
7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to C
represent combinations of T’
transformations B
T A
A C
A C B
B
The points A(1,0), B(0,1) and C(2,0) are the T’’
vertices of a triangle T. The triangle T is rotated
90° anticlockwise around (0,0) and then the
image T’ is reflected in the line y = x to obtain
the triangle T’’. Rotated 90°
anticlockwise about Reflected in y = x
(0,0)
a) On separate diagrams, draw T, T’ and T’’
Second transformation, the
reflection in y = x (remember use
the standard starting coordinates)
b) i) Find the matrix P such that P(T) = T’

[ ]
ii) Find the matrix Q such that Q(T’) = T’’
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 : 1 0
(0,1) 0 1
 These are asking you what matrix takes you Replace the
from T to T’ and from T’ to T’’ respectively… coordinates!
(1,0)

[
 Consider
𝑷=
1 0 ]
0 − 1 coordinate changes…
𝑸=
0 1
1 0 [ ] [ 10 ]
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 : 0
1

7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to
represent combinations of
It is important to note that P acts first, and then Q acts on P
transformations
 This is written as below…

The points A(1,0), B(0,1) and C(2,0) are the

vertices of a triangle T. The triangle T is rotated
𝑸𝑷 𝑸= 0
1 [ 0 ] [
1𝑷 = 0
1
−1
0 ]
90° anticlockwise around (0,0) and then the (2 x 2) x (2 x 2) = (2 x 2)
image T’ is reflected in the line y = x to obtain
the triangle T’’.
[ 0
1
1
0 ][ 0
1
−1
0
=[¿ ]
]
a) On separate diagrams, draw T, T’ and T’’
( 0 × 0 ) +(1 ×1) ( 0 × −1 ) +(1× 0)
b) i) Find the matrix P such that P(T) = T’
( 1 ×0 )+( 0 ×1) ( 1 ×−1 ) +(0 × 0)
ii) Find the matrix Q such that Q(T’) = T’’
𝑸𝑷 = [ 1
0
0
−1 ]
[ ] [ ]
 These 0 (0,1)
= T to T’−and
1 you what𝑸=
are asking matrix0takes1 you
𝑷
from from T’ to T’’ respectively… Consider how the
1 0 1 0
original
coordinates have
 Consider coordinate changes… (1,0) (1,0)
moved… (0,-1)
c) By finding a matrix product, find the single  This is a
matrix that will perform a 90° anticlockwise
rotation followed by a reflection in y = x
reflection in the x- 7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to
represent combinations of
transformations 𝑸𝑷 = 1
0[ 0
−1 ]
 Reflection in the x-axis!

Think about our original diagrams…

The points A(1,0), B(0,1) and C(2,0) are the
vertices of a triangle T. The triangle T is rotated
90° anticlockwise around (0,0) and then the
image T’ is reflected in the line y = x to obtain C
the triangle T’’.
T T’
B A
A C
A C B
a) On separate diagrams, draw T, T’ and T’’ B
T’’

b) i) Find the matrix P such that P(T) = T’

Rotated 90°
ii) Find the matrix Q such that Q(T’) = T’’ Reflected in y = x
anticlockwise about
(0,0)

𝑷
from [
 These 0
= T to T’−and
1 0 ]
1 you what𝑸=
are asking
from T’ to T’’ [
matrix0takes
]
1 you
respectively…
1 0
You can see that the overall effect is as above, a
reflection in the x-axis!

 Consider coordinate changes…

c) By finding a matrix product, find the single

matrix that will perform a 90° anticlockwise
rotation followed by a reflection in y = x 7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to represent
combinations of transformations 𝑷= [ 12 13 ] 𝑸=[ 10 21 ]
(2 x 2) x (2 x 2) = (2 x 2)
The following matrices represent three different
transformations: 𝑷𝑸
𝑷= 1
2 [ 1
3 ] 𝑸=[ 10 21 ] 𝑹=[ −13 7
−2 ] [ 12 1
3 ][ 1
0
2
1 ]
=[¿ ]

Find the matrix representing the transformation

represented by R, followed by Q, followed by P and
give a geometrical interpretation of this ( 1 ×1 ) +(1× 0) ( 1 ×2 ) +(1× 1)
transformation.
 Ensure you get the order correct! ( 2 ×1 ) +(3 × 0) ( 2 ×2 ) +(3 ×1)

 R acts first, is acted on by Q which is then acted

on by P
𝑷𝑸=
[ 1
2
3
7 ]
 PQR
Now we need to multiply this matrix by R

 Let us calculate PQ first, then multiply the

answer by R

 Remember another option would be to calculate

QR and multiply P by the answer
7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to represent
combinations of transformations 𝑷𝑸=
[ 1
2
3
7
𝑹=
] [
3
−1
7
−2 ]
The following matrices represent three different (2 x 2) x (2 x 2) = (2 x 2)
transformations:
𝑷𝑸𝑹
𝑷= 1
2 [ 1
3 ] [
𝑸= 1
0 1 ]
2 𝑹= 3
−1 [ 7
−2 ] [1 3 ][ 3 7
]
=[¿ ]
2 7 −1 −2
Find the matrix representing the transformation
represented by R, followed by Q, followed by P and
give a geometrical interpretation of this
transformation.
( 1 ×3 )+(3 × −1)( 1 ×7 )+(3 × −2)
 Ensure you get the order correct!
( 2 ×3 ) +(7 × −1)( 2 ×7 ) +(7 × −2)
 R acts first, is acted on by Q which is then acted
on by P
𝑷𝑸𝑹=
[ 0
−1
1
0 ]
 PQR
(0,1)
This is a
 Let us calculate PQ first, then multiply the 90°
answer by R rotation
clockwise (1,0) (1,0)
(0,-1)
 Remember another option would be to calculate around
QR and multiply P by the answer (0,0)
7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to We can find the area scale factor by calculating
represent combinations of . This can then be used to find the scale factor
transformations of enlargement.

det 𝑀 =16
√ 16=4
The matrix represents an enlargement
with scale factor followed by an
anticlockwise rotation through angle  So the scale factor of enlargement is 4
about the origin.
a) Find the value of ¿4
b) Find the value of

7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to
represent combinations of
transformations
[ 𝑅𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
] × [ 𝐸 𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ] =
[ 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ]
𝑂 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙

Replac
e each

[ 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ] [
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 × 4
0
0
4 ][
¿
−2 √ 2
2√2
− 2 √2
− 2 √2 ] Work
The matrix represents an enlargement out left
with scale factor followed by an side
anticlockwise rotation through angle
about the origin.
¿4
[ 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ][
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 2 √ 2 −2 √ 2
2 √ 2 −2 √ 2 ]
a) Find the value of
b) Find the value of Compare sides and form equations.
Remember there can sometimes be
multiple answers!
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=− 2 √2 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃=2 √ 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=− √
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃=
√2
2 ° 2
𝜃=135
or or
7D
 Linear Transformations
You can use matrix products to We can find the area scale factor by calculating
represent combinations of . This can then be used to find the scale factor
transformations of enlargement.

det 𝑀 =16
√ 16=4
The matrix represents an enlargement
with scale factor followed by an
anticlockwise rotation through angle  So the scale factor of enlargement is 4
about the origin.
a) Find the value of ¿4
Hang on a moment…
b) Find the value of

 We could also have had the

answer -4 above…

 What would have happened if we

used that? It is ok to do so??

7D
 achings fo
Exercise 7E
 Linear Transformations
You can also apply matrices to
perform linear transformations in
three dimensions

Any linear transformation in 3

dimensions can be defined by the effect
it has on the unit vectors , and .

The transformation represented by the

matrix will map to , to , and to .

7E
 Linear Transformations
𝑧 The plane
You can also apply matrices to
perform linear transformations in
𝑦 =0
three dimensions
𝑦
The plane 𝑧
𝑥=0
𝑦
𝑥
𝑧
𝑥 𝑦

The plane
𝑥 𝑧 =0
7E
 Linear Transformations
Please note that when operating in Sometimes referred to as left
3D, sometimes axes are labelled in handed or right handed!
different ways…

7E
 Linear Transformations
The plane
𝑧
You can also apply matrices to
perform linear transformations in
𝑧 =0
three dimensions (0,0,1) 𝑦
A transformation U, in three (0,1,0)
dimensions, represents a reflection in
the plane .

a) Write down the matrix that

(0,0,-1) (1,0,0) 𝑥
represents this transformation.

b) Find the image of the point under

this transformation Original New
A reflection in the place will coordinates coordinates

[ ] [ ]
only move the third point, as
shown… 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
So the matrix will perform a reflection 0 0 1 0 0 −1
in the plane

7E
 Linear Transformations
The plane
𝑧
You can also apply matrices to
perform linear transformations in
𝑧 =0
three dimensions 𝑦
A transformation U, in three (0,1,0)
dimensions, represents a reflection in
the plane .

[ ]
1 0 0
a) Write down the matrix that
0
0
1
0
0
−1
(0,0,-1) (1,0,0) 𝑥
represents this transformation.

b) Find the image of the point under

this transformation

[ [] ]
1 0 0 −1
 We need to multiply the coordinate 0 1 0 2
matrix by the transformation 0 0 −1 3
matrix…

[ ]
Calculate
−1
 So the image will be at ¿ 2
−3

7E
 Linear Transformations
You can also apply matrices to
perform linear transformations in
three dimensions

The reflection matrices you need to

know are as follows.

Reflection in the Reflection in the Reflection in the

plane ( plane ( plane (

[ ] [ ] [ ]
−1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1

7E
 Linear Transformations
𝑧
You can also apply matrices to
perform linear transformations in (0,0,1) 𝑦
three dimensions

A transformation U, in three (0,1,0)

dimensions, represents a 90˚
anticlockwise rotation around the x-axis
(1,0,0) 𝑥
a) Write down the matrix that
represents this transformation.

b) Find the image of the point under

𝑧
this transformation

Original New (0,0,1)

𝑦
coordinates coordinates

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 1 0 0 (0,-1,0)
0 1 0 0 0 −1
0 0 1 0 1 0 (1,0,0) 𝑥

7E
 Linear Transformations
[ [] ]
You can also apply matrices to 1 0 0− 1
perform linear transformations in 0 0 1 2
three dimensions 0 −1 0 3

[ ]
Calculate
A transformation U, in three −1
dimensions, represents a 90˚ rotation ¿ 3
around the x-axis −2

[ ]
1 0 0
a) Write down the matrix that
0 0 1
represents this transformation.
0 −1 0
b) Find the image of the point under
this transformation

 We need to multiply the coordinate

matrix by the transformation
matrix…

 So the image will be at

7E
 Linear Transformations
You can also apply matrices to
perform linear transformations in
three dimensions

The rotation matrices you need to know

are as follows.

Rotation Rotation Rotation

anticlockwise anticlockwise anticlockwise
around the x-axis around the y-axis around the z-axis

[ ][ ][ ]
1 0 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0 1 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0 0 1

You do not get given any of these (or any of the reflections either!)

7E
[ [] [] ] [ [] []
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟎𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

Linear Transformations
You can also apply matrices to
perform linear transformations in This is the pattern that is in the question…
three dimensions  Rotation anti-clockwise about the y-axis

[ ][
The matrix . √3 1
0

]
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
a) Describe the transformation 0 1 0 = 0 1 0
represented by . 1 √ 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
− 0
2 2

b) Find the image of the point with

coordinates under the Compare sides and form equations.
transformation represented by . Remember there can sometimes be
multiple answers!
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃= √
3 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃=
2 2

or or

°
𝜃= 30
7E
[ [] [] ] [ [] []
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟎𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

Linear Transformations

[ ]
√3 0
1

[ ]
You can also apply matrices to 2 2 −1
perform linear transformations in 0 1 0 −2
three dimensions
−
1
0 √3 1
2 2 Calculate
The matrix .

[ ]
a) Describe the transformation 1 − √3
represented by .
2
¿ −2
b) Find the image of the point with 1+ √ 3
coordinates under the 2
Rotation 30˚ anticlockwise
transformation about
represented bythe
. y-
axis


7E
 achings fo
Exercise 7F
 Linear Transformations
[ ]
You can use inverse matrices to 4 4 −4
reverse the effect of a linear 𝑴𝑿 =
transformation 3 10 − 3 Multiply both sides by
M-1 (as before, ensure it

[ ]
is in the same
−1 −1 4 4 −4
𝑴 𝑴𝑿 = 𝑴 ‘position’)
The triangle T has vertices at A, B and 3 10 −3 M M is just the identity
-1
C. The matrix:

[
matrix and can be
𝑴= 4
3
−1
1 ] 𝑿=𝑴
−1
[34 4
10 − 3]
−4 cancelled out!

transforms T to the triangle T’ with

vertices at (4,3), (4,10) and (-4,-3).
So to find the original set of coordinates, we
have to multiply the final set of coordinates
by the inverse of the matrix that created
a) Find the coordinates of the points A,
B and C them!

 Let the coordinates of the original

triangle, T, be given by matrix ‘X’

 So the matrix M, multiplied by the

original coordinates, X, gives us the
new set of coordinates… 7F
 Linear Transformations
You can use inverse matrices to
reverse the effect of a linear
𝑴= [ 4
3
−1
1 ] 𝑿=𝑴
−1
[ 4 4 −4
3 10 − 3 ]
transformation

𝑑𝑒𝑡 ( 𝑴 )=𝑎𝑑− 𝑏𝑐
The triangle T has vertices at A, B and Replace values
C. The matrix: ¿ (4 ×1)−(3 × −1)
𝑴= 4
3 [ −1
1 ] ¿7
Calculate

Now we can fill in the parts of M-1

transforms T to the triangle T’ with  Swap a and d around
vertices at (4,3), (4,10) and (-4,-3).
 Reverse the signs of b and c

a) Find the coordinates of the points A,

𝑴
−1 111
= [¿ ]
B and C
−374

 Let the coordinates of the original

triangle, T, be given by matrix ‘X’

 So the matrix M, multiplied by the

original coordinates, X, gives us the
new set of coordinates… 7F
 Linear Transformations
You can use inverse matrices to
reverse the effect of a linear
transformation
𝑴 − 1=
1 1
7 −3 [ 1
4 ] 𝑿=𝑴
−1
[ 4 4 −4
3 10 − 3 ]
The triangle T has vertices at A, B and
𝑿=𝑴
−1
[ 4 4 −4
3 10 − 3 ] Replace M-1
C. The matrix:
𝑴= 4
3 [ −1
1 ]
𝑿=
1 1
7 −3[ ][
1 4 4 −4
4 3 10 − 3 ] Ignore the 1/7 and
just multiply the
(2 x 2) x (2 x 3) = (2 x 3) matrices
transforms T to the triangle T’ with

[ ][ ]
vertices at (4,3), (4,10) and (-4,-3).
1 1 1 4 4 −4 1 ¿
7 −3 4 3 10 − 3
=
7 ¿ [ ]
a) Find the coordinates of the points A,
B and C ( 1 × 4 ) +(1 ×3)( 1 × 4 ) +(1 ×10)( 1 ×− 4 )+(1 ×− 3)
( −3 × 4 ) +(4 ×3)
( −3 × 4 ) +(4 ×10)
( −3 × − 4 ) +( 4 ×− 3)
 Let the coordinates of the original

[ ]
triangle, T, be given by matrix ‘X’ 1 7 14 −7
𝑿=
7 0 28 0
Multiply all parts of

[ ]
 So the matrix M, multiplied by the 1 2 −1 the matrix by 1/7
original coordinates, X, gives us the 𝑿 =
Original coordinates
new set ofwere: (1,0), (2,4) and (-
coordinates…
0 4 0
7F
 Linear Transformations
You can use inverse matrices to
𝑨
[ 𝑥𝑦 ]=[ 106 ] Multiply both by
reverse the effect of a linear the inverse of A,
transformation
[ 𝑥𝑦 ]= 𝑨 [ 106 ]
−𝟏 −𝟏 at the start
𝑨 𝑨
The left side
The matrix represents a simplifies
transformation . Given that maps
point with coordinates (x,y) onto the
point ’ with coordinates (6,10):
[ ] 𝑥
𝑦
=𝑨
−𝟏 6
10 [ ]
So we need to multiply the inverse of A by the
coordinate matrix
a) Find the coordinates of
 Find the inverse matrix using your calculator…

(35,-16) 𝑨
−𝟏
=
[ 2.5
−1
2
−1 ] Multiply the
inverse by the

[ 2 .5
−1
2
−1 ][ ]
6
10
coordinates

Calculate
¿
[ 35
− 16 ]
7F
 Linear Transformations y=x

You can use inverse matrices to

reverse the effect of a linear
transformation
(0,1)

The matrix represents a

transformation . Given that maps
point with coordinates (x,y) onto the (1,0)
point ’ with coordinates (6,10):

a) Find the coordinates of

(35,-16)
The matrix represents a
transformation . Given that the
transformation followed by the
transformation is equivalent to a
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
[ 1
0
0
1 ] Just replace the
reflection in the line : coordinates in the
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 :
[ 0
1
1
0 ] matrix…

b) Find matrix .
So this matrix is a reflection in the line

7F
 Linear Transformations
You can use inverse matrices to So A followed by B equals the matrix for the
reverse the effect of a linear reflection in
transformation

The matrix represents a

𝑩𝑨=
[ ] 0
1
1
0 Multiply by the
inverse of A, at the
[ 01 10 ] 𝑨
transformation . Given that maps
𝑩𝑨 𝑨 =
−𝟏 −𝟏 end
point with coordinates (x,y) onto the
point ’ with coordinates (6,10): The left side
simplifies

a) Find the coordinates of

𝑩=
[ 01 10 ] 𝑨 −𝟏

We know the
inverse of A
(35,-16)
The matrix represents a
𝑩=
[ 01 10 ][ 2−.51 2
−1 ] from part a)

transformation . Given that the Calculate

transformation followed by the
transformation is equivalent to a
𝑩=
[ −2.51 −21 ]
reflection in the line :

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑦=𝑥
b) Find matrix .
[ 0
1
1
0 ]
7F