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Revolutions in Russia

- The document summarizes the history of revolutions in Russia from 1881 to the early 1920s. It describes how Czars like Alexander III and Nicholas II maintained autocratic rule and resisted reforms, leading to unrest among workers and revolutionaries like Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Major events included Bloody Sunday in 1905, Russia's defeat in World War I, and the March and Bolshevik Revolutions of 1917 that overthrew the Czar and brought the Bolsheviks to power under Lenin. After a civil war, the Bolsheviks consolidated control and Lenin instituted some free market reforms while establishing a communist dictatorship under the Soviet Union.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
69 views2 pages

Revolutions in Russia

- The document summarizes the history of revolutions in Russia from 1881 to the early 1920s. It describes how Czars like Alexander III and Nicholas II maintained autocratic rule and resisted reforms, leading to unrest among workers and revolutionaries like Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Major events included Bloody Sunday in 1905, Russia's defeat in World War I, and the March and Bolshevik Revolutions of 1917 that overthrew the Czar and brought the Bolsheviks to power under Lenin. After a civil war, the Bolsheviks consolidated control and Lenin instituted some free market reforms while establishing a communist dictatorship under the Soviet Union.

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Jackie Park
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Revolutions in Russia

-1881, revolutionaries assassinated Czar Alexander 2. Alexander 3 took over.


Czars Resist Change
-Alexander 3 stopped all reforms and like his grandpapa Nicolas 1, he used autocracy, form of gov. in which he had total power.
-Anyone who questioned czar’s authority didn’t pray in Russian Ortho. Church or spoke a diff. language than Russian was dangerous.
(Czars Continue Autocratic Rule)
-Alexander 3 stopped revolutionaries by strict censorship codes on published materials, documents & letters. Secret police watched
schools, teachers sent detailed reports on all students, political prisoners sent 2 Siberia, remote region in Russia.
-Est. uniform culture by oppressing other groups in Russia. Russian, official language, others banned. Persecuted Jews.
-Nicolas 2 became czar 1894, cont. Russian autocracy.
Russia Industrializes
-Russian factories x2 b/n 1863 and 1900, but still lagged in indus. behind euro.
-1890, Nicolas’s minister launched program 2 finance Russia’s industries (esp. steel), foreign investors and taxes^.
-1900, Russia=4th ranking producer of steel. U.S., Germany, G.B. produced more then Russia.
-W/ Brit. & French, Russia built Trans-Siberian Railway (1891-1916), connected Euro. Russia in W. & Pacific. O. Russian ports in E.
(The Revolutionary Movement Grows)
-Rapid Indus= ppl.
-Growth of factoriesbad working conds., low wages, child labor. Trade unions banned. Workers went on strike b/c of low standard
of living and lack of political power.
-Marxist Revolutionaries(Karl Marx) believed that Indus. class of workers would overthrow the czarproleriat(worker) dictatorship.
-1903, Marxists split into 2 groups-Mensheviks, modern and wanted broad base pop. support for revolution. Bolsheviks, radical,
supported small # of committed revolutionaries willing 2 sacrifice everything 4 change.
-Major leader of Bolsheviks-Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov/Lenin. Engaging personality, organizer, ruthless. 1900’s, Lenin fled 2 W. Euro 2
avoid arrest by czarist regime, there he was w/ Bolsheviks, returned 2 Russia when it was safe.
Cries @ Home and Abroad
(The Russo-Jap War)
-Competed 4 control of Korea and Manchuria. Russia broke signed agreements so Japan attacked Russians @ Port Arthur, Manchuria.
-Unrest @ home and revolt in midst of war b/c of Russian losses.
(Bloody Sunday: Revolution of 1905)
-Jan 22, 1905, 200,000 workers & families Carried a petition (better working conds., personal freedom, elected national legislature) to
Czar’s winter palace @ St. Petersburg.
-Nicolas 2’s generals ordered soldiers to fire, called Bloody Sundaystrikes and violence across country as a result.
-Oct. 1905, Nicolas promised more freedom, approved Duma-Russia’s 1st parliament.
-1st Duma met in May 1906, moderates who wanted Russia to be a constit. monarchy (like G.B.), czar dissolved Duma after 10 weeks,
b/c he wanted to keep power.
(World War 1: The Final Blow)
-1914, Nicolas 2 dragged Russia into WW1.
-Bad military, eco. costs, no match for German army. Russians mowed down by Germany’s machine guns. DEFEAT!!
-more than 4 million killed, wounded, taken prisoner. WW1 reveal czar and military’s leadership.
-1915, Nicolas moved headquarters to war front, hoped to rally troops to victory.
-His wife ran gov. @ home, ignored czar’s chief advisers and followed/gave political powers 2 Rasputin, who eased his son’s
symptoms in hemophilia. “Holy man” w/ magical healing powas xD. Rasputin opposed reforms & gave friends political positions.
1916, nobles murdered Rasputin, feared his role in gov. affairs.
-On war front, Russian soldiers mutinied, deserted, and ignored orders.
-Home front, food & fuel supplies small, prices inflated, ppl from all classes clamoring 4 change & end to war. Nicolas & Alexandra
did not tackle these huge problemos.
The March Revolution
-March 1917, Petrograd woman textile workers led city-strike. 200,000 workers for 5 days rioted over bread & fuel.
-“Down with the autocracy! Down with the War!”
-Soldiers shot them, but later sided with them.
(The Czar Steps Down)
--Local protest to general uprising-The March Revolution. Executed Nicolas and family. 3 century rule of Romanovs collapsed. 
Succeeded in bring down czar but failed to set up a strong gov.
-Leaders of Duma est. a provisional gov., temporary gov. Alexander Kerensky headed it. Kept fighting WW1, lost Russian support.
-Peasants demanded land, city workers became radical, social revolutionaries competed for power, formed soviets, local councils of
workers, peasants, soldiers. Many soviets had more power than provisional gov.
(Lenin Returns to Russia)
Germans believed that Lenin & Bolshevik supporters would stir unrest in Russia & Russian war effort against Germany. Arranged
Lenin’s return to Russia; he reached Petrograd boxcar in Apr. 1917.
The Bolshevik Revolution
-Lenin & Bolsheviks gained control of Petrograd soviet, and other major city ones.
-1917- “All power to Soviets.”
-Lenin’s slogan-“Peace, Land, Bread” widespread appeal.
(The Provisional Government Topples)
-Nov. 1917, factory workers stormed Winter Palace in Petrograd. Called themselves Red Guards, took over gov. offices, arrested prov.
gov. leaders. Kerensky & colleagues put down as fast as czars they replaced lolz.
(Bolsheviks in Power)
-Afr. Bolshevik takeover, Lenin ordered all farmland 2 be distributed among peasants. Gave control of factories to workers.
-Signed truce w/ Germany to stop fighting, peace talks began.
-1918, Russia and Germany signed Treaty of Brest Litovsk, large part of territory Germany. Humiliatiung terms of treaty angered
many Russians, many objected to Bolsheviks, policies, & murder of royal family.
(Civil War Rages in Russia)
-Opponents on Bolsheviks formed the White Army, diff. groups in it. Groups who supported return of czar rule, some who wanted
democratic gov., and socialists who opposed Lenin’s socialism ideas. Only desire to defeat Bolsheviks united White Army.
-White groups barely cooperated w/ each other,, sometimes 3 groups fighting Bolsheviks.
-Leon Trotsky commanded Bolshevik Red Army. 1918-1920, civil war. Western nations sent troops to white army, but small effect.
-14 million Russians died, more deadly than revolution. 3 yr struggle and following famine. Fighting, hunger, worldwide flu.
-Red Army won, victory showed that Bolsheviks could seize power and maintain it.
(Comparing World Revolutions)
-More like French Revolution.
-Am. revolution expanded English poli. ideas into const. gov.
-French and Russian rev. tried to destroy existing social & political structures. Used violence and terror to control ppl. France became
a const. monarchy; Russia became a state-controlled society for decades.
Lenin Restores Order
-War and rev. destroyed Russian eco. Trade stilled, Indus.production dropped, skilled workers fled to other countries.
(New Eco. Policy)
-March 1921, Lenin used NEP, New Eco. Policy w/ a bit of capitalism. Allowed peasants to sell crops instead of giving them to gov.
-Gov. controlled major industries, banks, communication, l\et small factories, businesses, farms operate under private owners.
-Encouraged foreign investment.
-country slowly recovered, 1928, Russia’s farms and factories producing as much as before WW1.
(Political Reforms)
Bolshevik leaders saw nationalism as threat to unity and party loyalty.
-Lenin organized Russia into several self-gov. republics under C. Gov. to keep nationalism in check.
-1922, country named Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR) in honor of councils that launched Bolshevik Revolution.
-Bolsheviks renamed Communist Party, from writings of Karl Marx. “Communism”, classless society after workers seize powa.
-1924, Comm. Party created constitution on socialist and democratic principles but Comm., Party held all power.
-Dictatorship of Comm. Party, not proleriat.
Stalin Becomes a Dictator
-Lenin suffered stroke in 1922, lived, but petition for heading of com. party.
-Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin (“Man of Steel”) were the two.
-Stalin climbed to head of gov. from 1922-1927. 1922, general secretary of comm.. party, moved supporters into positions of power.
-Lenin thought Stalin was dangerous, did not want him to head. Died 1924.
-1928, Stalin was in total command of Comm. Party. Forced Trotsky into exile, no threat. DICTATOR! :D YAAAAAY!!

A Worldwide Depression
-Only U.S. and Japan doing financially well after WW1. XD
-U.S., booming stock market.
Postwar Europe
-Euro’s domination in world affairs and eco. fell.
(Unstable New Democracies)
-1914-1918, Euro’s last absolute rulers overthrown.
-1st new gov. in 1917, Russia. Provisional gov. which hoped to est. constit. & demo. rule. Fell to comm. dictatorship.
-Many Euro. nations had demo. govs.
-Democracies w/ lil experience. Large # of political parties in France & Italy made effective gov. hard.
-Impossible for one party to gain enough support to govern efficientlyCoalition gov, temporary alliance of several parties to form a
parliamentary majority. Parties often disagreed, coalitions did not last long.
-

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