IS 2705 ( Part 4 ) : 1992

( Realtiicd 1997 )I
( Reaffirmed 2002 )
g?Tvfhm

Indian Stundard
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS-SPECIFICATION
PART 4 PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS FOR
SPECIAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS

( Second Revision )
Third Reprint FEBRUARY 1999

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UDC 621.314.2i4.8:621.314.228

0 BIS 1992

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

August 1992 Price Groop 3

Instrument Transformers Sectional Committee, ETD 34

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Part 4 ) was adopted by the Bureau of lndian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the. Instrument Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Electrotechnical Division Council.

This standard was first published in 1964 and revised in 1981. This revision has been undertaken
to bring it in line with the latest developments at the international level.

Indian Standards on current transformers have been published in four parts:

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Part 1 General requirements,
Part 2 Measuring current transformers,
Part 3 Protective current transformers, and
Part 4 Protective current transformers for special purpose applications.

This standard applies to protective current transformers intended for use in balanced protective
schemes, for example, biased differential protection, restricted earth-fault protection and distance
measuring protection, where the required characteristics of the current transformers cannot be
conveniently expressed in terms of accuracy class, accuracy limit factor and rated burden. Some
more information on these transformers is given in Annex A.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with the
final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a lest or analysis. shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )‘. The number of
significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
 IS 2705 ( Part 4 ) : 1992

Indian Standard
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS- SPECIFICATION
PART 4 PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS FOR
SPECIAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS

( Second Revision )
1 SCOPE where

This standard ( Part 4 ) gives requirements and test for VL is the minimum knee-point voltage in volts,
protective current transformers for special purpose K is a parameterto be specified by the purchaser
applications such as balanced protective systems and which depends on the system fault level and
distance protection schemes. It also applies to protec- the characteristics of the relay intended to be
tive cores of multi-core current transformers for such used,
applications. is the rated secondary current of the current
transformer (or the secondary current as de-
2 TERMINOLOGY rived from a specified turns ratio and primary
current),
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following,
definitions shall apply in addition to those covered in is the resistance of the secondary winding
Part 1 and Part 2 of this standard. corrected to 75OC
is the impedance of the secondary circuit as

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2.1 Knee-Point Voltage specified by the purchaser.

That sinusoidal voltage of rated frequency applied to In the above formula, the purchaser shall specify the
the secondary terminals of the current transformer, all values of ‘K’, ‘1&’and ‘Rb’. The value of ‘Rd’ shall be
other windings being open circuited, which when to the discretion of the manufacturer.
increased by 10 percent, causes the exciting current to
NOTE-It is recognized that for certain special requirements,
increase by 50 percent. a limitation on the value of ‘R,’ may be required. In such cases,
the purchaser may specify a maximum value for ‘R,’ at 79X. In
2.1.1 Rated Knee-Point Voltage other cases, the choice of ‘R,’ should be left to the manufacturer.

The minimum knee-point voltage specified on which 3.1.3 Maximum Exciting Current, at the rated knee-
the performance of the current transformer is based. point voltage or at any specified fraction of the rated
knee-point voltage.
2.2 Turns Ratio
4 REQUIREMENTS
The ratio between the number of turns on the
secondary winding and the number of turns on the
4.1 The error in turns ratio shall not exceed f 0.25
secondary.
percent.
3 DESIGNATION AND CIIARACTERISTICS 4.2 The knee-point voltage shall not be less than the
specified rated knee-point voltage.
3.0 Protective current transformers for special pur-
pose applications shall be designated ‘Glass PS’. 4.3 The exciting current(s) shall not be greater
than the specified value(s) required in accordance
3.1 Class PS current transformers are of low reac- with 3.1.3.
tance (seeAnnexAofPart3ofthisstandard )and their
performance shall be specified in terms of the follow- 4.4 When specified, the resistance of the secondary
ing characteristics. winding, corrected to 75OC, shall not be greater than
the specified value.
3.1.1 Turns Ratio, which shall be numerically the
same as the rated transformation ratio. 5 MARKING
NOTE -Turns ratio may also be specitied separately in rrjation
to a specified rated primary current. Every current transformer shall be indelibly marked
with the following information, in addition to that
3.1.2 Minimum Knee-Point Voltage (VJ, specified in required by Part 1 of this standard:
accordance with a formula of the type:
a) A reference to this standard,
vk = K. 1, (R, + RJ b) Class designation,

1
 IS2705(Pnrt4):1992
c) Secondary winding resistance at 75oC, than 50 percent. The voltageshall thenbe reduced
I
to the values corresponding to the specified per-
d) Rated knee-point voltage in volts, and
centages of the knee-point voltage and the exciting
e) Maximumexcitingcurrent at ratedknee-point current shall be measured at each such voltage. The
voltage, or at the specified fraction thereof. exciting currents at the knee-point voltage and the
specified percentages thereof shall not exceed the
6TEsTs specified bmits.

6.0 All Class Ps currenttransformersshall be subject 6.2 Secondety Winding Resistance

to the routine tests as given in 6.1 to 6.3, in addition to
the type and routine tests given in Fart 1 of this The resistance of the secondary winding shall be
SttlUfiMd. measuredand the value, when corrected to 75OCshall
not exceed the value specified (if any).
6.1 Knee-Point VoItaga rrndExciting Cunrnt
A sinusoidal voltage at rated frequency equal to the 6.3 Turns Ratio
rated knee-point voltage shall be applied to the
secondary terminals, all other windings being open- The turns ratio shall be determined and shall not
circuited and the exciting current shall be measured. differ from the specified ratio by more than f 02.5
The voltage shall then be increased by 10 percent percent. For the method of measurementof turns mtio,
and the exciting current shall not increase by more see Annex B.

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2
 IS 2705(Part 4):1992
ANNEX A
( Foreword )
NOTES ON PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS FOR
SPECIAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS

A-l Protective current transformers covered in this b) The secondary turv are substantially evenly
standard are intended mainly for use in applications distributed along the whole length of the
where the required characteristics of the current magnetic circuit except that a circumferential
transformers cannot be I conveniently expressed in spacing which does not exceed 20 mm on the
the terms used for Class SP, 1OP and 15P current outer periphery or which subtends an angle
transformers. The knee-point voltage, exciting between radii not exceeding 30 degree,
current(s) and secondary winding resistance are whichever is greater, is permissible between
so dependent on the protective gear involved and the the two et& of the winding.
requirements are so numerous and varied that useful
guidance in the application of current transformers 4 The primary conductor(s) passes through
cannot be given in this Annex. However, the manu- the approximate centre of the core aperture
or is approximately evenly distributed along
facturers of the protective gearstipulate the require-
the whole length of the magnetic circuit.
ments in terms of minimum knee-point voltage and
maximum excitingcurrent and it should beensured d) Flux equalizing windings, where employed to
that current transformers with adequate knee-point meet the requirementsof design, consist of at
voltage are supplied. The exciting current should not last four parallel connected coils, evenly
exceed the valuestipulated, otherwise it will affect the distributed along with whole length of the
primary fault settings of the protection scheme. magnetic circuit, eat+ coil occupying one
quadrant.
A-2 It should be noted that as the turns ratio errOr is

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limited, transformers of this class are suitable for Such an arrangementensures substantially even flux
protective schemes requiring close balance of the distribution within the core irrespective of the
secondary currents from different phases or circuits. presence of stray flux which may result from such
Such current transformels should be so designed that conditions as the close proximity of the returnprimary
balance is maintained within the protective system conductor.
when maximum through-fault current is flowing
through the primary windings of tht current trans- A-5 Atematively, any current transformer may be
former used for this system, that is, ‘stability of the shown to be of low-reactance by a type test comprising
protection should be assured, whether in the tran- the determination of the composite error of the current
sientorinthesteadystate,uptothemaximumthrough- transformer by the direct test in accordance with
fault current which can be passed in service through 7.1.2.1 of Part3 of this standardand comparing it to the
their primary windings. composite error determined by the indirect test in
accordancewith7.1.2.2ofPart3ofthisstandard. Ifthe
A-3 Current Transformers of class PS type are of low composite errorobtained by the direct test is less than
reactance and this may be established in any of the 1.3 times the error obtained by the indirect test, the
ways described below. currenttransformershall be accepted as of low reac-
tance. However, since in the case of Class PS current
A-4 All class type PS current transformers are deemed transformers,there is no ‘ratedburden and accuracy
to be of the low reactance if: limit current, the burden and primary current for the
direct test, and the voltage to be applied to the secon-
a) The core is of the jointless ring type (including dary winding for the.indirect test, should be agreed
spirally wound cores). between the manufacturerand the purchaser.
IS2705(Part4): 1992
ANNEX B
( Clause 6.3 )

RECOMMENDED METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF TURNS RATIO

B-l METHOD 1 where

B-l.1 There is no simple and positive method of E, = voltage induced in secondary winding
measuring turns ratio on a completed current trans- I, = secondary current
former. This is due to the fact that the actual transfor-
mation ratio (for the measurement of which there is 2‘ = leakage impedance of secondary winding
readily available equipment) differs from the rated z, = burden (in ohm)
transformation ratio by an amount which depends
N= number of turns in primary winding
upon the following three factors:
NI = number of turns in secondary winding
a) The difference between the turns ratio and the
rated transformation-ratio, I = actual primary current in test with burden&
Pl
I C actual primary current in test with burden$,
b) The core exciting current, and
ic;; = actual transformation ratio in test with burden
c) The currents which flow in stray capacitances Z b2
associated with the windings.
x.2 = actual transformation ratio in test with burden
B-l.2 In power frequency current transformers with Zb2
less than about 1000 turns in either or both winding,
only factors (a) and (b) need normally be considered. B-l.3 Since many current transformer testing sets are
The usual method is to measure the current error at scaled, so that the more convenient quantity ‘E.=’ is
about the rated primary current with as low a value of obtained in place of the actual transformation ratio. it

HPCL, VISAKH Refinery.

is preferable to reduce the above equation to a form

Date 24-05-2013 Time 17:16:48

non-inductive burden as possible. In some instances,
however, it may be difficult to decide whether this which is consistent with EC.
error is due the core exciting current or in part to an
error in turns ratio. In such circumstances, the follow- Furthermore, this form of the equation is simplified if
ing method is applicable. In the equivalent circuit of there is a two-to-one relationship between $, and Zp2.
such a current transformer, shown in Fig. 1 the core
exciting current 1, is non-linear with respect to the core Thus, when-Zp2 = 2Jp,, and if
magnetic flux, and hence with respect to E,, the volt-
age induced in the secondary winding. However, if in EC* = percentage current error in test with I 1, and
a num~oerof testsE, is maintained constant, thenZc will EC2 = percentage current error in test with &.
also be constant.
the percentage error in the turns ratio E is approxi-
Thus, if the actual transformation ratio& is measured mately equal to EC, - UC2 if EC, and 2kC2 are small
with two values of burden, Z,, and Z,, so that the value compared with 100.

Es= Is (Z*+ ZJ B-l.4 It is, therefore, convenient to carry out the test
using rated current and minimum external burden in
remains constant, then the turns ratio is given by: one test, and half rated current and such additional
external burden as would double the total burden for
the othertest. The leakage impedance of the secondary
winding of a current transformers is not easily

-IP - 1s S!
1 IV’Z S

P2 52

FIG. 1 E!QUWALENT
CIRCUTFORIHEDETHWLNA-~IONOFTLJRNSRATIO(C~RRFSTTRANSFORMERS
HAVING FEWERTHAN&'PROXIMATELY1~kS)

4
 IS 2705 ( Pnrt 4 ) : 1992
measured, but except for unusually shaped current In some instances, however, it may be difficult to
transformers, it is sufficient to use the resistance alone decide whether a certain value of measured current
ofthe secondary windingto obtain satisfactory results. error is due wholly to the error component of the
excitingcurrentorinparttoanerrorinturnsmtio.This
B-l.5 In power frequency current transformers with doubt can be dispelled by measuring the current
more thanabout 1OOOtumsineitherwinding,allofthe error with two or three values of non-inductive bur-
three factors (a), (b) and (c) given in B-l.1 have to be den. Those errors are then plotted against the corre-
considered, the equivalent of such a current trans- sponding values of total burden, that is, including
former may be shown in Fig. 2. that due to the secondary winding resistance, and
extrapolated to zero burden to give the error in turns
El.6 If E, is kept constant, as is required for the tests ratio.
with different values of secondary current for each
burden, the voltage across say, C, (Fig. 2) is kept B-2.2 In the majority of cases, it will be sufficiently
constant by a link between appropriate points on accurate to assume a linear relationship between cur-
primary and secondary circuits, then the currents flow- rent error and total burden and to calculate the current
ing in each stray capacitance will be constant. These error corresponding to zero burden (assumed to ap-
capacitance current will, together, cause a current to proximate to the turns ratio error) from measurements
flow in the primary circuit which may be considered as of current error at two low values of burden only, as
Zein parallel with Is, so that Z, may be regarded as part follows:
of the exciting current.
Turns ratio error
The results of tests carried out as before will be valid. (approximatelv) = v

B-2 METEOD 2
where
B-2.1 Another usual method is to measure the current
error at about the rated primary current with as low a Y= current error with burden R,
value of non-inductive burden as possible. The

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lower value of external burden in ohms,

Date 24-05-2013 Time 17:16:48

relationship between this error and the turns ratio A=
error depends on the magnitude of the component of R= resistance of the secondary winding,
exciting current affecting the error. In many designs,
the current error measured under these conditions, B= higher value of external burden in ohms,
with the turns ratio equal to the rated transformation and
ratio, is much less than the error due tua one-turn error current error with burdenA.
of the secondary winding and there is no ditficulty in
deciding whether the turns ratio is within the specified NOTE -A poshive amen1 error at zero burden indicates 8
negative turns ratio error and vice-versa.
limits.

P2

I%. 2 EOUIVALENT
Cnrcurr Fan niu DETERMINAnoN OF Tums Rmo ( CuRRwr ~RANSFO-
HAVING MORE ‘MAN hFROXlMA~Y 1 ooo m)

5
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Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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