Arba Minch University

College Of Business and Economics

Program of MBA

COURSE: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)

ASSIGNMENT: - ARTICLE REVIEW

Prepared by: -Melkamu Mengesha Submitted to: - Dr. GEMECHU N.

Id No: -PRBE054//11

January 2019

Arba Minch, Ethiopia

 HOW ROBOTS WORK AND REPLACE
HUMAN CAPACITY
On the most basic level, human beings are made up of five major components:
• A body structure
• A muscular system to move the body
structure
• A sensory system that receives information
about the body and the surrounding
environment
• A power source to activate the muscles and
sensors
• A brain system that processes sensory
information and tells the muscles what to do
Of course, we also have some intangible
attributes, such as
intelligence and morality, but on the sheer
physical level, I discus.
The robots, industrial they are not new, since they have been installed in thousands of factories
throughout the world, automating many processes, economically and effectively. Obviously, this is not
always good for the operators since many are left without work. In the 20th century, these robots began
to develop, around the year 1940, when the first factories began to operate. In fact, many human tasks
were replaced by industrial robots for various reasons: less expense, faster and better
quality. Everything was in favor of the companies, but the workers are harmed by losing their
jobs. This is how millions of people were left without work over the years and as industrial robots
developed better. These are characterized by being programmable.
The researcher Paul Wiseman, 10 February 2015, tells Cheaper, better robots will replace
human workers in the world's factories at a faster pace over the next decade, pushing labor
costs down 16 percent, a report said.
The Boston Consulting Group predicts that investment in industrial robots will grow 10 percent a year in
the world's 25-biggest export nations through 2025, up from 2 percent to 3 percent a year now. The
investment will pay off in lower costs and increased efficiency.
Robots will cut labor costs by 33 percent in South Korea, 25 percent in Japan, 24 percent in Canada and
22 percent in the United States and Taiwan. Only 10 percent of jobs that can be automated have already
been taken by robots. By 2025, the machines will have more than 23 percent, Boston
Consulting forecasts.
Robots are getting cheaper. The cost of
owning and operating a robotic spot welder,
for instance, has tumbled from $182,000 in
2005 to $133,000 last year, and will drop to
$103,000 by 2025, Boston Consulting says.
Boston Consulting studied 21 industries in 25
countries last year, interviewing experts and
clients and consulting government and industry reports.
The rise of robots won't be limited to developed countries with their aging, high-cost workforces. Even
low-wage China will use robots to slash labor costs by 18 percent, Boston consulting predicts.
Increasing automation is likely to change the way companies evaluate where to open and expand
factories. Boston Consulting expects that manufacturers will "no longer simply chase cheap labor."
Factories will employ fewer people, and those that remain are more likely to be highly skilled. That
could lure more manufacturers back to the United States from lower-wage emerging market countries.
Therefore, this report tells us how much robot replace a human activity and spread of robot in day today,
however the advantages and disadvantages of robotics are varied, and they stand out as follows:
Advantages of robots:
The advantages of human substitution by the robot are eminently immense and infinite. Since without
the help of this the human being would not have been able to evolve to the point that we have now
arrived.
The robot uses, advantages and disadvantages
 Thanks to the robotics, the human being has been able to dedicate his time to improving the
quality of life by applying it constantly and replacing himself in repetitive and exhausting
tasks.

 Robots allow researchers to understand some functions impossible to unravel directly

through animal experimentation.

 They are programmable multifunctional manipulators with various degrees of freedom,

capable of manipulating materials, parts, tools or special devices, according to variable
trajectories programmed to perform various tasks.

 Any mechanical device capable of reproducing human movements for the manipulation of
objects is used.
  Educational programs use robot control simulation as a teaching medium.

 We can mention the multi-robots as those capable of adapting to different fields of work.

 For the owners of the factory, the fact of having automated processes gives several benefits
in terms of production, which we mentioned above, such as lower manufacturing costs and
more efficient resolution (speed and quality).

 Thanks to the automation of industrial robots, we live in the technological world of today,
since otherwise, there would be no appliances, vehicles such as vans or cars, even personal
computers, since everything is done by these machines that were programmed.

 Industrial robots have a very small margin of error, and this can produce millions of articles
in the series all the same, with virtually no differences.

 Robots have much more flexibility than humans since the managers of the machines just
have to program them and that’s it. From the point of view of the owners, robots are better
because humans are not as efficient and have needs as resting with which they do not take
advantage of 100% time.

 Robots can cover jobs or jobs that may be unsafe for a human being.

Disadvantages of robots:
 The time of product development through industrial robots is minimal, with which important
companies stimulate the constant purchase by thousands of people throughout the world,
encouraging a capitalism that can become stressful.

 Thousands of people throughout the world lose their jobs because they are replaced by industrial
robots.

 When starting a company that needs these machines, it takes a lot of initial capital because they
are very expensive.

 They consume a lot of energy in a factory, which translates into a significant new cost to pay.
Currently, it can be seen that unemployment due to human substitution by robots has been
greater than the employment it has created. This is mainly due to the fact that many pasts

 Generations could not compete with the potential of the robots, that is why they were replaced
and expelled from this specific work area.
  The cost of a robot remains constant with low reduction.

 They require a large capital to install that depreciates over the years and the human resource that
costs working time.

 A robot can be economically justified.

o Human resources may feel threatened by unemployment.

 Disuse of the team at the end of the project.

Example of robot and their

work
2. Two’s company?
1. Double take Designed to assist humans
Umanoid robot Robonaut 2’s Boba and perform its own
Fett-like head
Will we ever see a contains all the optic
functions independently,
this illustration suggests
with real human technology to allow Robonauts may also be able
it to see and transmit to work together. Unlikely,
abilities? pictures back to but strangely unnerving
When the original Robonaut base.
was unveiled at the Johnson Space
Center (JSC) nearly a decade ago, one
glance at its Davros-like design
revealed the glaring weakness. How
could something on a fixed-wheel
chassis really help in the demanding 4. You need hands
EVAs for which it was required? The Robonaut’s hands are its
answer, currently under development most challenging and
sophisticated design feature.
by JSC and General Motors, is called
Robonaut 2. Robonaut 2 adds
advanced sensor and vision 3. Legless in space
technologies to do far more than basic Robonaut 1 moved on
lifting and moving, as currently wheels, Robonaut 2 is
performed by devices like the able to operate using a
variety of locomotion
Canadarm. Whether helping with
methods; from wheels
future repairs at the ISS, maintaining and buggies to being
base stations for planetary landings, permanently fixed to
or doing hazardous jobs in the motor external cranes.
and aviation industries, Robonaut 2 is
designed to work anywhere using bolt-on arm and leg appendages appropriate to the task at hand.
 Robo-helpers
These robot servants could help make household chores a thing of the past! It means
that a human capacity replaced by robot let us see some of them
loor cleaning Automatic vacuum
cleaners like iRobot’s popular
Roomba size up a room and navigate
the floor in a random motion as they
clean. Roomba’s younger sibling, Scooba, can
vacuum and wash non-carpeted floors
simultaneously, and both devices can be set to
clean on a schedule.
etting up Good news for those who struggle
to get up in the morning: the Clocky robot
alarm clock gives users one chance to snooze
before it rolls off the bedside table and finds a
hiding place – different each day – forcing
would-be slumberers to chase it down.
arden upkeep Cheating teenagers
everywhere out of a little extra pocket
money, Robomow works like an
outdoor version of the Roomba to
keep lawns in pristine condition. It
handles all grass types, slopes up to 20 degrees
and knows to head for cover as soon as it
detects any rain in the air.
aundry maid Researchers at UC
Berkeley programmed research and
innovation robot PR2 to carefully fold
fresh laundry back in 2010. Fast-forward four
years, and they had it taken the dirty laundry
into the machine and setting it going too.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXAMPLES
The name behind the idea of AI is John McCarthy, who began research on the subject in 1955 and
assumed that each aspect of learning and other domains of intelligence can be described so precisely that
they can be simulated by a machine.
Even the terms ‘artificial intelligence’ and ‘intelligent human behaviour’ are not clearly defined,
however.
Artificial intelligence describes the work processes of machines that would require intelligence if
performed by humans. The term ‘artificial intelligence’ thus means ‘investigating intelligent problem-
solving behaviour and creating intelligent computer systems’.
There are two kinds of artificial intelligence:
• Weak artificial intelligence: The computer is merely an instrument for investigating cognitive
processes – the computer simulates intelligence.
• Strong artificial intelligence: The processes in the computer are intellectual, self-learning processes.
Computers can ‘understand’ by means of the right software/programming and are able to optimise their
own behaviour on the basis of their former behaviour and their experience. This includes automatic
networking with other machines, which leads to a dramatic scaling effect.
ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE IN ETHIOPIA
Humanoid Sophia makes real impact on young Ethiopian AI enthusiasts
ADDIS ABABA－Sophia, the famous humanoid robot, on Tuesday met with more than 200,000 young
artificial intelligence enthusiasts as part of her visit to Ethiopia's capital.Sophia, who arrived in Addis
Ababa on last Friday, had missed much of
her schedule as a bag containing some of her
parts went missing at Frankfurt Airport. On
Tuesday, Sophia attended the 2nd
International Information Communication
Technology Expo Ethiopia 2018, which is
under way in Addis Ababa on the theme
"Transform Ethiopia".

I-cog Labs, an Ethiopian AI company that had been involved in the development of Sophia's software,
facilitated the meeting between the robot and young Ethiopians.
Getnet Aseffa, I-cog Labs CEO, said on Tuesday that Sophia, which has more than 2 billion followers
globally, met a huge gathering of enthusiastic fans. Developed by Hanson Robotics and activated in
2015, Sophia was granted Saudi citizenship in 2017, making her the first robot to receive citizenship of
any country. Sophia is also regarded as the "realest" robot to date. According to Aseffa, his company has
been working in partnership with Hanson Robotics for the past four years, during which time they were
able to contribute to the development of the brain parts of Sophia. "One of our contributions is that we
built what you see as the emotional activities, expressions and also an engine called cognitive engine,"
Aseffa said. "There are parts of Sophia that perceive the environment. For example when Sophia
observes a crowd, she would perceive a gathering, a meeting, an event or expo. Such types of decisions
are made by her cognitive brain." According to Aseffa, the fact that Ethiopians have contributed to the
making of Sophia could be seen as a major factor that motivates and inspires young Ethiopians in the AI
sector. "They (the children) have started thinking that we are not locked in Ethiopia and we can have a
big impact in the world," he said. Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, who met Sophia at the
Ethiopian National Palace on Monday, called on young people to embrace developments in the AI
sector, saying the country has thousands of "brilliant minds" that could help integrate with the future of
software development and AI sectors.

Notes and references

1. ^ "Telecom glossary "bot"". Alliance for Telecommunications Solutions. 2001-02-28. Archived from the original on
2008-07-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20070202121608/http://www.atis.org/tg2k/_bot.html. Retrieved on 2007-
09-05.

2. ^ "About us". http://www.emrotechnologies.com/.

3. ^ "Your View: How would you define a robot?". CBC News. 2007-07-16.
http://www.cbc.ca/technology/technology-blog/2007/07/your_view_how_would_you_define.html. Retrieved on
2007-09-05.

4. ^ "Real Robots on the Web". NASA Space Telerobotics Program. 1999-10-15.

http://ranier.hq.nasa.gov/telerobotics_page/realrobots.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.

5. ^ "The Grand Piano Series: The History of The Robot". Nimbus Records.
http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/gp_robot.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.

6. ^ Marc Perton (2005-07-29). "Roboraptor review - this one has teeth (in the discussion below, several people talk
about RoboRaptor as being a real robot.". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2005/07/29/roboraptor-review-this-
one-has-teeth/. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.