EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Chapter 1
Fundamental Concepts
• System of Unit
• Electric Charge and Current
• Voltage
• Power
• Voltage and Current Sources
• Resistance

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Some notable insights on the development of

electrical/electronics industry . . .
• Some units of measurement were named after its
contributor.
• Great names are not EE!
• Prominent individuals wore different professions.
• One builds another
• Multi-disciplinary result

“Creativity requires the courage to let go of certainty”.

- Erich Fromm

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

System of Unit

[1] Boylestad. 10th ed. Introductory Circuit Analysis

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

System of Unit
1960:
General Conference
on Weights and
Measures adopted
Le Système
International
d’Unités
(International
System of Units, SI)

based on MKS

[1] Boylestad. 10th ed. Introductory Circuit Analysis

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

System of Unit

[1] Boylestad. 10th ed. Introductory Circuit Analysis

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
System of Unit

Seven Quantities adopted by CGPM:

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric Current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Amount of Substance mole mol

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
System of Unit
Prefixes
101 - deka 10-1 - deci
102 - hecto 10-2 - centi
103 - kilo 10-3 - milli
106 - mega 10-6 - micro
109 - giga 10-9 - nano
1012 - tera 10-12 - pico
1015 - peta 10-15 - femto
1018 - exa 10-18 - atto
1021 - zetta 10-21 - zepto
1024 - yotta 10-24 - yocto
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Electric Charge and Current

Electric Charge
- fundamental electric quantity
- 2 kinds (Positive and Negative)
- basic unit is coulomb (C) [after Charles Augustin
de Coulomb]
qe = -1.6021 x 10-19 coulomb
∴ -1 coulomb = the charge of about 6.24 x
1018 electrons

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Electric Charge and Current

[1] Boylestad. 10th ed. Introductory Circuit Analysis

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Electric Charge and Current

Electric Current
- rate of change of charge passing through a
predetermined area
Δq
i i= (average)
Δt
dq
A i= (instantaneous)
dt
- unit is amperes (A) [after André Marie Ampere],
where 1 A = 1 coulomb/sec

J Something U Should Know J

Current is symbolized by I or i, from the French word “intensité”

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Electric Charge and Current
Example:
The current in a conductor varies as follows: during the
first 8 s there is a linear change from 0 to 4 A; during the next 15
s, the current is constant at 4 A; during the third period of 20 s, the
current decreases linearly to 3 A. Determine (a) the total charge
transferred in the elapsed time of 43 s, (b) the average current.
Solution:
i (A)

8 23 43 t (s)
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Electric Charge and Current
i (A)

(a) Total Charge:

4

q = it (area under the curve) 3

A2 A3
A1
q = A1 +A2 +A3
8 23 43 t (s)

q = ½(8)(4) + 15(4) + [½(4+3)](20)

q = 146 coulomb

(b) Average Current:

iave = q / t
iave = 146 coulomb / 43 s
iave = 3.395 A
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Electric Charge and Current
i(t) i(t)

a b
c
Figures a and b are meaningless representation of
current, i(t), whereas c is the proper definitive symbol

i
The arrow is a
fundamental part of Current
the definition of a
I

3A -3 A
Both are equivalent in their
electrical effects
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 EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Electric Charge and Current

Kinds of Current
1. Direct Current (DC)
i (A) Ripple

Continuous

Pulsating

t (s)

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Electric Charge and Current
2. Alternating Current (AC)
i (A)

t (s)

Alternating
i (A)

t (s)

Oscillating
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Electric Charge and Current
106
Lightning bolt
104
Large industrial motor current
102
Typical household appliance current
100

Current in Amperes (A)

Causes ventricular fibrillation in humans
10-2
Human threshold of sensation
10-4

10-6
Integrated Circuit memory cell current
10-8

10-10

10-12
Synaptic current (brain cell)
10-14

Typical Current Magnitude

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Electric Charge and Current

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Voltage
- work done in moving a unit charge through the element
from one terminal to the other (potential of a source)
- unit is volts (V) [after Alessandro Guiseppe Antonio
Anastacio Volta]
- measurement is relative (always between two points or
terminals)
Polarity Convention:
A
• Terminal A is V Volts positive with respect to
+
terminal B, or Variable
V
-
• Terminal A is at a potential of V Volts higher
than terminal B
B

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Additional Information
• The natural tendency of positive charges is
to move towards the more negative terminal

• The natural tendency of negative charges is

to move towards the more positive terminal

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Voltage

Unit
Charge
V

Assuming that A is more positive than B, moving the unit

positive charge from B to A requires W joules of work In
general,
V=W/q [joules/coulomb or volts]

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Voltage

A A
+ - Both are equivalent in their
electrical effects
5V -5 V
VAB = 5 V
- + VBA = -5 V
B B

A
plus-
minus sign pair is Voltage
part of the definition v or V
of
any

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Voltage

108
Lightning bolt
106 High voltage transmission lines
Voltage on a TV picture tube
104
Large industrial motors
AC outlet plugs
Voltage in volts (V) 102
Car battery
100 Voltage on integrated circuits

10-2
Voltage across human chest produced
by heart (EKG)
10-4
Voltage between two points on human
scalp (EEG)
10-6
Antenna of a radio receiver
10-8

10-10

Typical Voltage Magnitude

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Power
- indication of how much work can be accomplished in a
specified amount of time or simply the rate of doing work
- unit is watts (W) [after James Watt]
In general,
P = IV [watts or joules / s]
J Something U Should Know J
Other Units:
English Metric
1 mule = 1 Arabian Horse 1 French Horse = 1 cheval vapuer
1 hpe = 550 [ft-lbf] / s 1 hpm = 746 [m-kgf] / s
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Voltage

By unit analysis:

V=J/C

VC = J

[VC = J]1/s

VC / s = J / s

V [C/s] = J / s Note: A = C / s

VA = watts = J / s

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Power

Absorbing or Supplying Element

i i

Absorbing
+ -
• Positive current enters the
positive terminal V E V E

• Positive current leaves the

- +
negative terminal
i i

Supplying
+ -
• Positive current leaves the
positive terminal V E V E

• Positive current enters the

- +
negative terminal

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Power

Passive or Active Element

Passive
- the total energy delivered to it from the rest of the
circuit is always nonnegative
e.g. resistors, capacitors, inductor

Active
- capable of delivering power to some external device
e.g. batteries, power supplies

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Power
Example:
Find the power at each element
3A 6A -2 A

+ + - 2A

- +
4V E 3V -3 V E 5V -5 V E
-
+
- - 6A +

a b c
Solution:
(a) P = iv = 3(4) = 12 W, absorbing
(b) P = iv = 6(3) = 18 W, absorbing
(b) P = iv = 2(5) = 10 W, absorbing
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Voltage and Current Sources

Independent Sources
1. Voltage Source Symbol Used

- two terminal element that maintains a

specified voltage between terminals +
V V
-
- the magnitude is completely independent
of the current through the element

2. Current Source
- two terminal element through which a
specified current flows i

- the magnitude is completely independent

of the voltage across the element
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Voltage and Current Sources

Dependent Sources

1. Voltage Dependent Voltage 2. Voltage Dependent

Source (VDVS) Current Source (VDCS)
- value of the voltage - value of the current
source depends on the source depends on the
value of the voltage at a value of the voltage at a
certain part of the circuit certain part of the circuit
3. Current Dependent Voltage 4. Current Dependent
Source (CDVS) Current Source (CDCS)
- value of the voltage - value of the current
source depends on the source depends on the
value of the current at a value of the current at a
certain part of the circuit certain part of the circuit
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Voltage and Current Sources

Symbols Used

+
i1

V1
+ αV1 V
+ αi1 V
- -

VDVS CDVS

+
i1

V1 αV1 A αi1 A

VDCS CDCS
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Resistance
- property of a material to oppose current
- unit is ohm (Ω) [after Georg Simon Ohm]
- directly proportional to the length l, and inversely
proportional to the cross sectional area A, and the coefficient
of proportionality ρ is called the resistivity (or specific
resistance) of the material
- Considered as a “load” of an electric circuit

Mathematically, l
R=ρ
A

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

Resistor
- electrical component or device designed explicitly to have a
certain magnitude of resistance
Symbols Used

Fixed Resistor Variable Resistor

Units Used
mil - unit of length and a term used to measure wire diameters
- equal to one-thousandth of an inch (0.001 in)
Circular mil – term use to define cross sectional area

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

1 mil 1 mil
A(in square units) = s2 A (Circular Units)= d2
A = 1 square mil (mil2) A = 1circular mil (CM)
used for any shape of conductors used for round conductors only

Conversion:
1 ACM = 4/Π ASM
1 inch = 1000 mil

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

Resistivities(Ω-CM/ft) of Common Elements and Alloys at

20ºC

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance
Example:
Using the given particulars, calculate the resistances of the
following conductors at 20ºC: (a) material = copper, l = 1,000 ft,
A = 3,220 CM; (b) material = aluminum, l = 4 miles, d = 162
mils; (c) material = Advance, l = 486 in., d = 0.0159 in.
Solution:
(a) R =
l 1000 ft
ρ = 10.37 ft (Ω −CM
) = 3.22 Ω
A 3220 CM
5280 ft
4 mi
(b) R = ρ l = 17 Ω−CM (
• 1 mi
ft 2
) = 13.681 Ω
A [162 mil ]
1 ft
(c) R = ρ l = 294 Ω−CM (
486 in • 12 in
ft ) = 47.099 Ω
A 1000 mil 2
[0.0159 in • 1 in ]

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

Example:
A copper conductor has a length of 200 ft and a cross section
of 2 inches by 5 inches. What is the resistance of the
conductor?

Solution:
l Square Square Circular
R=ρ inches mils mils
A
Ω − CM 200 ft ⎛ 1in ⎞
2 π mil 2
R = 10.37 × ×⎜ ⎟ × 4
ft 2in × 5in ⎝ 1000mils ⎠ 1CM
R = 0.163mΩ

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance
Example:
What kind of material is used in the construction of a 39-Ω
rheostat if the wire has a length of 266 ft. and a diameter of 22.6
mils?
Solution:
l
R=ρ
A
A [22.6 mils ] 2
ρ = R = 39Ω ( )
l 266 ft
Ω − CM From table, commercial
ρ = 75
ft iron has resistivity of 75
∴ use commercial iron as material

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance
Temperature-Resistance Effects
R

Inferred absolute zero

= -234.5ºC

Absolute zero
Rc
= -273ºC Rb
Ra
ta tb tc T
Resistance vs. Temperature for Copper
By similar triangles:

Ra T + t a Rc T + tc Rb T + tb
= = =
Rb T + tb Ra T + t a Rc T + tc
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance
In general:
R1 T + t1
=
R2 T + t 2
By finding R2:
T + t2
⎛ T t ⎞
R2 = R1 = R1 ⎜⎜ + 2 ⎟⎟
T + t1 ⎝ T + t1 T + t1 ⎠
Adding and subtracting [t1 / (|T| + t1)]:
⎡⎛ T t1
⎞ ⎛ t 2 t1
⎞ ⎤
R2 = R1 ⎢⎜⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ −
⎟ ⎜ T +t T +t ⎟
⎟⎥
⎢⎣⎝ T + t1 T + t1⎠ ⎝ 1 1 ⎠⎥⎦

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
R2 = R1 ⎢1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟(t 2 − t1 )⎥
T + t ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎥⎦

α1 = temperature coefficient of resistance

- ohmic change per degree at some
specified temperature
In general:
R2 = R1[1 + α1 (t2 − t1 )]
where:
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⎢α1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎥
⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ T + t1 ⎠⎥⎦
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance
Example:
The resistance of a wire is 126.48 Ω at 100ºC and 100 Ω at
30ºC. Determine the temperature coefficient of the wire at
0ºC.Also, find the material that was used for the wire.
Solution:
R2 = R1[1 + α1 (t2 − t1 )]
R100°C = R0°C [1 + α 0°C (100 − 0)] Eqn. 1
R30°C = R0°C [1 + α 0°C (30 − 0)] Eqn. 2

By taking the ratio:

R100°C R0°C [1 + α 0 °C (100)]
=
R30°C R0°C [1 + α 0 °C (30 )]
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

R100°C [1 + α 0°C (30 )] = R30°C [1 + α 0°C (100)]

R100°C + R100°C [α 0°C (30 )] = R30°C + R30°C [α 0°C (100)]
R100°C [α 0°C (30 )]− R30°C [α 0°C (100)] = R30°C − R100°C
α 0°C [R100°C (30) − R30°C (100)] = R30°C − R100°C
R30°C − R100°C
α 0°C =
R100°C (30 ) − R30°C (100)
Substituting the given values:
100 − 126.48
α 0°C =
126.48(30 ) − 100(100)
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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

−1
α 0°C = 0.00427°C
To find material used, find first the inferred absolute zero:
1
α 0°C =
T + t0°C
1
T = −1
0.00427°C
T = 234.19°C Approximately 234.5ºC

∴ The material used was copper

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance
Example:
The resistivity of a copper rod 50 ft. long and 0.25 in. in
diameter is 1.76 µΩ-cm at 20ºC. What is its resistance at -20 ºC?
Solution:
Finding R at 20ºC:
l
R=ρ
A
⎛ 50 ft • 12 in • 2.54 cm ⎞
R20°C = 1.76 x10 −6 Ω − cm⎜ 1 ft 1 in ⎟
⎜ π 0.25 in • 2.54 cm 2 ⎟
( )
⎝4 1 in ⎠
R20°C = 8.47 mΩ

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance
Finding α at 20ºC:

1
α 20°C =
T + 20°C
For copper, /T/ = 234.5, so:

1
α 20°C =
− 234.5°C + 20°C
−1
α 20°C = 0.0039292730 8° C

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

Finding R at -20ºC:

R−20°C = R20°C [1 + α 20°C (− 20°C − 20°C )]

Substituting the values:

−3
R− 20°C = 8.47 x10 Ω 1 + 0.0039292730 8 °C [ −1
(− 40 °C )]

R−20°C = 7.139 mΩ

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Resistance

Alternative sol’n

R− 20o C = R20o C
(T + t ) − 20o C
(T + t ) 20o C

R− 20o C = 8.47 mΩ ×
( 234.5 + (− 20 ))
( 234.5 + 20 )
R− 20o C = 7.1387623 mΩ = 7.139 mΩ

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EE 11 – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

References
• Alexander, Charles, and Sadiku, Matthew.
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits.
McGraw-Hill, 2003.