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Basic Concepts: GEE-001 Electrical Science

The document appears to be a lecture on basic electrical concepts for an introductory electrical engineering course, covering topics such as units of measurement, charge, current, voltage, power, energy, circuit elements, and providing examples of problems and an application to TV picture tubes. The lecture is given by Dr. Nguyen Minh Y in February 2017 for the Faculty of International Training at Thai Nguyen University of Technology.

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69 views23 pages

Basic Concepts: GEE-001 Electrical Science

The document appears to be a lecture on basic electrical concepts for an introductory electrical engineering course, covering topics such as units of measurement, charge, current, voltage, power, energy, circuit elements, and providing examples of problems and an application to TV picture tubes. The lecture is given by Dr. Nguyen Minh Y in February 2017 for the Faculty of International Training at Thai Nguyen University of Technology.

Uploaded by

Hoàng Hứa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thai Nguyen University

Thai Nguyen University of Technology


Faculty of International Training

GEE-001
Electrical Science

Lecture #1:

Basic Concepts

Date: February 2017


Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Y, Ph.D.
Philosophy lesson
“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some
few to be chewed and digested”
– Francis Bacon
“Most of your problem-solving problem is with mathematics
rather than your understanding of theory”
 Do not start working with the problem too soon.
 Think how you should solve it.

“Keep nearby all your basic mathematics, science, and


engineering textbook”

2 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


1.1 Introduction
 Electrical engineering
 Electric circuit theory is one of the most
important course for an electrical
engineering students
 Focusing on communicating or
transferring energy from one point to
another
 Definition:
 An electric circuit is an interconnection
of electrical elements.
 What is electrical elements?
 Goals
 Learn analytical techniques and
computer software for analyzing the
3 behavior of an electric circuit
1.2 System of Units
 International System of Units (ISU)
 All measurements, parameter, etc. should be quantified in units

Six basic SI units and one derived unit relevant to this text
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity Candela cd
Charge Coulomb C

4 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


1.3 Charge and Current
 Charge
 Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which
matter consists, measured in Coulombs (C).

 Building block of atoms


 Charge e of electron
e = – 1.602 × 10-19 C (Coulomb)
 Proton carries a positive charge
+ 1.602 × 10-19 C (Coulomb)

 Number of electrons and proton appear to be equal, making an


atom neutrally charged.
5 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019
 Properties of electric charge
 The coulomb is a large unit for charges.
1 C = 1/ (1.602 × 10-19) = 6.24 × 1018 electrons
 In realistic or laboratory, charge is in order of pC, nC, or μC
 In nature, charge only occurred as integer multiplication of
electrons
n × (1.602 × 10-19) C
 n is integer number (0, 1, 2, …)
 Law of conservation of charge
 Charge can neither be created or destroyed, only transferred.
 Sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.

6 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


 Current
 Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measure in
ampere (A)

 Electric current
 Conducting wire is connected to a
battery
 Charges (positive and negative) are
compelled to move
 This movement creates electric current
dq
i
dt
1 ampere = 1 coulomb / second
t
Q   idt
t0
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 Direct current
 A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time

 Alternative current
 An alternative current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally
with time

8 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


 Problem
1. Determine the current flowing through an element if the charge
flow is given by
(a) q  t    3t  8  mC

(b) q  t    3e  t  5e 2t  nC

(c) q  t   10sin 120 t  pC

2. Determine the total charge transferred over the time interval of


0  t  10 s when i  t   1 t A
2
3. A lightning bolt with 10 kA strikes an object for 15 μs. How
much charge is deposited on the object?

9 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


1.4 Voltage
 Voltage (or potential difference)
 Voltage or potential difference is the energy required to move an
unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V)

dw
vab 
dq

1 volt = 1 joule / coulomb


= 1 newton-meter / coulomb
 Properties
 Potential difference
vab = – vba

10 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


1.5 Power and Energy
 Power
 Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W)
dw
p
dt

 Proof:
p  v i
called instantaneous power.

11 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


 Passive sign convention
 Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters
through the positive terminal of an element and p = +vi. If the
current enters through the negative terminal, p = – vi.

+ Power absorbed = – Power supplied

12 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


 Law of conservation of energy
 Sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero:

p0
 Total power supplied to the circuit must be equal to the total
power absorbed.

 Energy
 Energy is the capacity to do work, measure in Joules (J)
 Energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to t is
t t
w   pdt   vidt
t0 t0

 1 Wh = 3,600 J
13 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019
 Problem
1. The charge entering the positive terminal of an element is

q  t   5sin  4 t  mC

while the voltage across the element (plus to minus) is


v  t   3cos  4 t  V

(a) Find the power delivered to the element at t = 0.3 s.

(b) Calculate the energy delivered to the element between 0 and 0.6
s.

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1.6 Circuit Elements
 Two types of elements in electric circuit
 Active element
 Capable of generating energy
 Generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers
 Passive element
 Not capable of generating energy
 Resistors, capacitors, and inductors

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 Ideal independent source
 An active element that provides a specified voltages or current
that is completely independent of other circuit elements.
 Ideal independent voltage source
 Capable of delivering to the circuit whatever current is necessary to
maintain its terminal voltage
 Ideal independent current source
 Capable of delivering to the circuit whatever voltage is necessary to
maintain the designated current

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 Ideal dependent (or controlled) source
 An active element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current
 Four types of dependent sources
 A voltage-controlled voltage source
 A current-controlled voltage source
 A voltage-controlled current source
 a current-controlled current source

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 Problem
1. Find I and the power absorbed by each element in the network

18 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


1.7 Application
 TV picture tube
 Transmission and reception of TV signals

Heated filament to produce


electrons (electron guns)
Plates to control the flow of
electrons

Fluorescent screen
19 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019
 Electricity bill
 Cost of electricity according to the amount of energy consumed in
kilowatt-hour (kWh)

20 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English 10/25/2019


 Problem
1. A 60-W incandescent bulb operates at 120 V. How many
electrons and coulombs flow through the bulb in one day?

2. A utility company charges 8.2 cents/kWh. Is a consumer


operates a 60-W light bulb continuously for one day, how much
is the consumer charged?

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1.8 Problem Solving
 Solving problem in electrical engineering should follow the
process
1. Carefully define the problem
2. Present everything you know about the problem
3. Establish a set of alternative solutions and choose the best
4. Attempt a problem solution
5. Evaluate the solution and check for accuracy
6. If the solution is satisfactory, present it. Otherwise, return to
step 3.

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Assignment
 Homework 1

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