Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center
Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center
This rehabilitation protocol was developed for patients who have anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL) reconstruction and one of the following:
Concomitant meniscal repair, complex or in avascular region
Concomitant ligament reconstruction
Concomitant patellofemoral realignment procedure
Significant articular cartilage lesion
ACL revision reconstruction
Marked physiological laxity (expect high ACL forces postoperatively)
The protocol is divided into 7 phases according to postoperative weeks (for instance, Phase I =
Postoperative Weeks 1-2). Each phase has several categories including:
General observation of the patient's condition (weight bearing, pain, hemarthrosis,
muscle control)
Evaluation of specific variables with goals identified for each
Treatment and exercise program, according to frequency and duration
Rehabilitation goals which must be achieved to enter into the next phase
Disabled 0
Very light 1-20
Light 21-40
Moderate 41-60
Heavy 61-80
Very heavy > 80
Physical Therapy Visit Timeline*
Phase Weeks Postoperative Minimum # Visits Maximum # Visits
1 1-2 2 4
2 3-4 2 4
3 5-6 1 2
4 7-8 1 2
5 9-12 1 2
6 13-26 2 3
7 27-52 2 4
Total 11 21
*Physician Notification
The physician will be notified if the patient (1) fails to meet the expected goals for
each phase of the protocol, (2) has a persistent joint effusion, (3) develops a chronic pain
syndrome, (4) develops abnormal AP displacement on arthrometer testing (> 3 mm
difference), (5) complains of giving-way, (6) has difficulty with ambulation, or (7) has a
limitation of knee motion or patellar mobility.
These problems could result in a modification of this protocol and necessitate further
visits to the physical therapist.
Discharge Criteria (If goals for sports and occupation place patient into different
categories, use category with highest functional demand criteria. For symptoms, use
Symptom Rating Form found on next page.)
*patients desiring to return to sports or strenuous work activities may require 4-6 more physical therapy visits during
postoperative weeks 25-52 for advanced neuromuscular, strength, and activity-specific training to prevent reinjury.
Cincinnati Knee Rating System Symptom Rating Form
Scale Description
10 Normal knee, able to do strenuous work/sports with jumping, hard pivoting
8 Able to do moderate work/sports with running, turning and twisting; symptoms with strenuous work/sports
6 Able to do light work/sports with no running, twisting or jumping; symptoms with moderate work/sports
4 Able to do activities of daily living alone; symptoms with light work/sports
2 Moderate symptoms (frequent, limiting) with activities of daily living
0 Severe symptoms (constant, not relieved) with activities of daily living
10 8 6 4 2 0
10 8 6 4 2 0
3. PARTIAL GIVING-WAY (circle one) (partial knee collapse, no fall to the ground)
10 8 6 4 2 0
4. FULL GIVING-WAY (circle one) (knee collapse occurs with actual falling to the ground)
10 8 6 4 2 0
References
Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD: Anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstruction: Results using a quadriceps tendon-patellar bone
autograft. Am J Sports Med 34, 2006.
Noyes FR and Barber-Westin SD: Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery with use of bone-patellar tendon-bone autogenous
grafts. J Bone Joint Surg. 83-A: 1131-1143, 2001.
Heckmann TP, Noyes FR, and Barber-Westin SD: Autogenic and allogeneic anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation. In Knee
Ligament Rehabilitation, Ellenbecker TS (ed), Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY, pp. 132-150, 2000
Noyes FR, Berrios-Torres S, Barber-Westin SD, and Heckmann TP: Prevention of permanent arthrofibrosis after anterior cruciate
ligament reconstruction alone or combined with associated procedures: A prospective study in 443 knees. Knee Surgery, Sports
Traumatology, Arthroscopy 8: 196-206, 2000.
Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR, and McCloskey JW: Rigorous statistical reliability, validity, and responsiveness testing of the
Cincinnati Knee Rating System in 350 subjects with uninjured, injured, or anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees. Am J.
Sports Med. 27: 402-416, 1999.
Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR, Heckmann TP, and Shaffer BL: The effect of exercise and rehabilitation on anterior-posterior knee
displacements following anterior cruciate ligament autograft reconstruction. Am. J. Sports Med. 27: 84-93, 1999.
Rubman MH, Noyes FR, and Barber-Westin SD: Arthroscopic repair of meniscal tears that extend into the avascular zone. A review
of 198 single and complex tears. Am. J. Sports Med. 26: 87-95, 1998.
Noyes FR and Barber-Westin SD: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous patellar tendon graft in patients with
articular cartilage damage. Am. J. Sports Med. 25: 626-634, 1997.
Noyes FR and Barber-Westin SD: A comparison of results in acute and chronic anterior cruciate ligament ruptures of arthroscopic-
assisted autogenous patellar tendon reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 25: 460-471, 1997.
Noyes FR and Barber-Westin SD: Reconstruction of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments after knee dislocation. Use of early
protected postoperative motion to decrease arthrofibrosis. Am. J. Sports Med. 25: 769-778, 1997.
Noyes FR, Barber SD, and Mangine RE: Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate
ligament rupture. Am J Sports Med 19: 513-518, 1991.
Cincinnati SportsMedicine and Orthopaedic Center
Rehabilitation Protocol Summary for
Delayed ACL Reconstruction
3 x/day Strengthening
15 minutes Straight leg raises (flexion) 3 sets x 10 reps
Active quadriceps isometrics (based on ROM limits) 1 set x 10 reps
Knee extension (active-assisted) 3 sets x 10 reps
As required Modalities
Electrical muscle stimulation 20 minutes
Cryotherapy 20 minutes
Goals ROM (see above, depends on procedure)
Adequate quadriceps contraction
Control inflammation, effusion
EA, iliotibial band extra-articular procedure
Cincinnati SportsMedicine and Orthopaedic Center Rehab Protocol: ACL – Delayed
Phase 2. Weeks 3-4 (Visits: 2-4)
As required Modalities
Electrical muscle stimulation 20 minutes
Cryotherapy 20 minutes
Goals ROM 0°-110° Control inflammation, effusion
Adeqate quadriceps contraction 50% weight bearing
Cincinnati SportsMedicine and Orthopaedic Center Rehab Protocol: ACL – Delayed
Phase 3. Weeks 5-6 (Visits: 1-2)
As required Modalities
Electrical muscle stimulation 20 minutes
Cryotherapy 20 minutes
Goals ROM 0°-125° Control inflammation, effusion
Muscle control Full weight bearing
Early recognition complications
(motion loss, RSD, increased AP displacement, patellofemoral)
Cincinnati SportsMedicine and Orthopaedic Center Rehab Protocol: ACL – Delayed
Phase 4. Weeks 7-8 (Visits: 1-2)
2 x/day Strengthening
20 minutes Straight leg raises (ankle weight, < 10% body weight) 3 sets x 10 reps
Straight leg raises, rubber tubing 3 sets x 30 reps
Isometric training: multi-angle (90°, 60°, 30°) 3 sets x 20 reps
Heel raise/toe raise 3 sets x 10 reps
Hamstring curls (active, 0°-90°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Knee extension with resistance (90°-45°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Leg press (70°-10°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Closed-chain
- Wall sits 3 sets x 20 reps
- Mini-squats (rubber tubing, 0°-30°) to fatigue x 3
- Lunge
Multi-hip machine (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) 3 sets x 10 reps
Leg press (70°-10°) 3 sets x 10 reps
2 x/day Strengthening
20 minutes Straight leg raises, rubber tubing 3 sets x 30 reps
Hamstring curls (active, 0°-90°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Knee extension with resistance (90°-45°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Leg press (70°-10°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Closed-chain 3 sets x 20 reps
- Wall sits to fatigue x 3
- Mini-squats (rubber tubing, 0°-40°)
- Lunge 3 sets x 10 reps
Multi-hip machine (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) 3 sets x 10 reps
As required Modalities
Cryotherapy 20 minutes
Goals Increase strength and endurance
Cincinnati SportsMedicine and Orthopaedic Center Rehab Protocol: ACL – Delayed
Phase 6. Weeks 13-26 (Visits: 2-3)
2 x/day Strengthening
20 minutes Straight leg raises, rubber tubing 3 sets x 30 reps
Hamstring curls (active, 0°-90°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Knee extension with resistance (90°-45°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Leg press (70°-10°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Multi-hip machine (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) 3 sets x 10 reps
Closed-chain:
Wall sits 5 reps
Mini-squats 3 sets x 20 reps
Lateral step-ups (2-4” block) 3 sets x 10 reps
As required Modalities
Cryotherapy 20 minutes
Goals Increase strength and endurance
Cincinnati SportsMedicine and Orthopaedic Center Rehab Protocol: ACL – Delayed
Phase 7. Weeks 27-52 (Visits: 2-3)
General No effusion, painless ROM, joint stability
Observation Performs ADL, can walk 20 minutes without pain
Evaluation Goals
Isokinetic test (isometric + torque 300°/sec, % diff quads & hams) 10-15
Swelling None
Joint arthrometer 3 mm
Patellar mobility Good
Crepitus None/slight
Single-leg function tests (9 mos: hop distance, timed hop, 85
% inv/uninv)
Frequency Duration
2 x/day Range of motion
10 minutes Hamstring, gastroc-soleus, quad, ITB stretches 5 reps x 30 secs
1 x/day Strengthening
20-30 Straight leg raises, rubber tubing (high speed) 3 sets x 30 reps
minutes Hamstring curls (active, 0°-90°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Knee extension with resistance (90°-45°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Leg press (70°-10°) 3 sets x 10 reps
Multi-hip machine (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) 3 sets x 10 reps
As required Modalities
Cryotherapy 20 minutes
Goals Increase function Maintain strength, endurance
Return to previous activity level