ESE4406: Sustainable Energy & Environment

Lecture 1

Global Energy Use & Supply

Prof Rajasekhar Bala

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Email: ceerbala@nus.edu.sg
Units of Energy
1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 778 ft-lb
= 252 calories
= 1055 joules
= 0.2930 watt-hours

1 quadrillion Btu = 1015 Btu

= 1055  1015 J
= 2.93  1011 kWh
= 172  106 barrels (42-gal) of oil equivalent
= 36  106 metric tons of coal equivalent
= 0.93  1012 ft3 of natural gas equivalent

1 Joule (J) = 1 Newton-meter (N-m)

= 9.48  10-4 Btu
= 0.73756 ft-lb

1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3600 kJ

= 3412 Btu
= 860 kcal

1 kilocalorie = 4.185 kJ
Units of Power

1 kilowatt = 1000 J/s

= 3412 Btu/hr
= 1340 hp

1 horsepower = 746 W
= 550 ft-lb/s

1 quadrillion Btu per year = 0.471 million barrels of oil per day
= 0.03345 terawatt (TW)
Global Energy Consumption

World marketed energy consumption, 1990-2035 (quadrillion Btu) (Data from

International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international economic
organisation of 34 countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. Current
OECD member countries are the United States of America, Canada, Mexico, Chile, Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, the United Kingdom, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
World marketed energy consumption: OECD and Non-OECD countries, 1990-2035
(quadrillion Btu) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Global Energy Sources

Proportions of world’s energy consumption supplied by primary energy sources,

2012 (*Peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal; **Includes geothermal, solar,
wind, etc.) (Data from International Energy Agency, 2014).
Proportions of energy consumption in OECD countries by primary energy sources,
2013 (*Peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal; **Includes geothermal, solar,
wind, etc.) (Data from International Energy Agency, 2014).
World marketed energy use by primary energy sources, 1990-2035 (quadrillion Btu) (Data
from International Energy Outlook, 2010). “Liquid fuels and other petroleum” includes a full array
of liquid product supplies, both conventional (crude oil and lease condensate, natural gas plant
liquids, and refinery gain) and unconventional (biofuels, gas-to-liquids, coal-to-liquids, and
unconventional petroleum products) liquids.
Global Electricity Consumption

Growth in world electric power generation and total energy consumption, 1990-
2035 (index, 1990 = 1) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
World net electricity generation by region, 1990-2035 (trillion kilowatt hours) (Data
from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
World net electricity generation by primary energy sources, 2007-2035 (trillion
kilowatt hours) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Net electricity generation in North America by fuel, 2007 and 2035 (percent of
total) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Global Energy Supply – Coal

World coal consumption by country grouping, 1980-2035 (quadrillion Btu) (Data

from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Table 2. World’s top five coal reserves (metric ton) (R/P = Reserves/Production)
(Data from World Energy Council, 2013).
Global Energy Supply – Liquid Fuels

World liquids consumption by region and country group, 2007 and 2035 (million
barrels per day) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
World liquids production, 1990-2035 (million barrels per day) (Data from
International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Table 3. World’s top five crude oil reserves (metric ton) (R/P = Reserves/Production)
(Data from World Energy Council, 2013).
Global Energy Supply – Natural Gas

World natural gas consumption by country grouping, 2007-2035 (trillion cubic

feet) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Table 4. World’s top five natural gas reserves (billion cubic meter) (R/P =
Reserves/Production) (Data from World Energy Council, 2013).
Global Energy Supply – Nuclear Power

World net electricity generation from nuclear power by region, 2007-2030 (trillion
kilowatt hours) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Table 5. World’s top five producers of nuclear power (MW: megawatt, GWh:
gigawatt hour) (R/P = Reserves/Production) (Data from World Energy Council, 2013).
Global Energy Consumption by Sector

Proportions of world’s coal consumption by sector, 2012 (*Includes agriculture,

commercial and public services and residential) (Data from International Energy
Agency, 2014).
Proportions of world’s oil consumption by sector, 2012 (*Includes agriculture,
commercial and public services, and residential) (Data from International Energy
Agency, 2014).
Proportions of world’s natural gas consumption by sector, 2012 (*Includes
agriculture, commercial and public services, and residential) (Data from
International Energy Agency, 2014).
Proportions of world’s electricity consumption by sector, 2012 (*Includes
agriculture, commercial and public services, and residential) (Data from
International Energy Agency, 2014).
OECD and Non-OECD industrial sector energy consumption, 2007-2035 (quadrillion Btu)
(Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
World industrial sector energy consumption by fuel, 2007 and 2035 (quadrillion
Btu) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
World industrial sector energy consumption by major energy-intensive industry
shares, 2007 (percent of total) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
OECD and Non-OECD transportation sector liquids consumption, 2007-2035
(quadrillion Btu) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
OECD transportation energy use by region, 2007, 2025, and 2035 (quadrillion Btu)
(Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Proportions of primary energy use in the US commercial and public sector (Data
from US Department of Energy, 2012).
Proportions of primary energy use in the US residential sector (Data from US
Department of Energy, 2012).
Global Carbon Emissions

World energy-related CO2 emissions (billion metric tons) (Data from International
Energy Outlook, 2010).
Average annual growth in energy-related CO2 emissions in OECD economies,
2007-2035 (percent per year) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Average annual growth in energy-related CO2 emissions in Non-OECD economies,
2007-2035 (percent per year) (Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
World energy-related CO2 emissions by fuel type, 1990-2035 (billion metric tons)
(Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
World energy-related CO2 emissions per capita, 1990-2035 (metric tons per person)
(Data from International Energy Outlook, 2010).
Energy in Singapore

Energy Sources in Singapore: With limited indigenous energy resources, Singapore imports fuel to
meet most of its energy needs. As such, a secure, reliable and diversified supply of competitively-
priced energy is important to Singapore (Data from International Enterprise Singapore and Energy
Market Authority, 2015).
Energy Generation in Singapore: Around 4,240 ktoe (49 TWh) of electricity was generated in 2014. Main
power producers (MPPs) contributed 94% (3,984 ktoe) of total electricity generation, with the remaining 6.0%
(256 ktoe) accounted for by autoproducers. Autoproducers are enterprises that produce electricity but for
whom the production is not their principal activity (Data from International Enterprise Singapore and Energy
Market Authority, 2015).
Energy Consumption in Singapore: Of the 46 TWh of electricity consumed in Singapore in 2014, the
industrial related sector accounted for 43% (20 TWh), while another 37% (17 TWh) went to the commerce and
services-related sector. Households and the transport-related sector contributed to 15% (6.9 TWh) and 5.3%
(2.4 TWh) of total electricity consumption respectively (Data from International Enterprise Singapore and
Energy Market Authority, 2015).
Consumption of NG in Singapore: In 2014, about 88% (375,435 TJ) of total NG supply in Singapore was
used for power generation. Another 59,427 TJ of NG, which includes town gas produced from NG as the
main feedstock, was consumed directly by end-consumers. The industrial-related sector accounted for 88%
(52,436 TJ) of total final natural gas consumption, with the remainder attributed primarily to the commerce &
services-related sectors (6.2% or 3,672 TJ) and households (4.2% or 2,466 TJ) (Data from International
Enterprise Singapore and Energy Market Authority, 2015).
Summary
• Total world energy use rises from 495 quadrillion Btu in 2007 to 590 quadrillion Btu in 2020 and
739 quadrillion Btu in 2035.

• The most rapid growth in energy demand from 2007 to 2035 occurs in nations outside the
OECD.

• Liquid fuels remain the world’s largest energy source. World use of liquids and other petroleum
grows from 86.1 million barrels per day in 2007 to 92.1 million barrels per day in 2020, 103.9
million barrels per day in 2030, and 110.6 million barrels per day in 2035.

• World net electricity generation increases by 87%, from 18.8 trillion kWh in 2007 to 25.0 trillion
kWh in 2020 and 35.2 trillion kWh in 2035.

• Coal provides the largest share of world electricity generation. It accounted for 42 percent of total
generation in 2007, and its share is largely unchanged through 2035.

• The industrial sector uses more energy globally than any other end-use sector, currently
consuming about 50% of the world’s total delivered energy.

• World energy-related CO2 emissions rise from 29.7 billion metric tons in 2007 to 33.8 billion
metric tons in 2020 and 42.4 billion metric tons in 2035.
Tutorial
Question 1
Using dimensional analysis and conversion factors, calculate
how many equivalent Btu, watt-hour, and barrels of oil are
there in 10 metric tons of coal?
Tutorial
Question 2
The world’s coal reserves are estimated to be 24,000 Q. What
will be the lifetime of coal reserves if the present consumption
rate of 93 Q/y continues into the future and if the consumption
increases by r = 0.5, 0.8, and 1%/y? (The lifetime T of a
reserve is calculated from T = r –1 {ln [ r (QT / Q0 ) + 1]}, where
r is the rate of growth of consumption, QT is the total reserve,
and Q0 is the present consumption rate.)