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Design and Materials Selection

The document discusses key material properties for engineering design and materials selection. It provides an overview of common engineering materials including ceramics, polymers, metals, glasses, elastomers and hybrids. For each material type, some key mechanical, thermal, electrical and other properties are defined. The document also includes figures illustrating stress-strain curves, hardness scales, fracture toughness, wear resistance, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and electrical resistivity. Overall, the document serves to introduce important material properties and metrics for evaluating different material options for engineering design applications.

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Musa Hussam
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57 views23 pages

Design and Materials Selection

The document discusses key material properties for engineering design and materials selection. It provides an overview of common engineering materials including ceramics, polymers, metals, glasses, elastomers and hybrids. For each material type, some key mechanical, thermal, electrical and other properties are defined. The document also includes figures illustrating stress-strain curves, hardness scales, fracture toughness, wear resistance, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and electrical resistivity. Overall, the document serves to introduce important material properties and metrics for evaluating different material options for engineering design applications.

Uploaded by

Musa Hussam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design and Materials

Selection

Lecture 2

Dr. Muslim Muhsin


Lecture 2
Engineering Materials and
Their Properties
Material Selection

It is not necessarily a material


that we seek, but a certain
profile of properties – the one
that best meets the needs of
the design
Menu of Engineering Materials

The members of a
material family have
certain features in
common: similar
properties, similar
processing routes,
and, often, similar
applications

Figure 1
Ceramics
• Stiff – high E
• Hard
• Abrasion resistant
• Good high temperature strength
• Good corrosion resistance
• Brittle
Glasses
• Hard
• Corrosion resistant
• Electrically insulating
• Transparent
• Brittle – low KIC
Polymers
• Light – low ρ
• Easily shaped
• High strength per unit weight (σ/ρ)
• Lack stiffness – low E (50X less than metals)
• Properties highly sensitive to temperature

Elastomers
• Lack stiffness – low E (500 – 5000X less than
metals)
• Able to retain initial shape after being stretched
• Relatively strong and tough
Metals
• Tough – high KIC
• Stiff – high E
• Ductile
• Wide range of strengths depending on composition and
processing
• Thermally and electrically conductive
• Reactive – low corrosion resistance

Hybrids
• Expensive
• Difficult to shape and join
• Properties dependent on combination of
materials
What type of materials information do
you need for design?

Figure 2

We are interested in the data in the center of the


schematic; structured data for design allowables and
information concerning the materials ability to be
formed, joined, and finished
Material Properties and Their Units

Each material can be


thought of as having a
set of attributes or
properties

The combination that


characterizes a given
material is its property
profile

Figure 3
Mechanical Properties
The stress-strain curve for a metal,
showing the modulus, E, the 0.2% yield
strength, σy, and the ultimate strength, σts

The strain at the


point of failure
indicates the ductility
of a material

Figure 4
Figure 5

The tensile response of a The compressive


polymer varies with
temperature – here the strength of a ceramic is
response is shown with 10-15 times greater than
respect to the glass the tensile strength
transition temperature, Tg
Figure 6

The modulus of rupture (MOR) is the


surface stress at failure in bending – it is
equal to, or slightly larger than, the failure
stress in tension
Figure 7

For many materials there exists a fatigue or


endurance limit, σe, illustrated by the Δσ – Nf
curve; it is the stress amplitude below which
fracture does not occur, or only occurs after a
very large number (Nf >107) cycles
Hardness is measured as the load, F,
divided by the projected area of contact,
A, when a diamond-shaped indenter is
forced into the surface

Figure 8
Commonly used scales of hardness
related to each other and to the yield
strength

Figure 9
Figure 10

The fracture toughness, KIC, measures the


resistance to the propagation of a crack; the
test specimen containing a crack of length 2c
fails at stress σ*; the fracture toughness is
then KIC = Yσ*(πc)1/2
Figure 11

The loss tangent η measures the


fractional energy dissipated in a stress-
strain cycle
Figure 12

Wear is the loss of material from surfaces


when they slide; the wear resistance is
measured by the Archard wear constant, KA
Thermal Properties

Figure 13

The heat capacity – the energy to


raise the temperature of 1 kg of
material by 1°C
Figure 14

The thermal conductivity λ


measures the flux of heat driven
by a temperature gradient
Figure 15

The linear-thermal expansion coefficient α


measures the change in length, per unit
length, when the sample is heated
Electrical Properties

Figure 16

Electrical resistivity, ρe, is measured as the


potential gradient, V/L, divided by the current
density, i/A; it is related to the resistance, R, by
ρe = AR/L
Dielectric Constant

Figure 17

Dielectric Loss
Figure18

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