0% found this document useful (0 votes)
290 views336 pages

Isbn Intrduction

Uploaded by

pvaibhav08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
290 views336 pages

Isbn Intrduction

Uploaded by

pvaibhav08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 336

International Standard Book Number

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search


For reader help on ISBNs, see Help:ISBN.

International Standard Book Number

A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar

code

Acronym ISBN

Introduced 1970; 49 years ago

Managing organisation International ISBN Agency

No. of digits 13 (formerly 10)

Check digit Weighted sum

Example 978-3-16-148410-0

Website www.isbn-international.org

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier
which is intended to be unique.[a][b] Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the
International ISBN Agency.[1]
An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example,
an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different
ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if
assigned before 2007. The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country
to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country.
The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard
Book Numbering (SBN) created in 1966. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as
international standard ISO 2108 (the SBN code can be converted to a ten-digit ISBN by prefixing
it with a zero digit "0").
Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The International ISBN agency
sometimes assigns such books ISBNs on its own initiative.[2]
Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), identifies periodical
publications such as magazines; and the International Standard Music Number (ISMN) covers for
musical scores.

Contents

 1History
 2Overview
o 2.1How ISBNs are issued
o 2.2Registration group identifier
o 2.3Registrant element
 2.3.1Pattern for English language ISBNs
 3Check digits
o 3.1ISBN-10 check digits
o 3.2ISBN-10 check digit calculation
o 3.3ISBN-13 check digit calculation
o 3.4ISBN-10 to ISBN-13 conversion
o 3.5Errors in usage
o 3.6eISBN
 4EAN format used in barcodes, and upgrading
 5See also
 6Notes
 7References
 8External links

History
The Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code is a 9-digit commercial book identifier system
created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin,[3] for the
booksellers and stationers WHSmith and others in 1965.[4] The ISBN identification format was
conceived in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker[5] (regarded as the "Father of the
ISBN")[6] and in 1968 in the United States by Emery Koltay[5] (who later became director of the
U.S. ISBN agency R.R. Bowker).[6][7][8]
The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108.[4][5] The
United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. ISO has appointed the
International ISBN Agency as the registration authority for ISBN worldwide and the ISBN
Standard is developed under the control of ISO Technical Committee 46/Subcommittee 9 TC
46/SC 9. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978.[9]
An SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit "0". For example, the second edition
of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has "SBN 340 01381 8" – 340
indicating the publisher, 01381 their serial number, and 8 being the check digit. This can be
converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8; the check digit does not need to be re-calculated.
Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with
"Bookland" European Article Number EAN-13s.[10]

Overview
An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an
ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different
ISBN.[11] The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if
assigned before 2007. An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10-
digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13-digit ISBN):

The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN-13 and barcode. Note the different check digits in
each. The part of the EAN-13 labeled "EAN" is the Bookland country code.

1. for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element – a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made
available by GS1,[12]
2. the registration group element (language-sharing country group, individual country or
territory),[13]
3. the registrant element,
4. the publication element,[12] and
5. a checksum character or check digit.[12]
A 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts (prefix element, registration
group, registrant, publication and check digit), and when this is done it is customary to separate
the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts (registration
group, registrant, publication and check digit) of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens
or spaces. Figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN is complicated, because most of
the parts do not use a fixed number of digits.[14]
ISBN is most often used among others special identifiers to describe references in Wikipedia and
can help to find the same sources with different description in various language versions (for
example different spelling of the title or authors depending on language).[15][16]
How ISBNs are issued
ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that
is responsible for that country or territory regardless of the publication language. The ranges of
ISBNs assigned to any particular country are based on the publishing profile of the country
concerned, and so the ranges will vary depending on the number of books and the number, type,
and size of publishers that are active. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national
libraries or within ministries of culture and thus may receive direct funding from government to
support their services. In other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations
such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded.[17]
A full directory of ISBN agencies is available on the International ISBN Agency website.[18] Partial
listing:
Australia: the commercial library services agency Thorpe-Bowker;[19][20]
Brazil: The National Library of Brazil;[21]
Canada (English): Library and Archives Canada, a government agency;
Canada (French): Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec;
Colombia: Cámara Colombiana del Libro, an NGO;
Hong Kong: Books Registration Office (BRO), under the Hong Kong Public Libraries;[22]
India: The Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency for ISBN (Book Promotion and
Copyright Division), under Department of Higher Education, a constituent of the Ministry
of Human Resource Development;[23][24]
Iceland: Landsbókasafn (National and University Library of Iceland)
Israel: The Israel Center for Libraries[25]
Italy: EDISER srl, owned by Associazione Italiana Editori (Italian Publishers
Association);[26][27]
Maldives: The National Bureau of Classification (NBC);[citation needed]
Malta: The National Book Council (Maltese: Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb);[28][29][30]
Morocco: The National Library of Morocco;
New Zealand: The National Library of New Zealand;[31]
Pakistan: National Library of Pakistan;
Philippines: National Library of the Philippines;[32]
South Africa: National Library of South Africa;
Turkey: General Directorate of Libraries and Publications, a branch of the Ministry of
Culture;[33]
United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland:Nielsen Book Services Ltd, part of Nielsen
Holdings N.V.;[34]
United States: R.R. Bowker.[5][35]
Registratio
n group
identifier
The
ISBN registrat
ion group
identifier is a
1- to 5-digit
number that is
valid within a
single prefix
element (i.e.
one of 978 or
979),[12] and
can be
separated
between
hyphens,
such as "978-
1-...".
Registration
group
identifiers
have primarily
been
allocated
within the 978
prefix
element.[36] Th
e single-digit
group
identifiers
within the
978-prefix
element are: 0
or 1 for
English-
speaking
countries; 2
for French-
speaking
countries; 3
for German-
speaking
countries; 4
for Japan; 5
for Russian-
speaking
countries; and
7 for People's
Republic of
China. An
example 5-
digit group
identifier is
99936,
for Bhutan.
The allocated
group IDs are:
0–5, 600–622,
65, 7, 80–94,
950–989,
9920–9989,
and 99901–
99981.[37] Boo
ks published
in rare
languages
typically have
longer group
identifiers.[38]
Within the 979
prefix
element, the
registration
group
identifier 0 is
reserved for
compatibility
with Internatio
nal Standard
Music
Numbers (IS
MNs), but
such material
is not actually
assigned an
ISBN.[12] The
registration
group
identifiers
within prefix
element 979
that have
been
assigned are
10 for France,
11 for the
Republic of
Korea, and 12
for Italy.[39]
The original 9-
digit standard
book number
(SBN) had no
registration
group
identifier, but
prefixing a
zero (0) to a
9-digit SBN
creates a
valid 10-digit
ISBN.
Registrant
element
The national
ISBN agency
assigns the
registrant
element
(cf. Category:I
SBN
agencies) and
an
accompanyin
g series of
ISBNs within
that registrant
element to the
publisher; the
publisher then
allocates one
of the ISBNs
to each of its
books. In
most
countries, a
book
publisher is
not required
by law to
assign an
ISBN;
however,
most
bookstores
only handle
ISBN bearing
publications.[cit
ation needed]

A listing of
more than
900,000
assigned
publisher
codes is
published,
and can be
ordered in
book form
(€1399, US$1
959). The web
site of the
ISBN agency
does not offer
any free
method of
looking up
publisher
codes.[40] Parti
al lists have
been
compiled
(from library
catalogs) for
the English-
language
groups: identif
ier
0 and identifie
r 1.
Publishers
receive blocks
of ISBNs, with
larger blocks
allotted to
publishers
expecting to
need them; a
small
publisher may
receive ISBNs
of one or
more digits for
the
registration
group
identifier,
several digits
for the
registrant, and
a single digit
for the
publication
element.
Once that
block of
ISBNs is
used, the
publisher may
receive
another block
of ISBNs, with
a different
registrant
element.
Consequently,
a publisher
may have
different
allotted
registrant
elements.
There also
may be more
than one
registration
group
identifier used
in a country.
This might
occur once all
the registrant
elements from
a particular
registration
group have
been
allocated to
publishers.
By using
variable block
lengths,
registration
agencies are
able to
customise the
allocations of
ISBNs that
they make to
publishers.
For example,
a large
publisher may
be given a
block of
ISBNs where
fewer digits
are allocated
for the
registrant
element and
many digits
are allocated
for the
publication
element;
likewise,
countries
publishing
many titles
have few
allocated
digits for the
registration
group
identifier and
many for the
registrant and
publication
elements.[41] H
ere are some
sample ISBN-
10 codes,
illustrating
block length
variations.

ISBN

99921-58-10-7 Qatar
9971-5-0210-0 Singa

960-425-059-0 Greec

80-902734-1-6 Czech

85-359-0277-5 Brazil

1-84356-028-3 Englis

0-684-84328-5 Englis

0-8044-2957-X Englis

0-85131-041-9 Englis

93-86954-21-4 Englis

0-943396-04-2 Englis

0-9752298-0-X Englis

Pattern for
English
language
ISBNs
English-
language
registration
group
elements are
0 and 1 (2 of
more than
220
registration
group
elements).
These two
registration
group
elements are
divided into
registrant
elements in a
systematic
pattern, which
allows their
length to be
determined,
as follows:[42]

P 0– 1–
u Regi Regi
b stra stra
l tion tion
i gro gro T
c up up o
a ele ele t
t me me a
i nt nt l
o R
n e
e g
l R R i
e e e s
m g g t
e i i r
F F
n s s a
r T r T
t t t n
oo oo
l r r t
m m
e a a s
n n n
g t t
t s s
h

00 11
-- --
6
01 00
d
09 18
i
--2 -- 2
g 8
xx0 xx 8
i xx xx
t xx xx
s xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
-- --
xx xx

00
--
22
02
07
--
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx 11
-- --
xx 00
00 00
-- 09
23 --
26 xx
98 xx
-- xx
xx xx
5
xx xx
d
xx --
i 4 3 8
xx xx
g 9 0 0
xx 11
i --5 8 3
--
t xx 13
s 00 09
-- 07
36 --
73 xx
08 xx
-- xx
xx xx
xx xx
xx --
xx xx
xx
--
xx
00
--
66
44
07
--
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
--
xx
00
--
66
45
94
--
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
--
xx
00
--
66
59
69
--
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
--
xx

00 11
-- --
22 00
22 99
88 09
4 09 09
d --1 --2 3
i xx, xx, ,
g xx5 xx0 5
i xx3 xx1 5
t xx9 xx8 7
s -- --
xx xx
00 11
-- --
33 35
66 94
99 89
09 09
-- --
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
-- --
xx xx
00 11
-- --
66 77
33 13
99 71
08 09
-- --
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
-- --
xx xx
00 11
-- --
66 77
55 99
55 09
09 09
-- --
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
-- --
xx xx
00 11
-- --
78 99
04 78
09 37
09 07
-- --
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
-- --
xx xx

3 005 112 3
d --, --8 3
i 880 57, ,
g 590 516 6
i 090 064 4
t 09 090 0
s 09 09
-- --
xx xx
xx xx
xx xx
-- --
xx xx
11
--
77
47
04
09
09
--
xx
xx
xx
--
xx
11
--
77
78
59
49
09
--
xx
xx
xx
--
xx
11
--
88
06
09
07
09
--
xx
xx
xx
--
xx
11
--
89
61
95
89
09
09
--
xx
xx
--
xx
00 11
-- --
99 99
2 04 171 1
5
d 09 621 6
0
i 09 593 3
,
g 09 09, ,
0
i 09 698 8
0
t -- --9 9
s xx0 xx4 4
xx xx
-- --
xx xx
11
--
99
89
78
89
09
09
--
xx
xx
--
xx

00 11
5 6
1 -- --9
1 1
d 66 779
1 0
i 33 33,
, ,
g 99 290
i 990 096 0
t 090 090 6
090 09 0
09 09
-- --
xx xx
-- --
xx xx
00 11
-- --
66 77
44 77
88 55
09 03
09 09
09 09
09 09
-- --
xx xx
-- --
xx xx
00 11
-- --
99 99
59 11
09 66
09 05
09 00
09 05
09 09
-- --
xx xx
-- --
xx xx
11
--
99
99
99
09
09
09
09
--
xx
--
xx

5 2 8
T
Tot 6 4 1
ot
al 8 3 1
al
, , ,
0 9 9
5 2 8
4 8 2

Check
digits
A check
digit is a form
of redundancy
check used
for error
detection, the
decimal
equivalent of
a
binary check
bit. It consists
of a single
digit
computed
from the other
digits in the
number. The
method for
the ten-digit
code is an
extension of
that for SBNs,
the two
systems are
compatible,
and SBN
prefixed with
"0" will give
the same
check-digit as
without – the
digit is base
eleven, and
can be 0-9 or
X. The system
for thirteen-
digit codes is
not
compatible
and will, in
general, give
a different
check digit
from the
corresponding
10-digit ISBN,
and does not
provide the
same
protection
against
transposition.
This is
because the
thirteen-digit
code was
required to be
compatible
with the EAN
format, and
hence could
not contain an
"X".
ISBN-10
check
digits
According to
the 2001
edition of the
official manual
of the
International
ISBN
Agency,[43] the
ISBN-
10 check
digit[44] – which
is the last digit
of the ten-digit
ISBN – must
range from 0
to 10 (the
symbol X is
used for 10),
and must be
such that the
sum of all the
ten digits,
each
multiplied by
its (integer)
weight,
descending
from 10 to 1,
is a multiple
of 11.
For example,
for an ISBN-
10 of 0-306-
40615-2:
Formally,
using mo
dular
arithmetic
, this is
rendered:

It is
also
true
for
ISBN-
10's
that
the
sum
of all
the
ten
digits,
each
multip
lied
by its
weigh
t
in asc
endin
g ord
er
from
1 to
10, is
a
multip
le of
11.
For
this
exam
ple:

F
or
m
al
ly
,
th
is
is
re
n
d
er
e
d:

T
h
e
t
w
o
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
e
r
r
o
r
s
i
n
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
a
n
I
S
B
N
(
e
.
g
.
,
t
y
p
i
n
g
o
r
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
i
t
)
a
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
a
l
t
e
r
e
d
d
i
g
i
t
o
r
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
d
i
g
i
t
s
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e

p
r
o
v
e
n

t
h
a
t
a
l
l
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
v
a
l
i
d
I
S
B
N
-
1
0
s
h
a
v
e
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
t
w
o
d
i
g
i
t
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
e
a
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
.
I
t
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
b
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
p
a
i
r
s
o
f
v
a
l
i
d
I
S
B
N
-
1
0
s
w
i
t
h
e
i
g
h
t
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
d
i
g
i
t
s
a
n
d
t
w
o
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
s
e
d
d
i
g
i
t
s
.
(
T
h
e
s
e
a
r
e
t
r
u
e
o
n
l
y
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
I
S
B
N
i
s
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
1
1
d
i
g
i
t
s
l
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
1
1
i
s
a

p
r
i
m
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
.
)
T
h
e
I
S
B
N
c
h
e
c
k
-
d
i
g
i
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
t
h
a
t
i
t
w
i
l
l
a
l
w
a
y
s
b
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
t
h
e
s
e
t
w
o
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
,
i
.
e
.
,
i
f
e
i
t
h
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
h
a
s
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
d
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
w
i
l
l
n
e
v
e
r
b
e
a
v
a
l
i
d
I
S
B
N


t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
s
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
i
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
s
w
i
l
l
n
e
v
e
r
b
e
a
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
o
f
1
1
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
f
t
h
e
e
r
r
o
r
o
c
c
u
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
h
o
u
s
e
a
n
d
g
o
e
s
u
n
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
,
t
h
e
b
o
o
k
w
i
l
l
b
e
i
s
s
u
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
i
n
v
a
l
i
d
I
S
B
N
.
[
4
5
]

I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
i
t
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
o
t
h
e
r
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
w
o
a
l
t
e
r
e
d
n
o
n
-
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
s
e
d
d
i
g
i
t
s
,
o
r
t
h
r
e
e
a
l
t
e
r
e
d
d
i
g
i
t
s
,
t
o
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
a
v
a
l
i
d
I
S
B
N
(
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
i
t
i
s
s
t
i
l
l
u
n
l
i
k
e
l
y
)
.
I
S
B
N
-
1
0
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
E
a
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
n
i
n
e
d
i
g
i
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
n
-
d
i
g
i
t
I
S
B
N

e
x
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
i
t
s
e
l
f

i
s
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
i
t
s
(
i
n
t
e
g
e
r
)
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
d
e
s
c
e
n
d
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
t
o
2
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
i
n
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
f
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
i
s
s
i
m
p
l
y
t
h
e
o
n
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
0
a
n
d
1
0
w
h
i
c
h
,
w
h
e
n
a
d
d
e
d
t
o
t
h
i
s
s
u
m
,
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
i
s
a
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
o
f
1
1
.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
f
o
r
a
n
I
S
B
N
-
1
0
o
f
0
-
3
0
6
-
4
0
6
1
5
-
?

i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:

A
d
d
i
n
g
2
t
o
1
3
0
g
i
v
e
s
a
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
o
f
1
1
(
1
3
2
=
1
2
x
1
1
)

t
h
i
s
i
s
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
0
a
n
d
1
0
w
h
i
c
h
d
o
e
s
s
o
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
h
a
s
t
o
b
e
2
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
i
s
I
S
B
N
0
-
3
0
6
-
4
0
6
1
5
-
2
.
T
h
e
v
a
l
u
e

r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
s
a
t
i
s
f
y
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
1
0
;
i
f
s
o
,
a
n
'
X
'
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
e
d
.
A
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
,

m
o
d
u
l
a
r
a
r
i
t
h
m
e
t
i
c
i
s
c
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
n
t
f
o
r
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
1
1
.
T
h
e

r
e
m
a
i
n
d
e
r

o
f
t
h
i
s
s
u
m
w
h
e
n
i
t
i
s
d
i
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
1
1
(
i
.
e
.
i
t
s
v
a
l
u
e
m
o
d
u
l
o
1
1
)
,
i
s
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
m
a
i
n
d
e
r
p
l
u
s
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
m
u
s
t
e
q
u
a
l
e
i
t
h
e
r
0
o
r
1
1
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
i
s
(
1
1
m
i
n
u
s
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
n
d
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
m
o
d
u
l
o
1
1
)
m
o
d
u
l
o
1
1
.
T
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
n
d
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
o
1
1
a
s
e
c
o
n
d
t
i
m
e
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
r
e
m
a
i
n
d
e
r
i
s
0
.
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
m
o
d
u
l
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
u
l
d
e
n
d
u
p
w
i
t
h
1
1

0
=
1
1
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
i
n
v
a
l
i
d
.
(
S
t
r
i
c
t
l
y
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e

f
i
r
s
t

"
m
o
d
u
l
o
1
1
"
i
s
u
n
n
e
e
d
e
d
,
b
u
t
i
t
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
t
o
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
y
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
)
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
I
S
B
N
-
1
0
o
f
0
-
3
0
6
-
4
0
6
1
5
-
?

i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:

T
h
u
s
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
i
s
2
.
I
t
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
t
h
e
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
a
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
s
.
R
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
l
y
a
d
d
i
n
g

i
n
t
o

c
o
m
p
u
t
e
s
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
s
:

/
/
R
e
t
u
r
n
s
I
S
B
N
e
r
r
o
r
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
,
z
e
r
o
f
o
r
a
v
a
l
i
d
I
S
B
N
,
n
o
n
-
z
e
r
o
f
o
r
a
n
i
n
v
a
l
i
d
o
n
e
.
/
/
d
i
g
i
t
s
[
i
]
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
0
a
n
d
1
0
.
i
n
t
C
h
e
c
k
I
S
B
N
(
i
n
t
c
o
n
s
t
d
i
g
i
t
s
[
1
0
]
)
{

i
n
t
i
,
s
=
0
,
t
=
0
;

f
o
r
(
i
=
0
;
i
<
1
0
;
i
+
+
)
{

t
+
=
d
i
g
i
t
s
[
i
]
;

s
+
=
t
;

}
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
%
1
1
;
}

T
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
r
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
o
n
c
e
a
t
t
h
e
e
n
d
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
a
b
o
v
e
(
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
s
e

c
o
u
l
d
h
o
l
d
a
v
a
l
u
e
a
s
l
a
r
g
e
a
s
4
9
6
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
v
a
l
i
d
I
S
B
N
9
9
9
9
9
-
9
9
9
-
9
-
X
)
,
o
r

a
n
d

c
o
u
l
d
b
e
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
a
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
u
b
t
r
a
c
t
a
f
t
e
r
e
a
c
h
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
I
S
B
N
-
1
3
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
2
0
0
5
e
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
S
B
N
A
g
e
n
c
y
'
s
o
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
m
a
n
u
a
l
[
4
6
]

d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
1
3
-
d
i
g
i
t
I
S
B
N

c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t

i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
I
S
B
N
-
1
3
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
d
i
g
i
t
o
f
t
h
e
I
S
B
N
,
m
u
s
t
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
t
o
9
a
n
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
u
c
h
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
a
l
l
t
h
e
t
h
i
r
t
e
e
n
d
i
g
i
t
s
,
e
a
c
h
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
i
t
s
(
i
n
t
e
g
e
r
)
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
n
g
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
1
a
n
d
3
,
i
s
a
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
o
f

1
0
.
F
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
,
u
s
i
n
g

m
o
d
u
l
a
r
a
r
i
t
h
m
e
t
i
c
,
t
h
i
s
i
s
r
e
n
d
e
r
e
d
:

T
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
I
S
B
N
-
1
3
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
b
e
g
i
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
1
2
d
i
g
i
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
i
r
t
e
e
n
-
d
i
g
i
t
I
S
B
N
(
t
h
u
s
e
x
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
i
t
s
e
l
f
)
.
E
a
c
h
d
i
g
i
t
,
f
r
o
m
l
e
f
t
t
o
r
i
g
h
t
,
i
s
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
e
l
y
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
1
o
r
3
,
t
h
e
n
t
h
o
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
e
d

m
o
d
u
l
o

1
0
t
o
g
i
v
e
a
v
a
l
u
e
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
t
o
9
.
S
u
b
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
1
0
,
t
h
a
t
l
e
a
v
e
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
f
r
o
m
1
t
o
1
0
.
A
z
e
r
o
(
0
)
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
s
a
t
e
n
(
1
0
)
,
s
o
,
i
n
a
l
l
c
a
s
e
s
,
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
t
h
e
I
S
B
N
-
1
3
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
o
f
9
7
8
-
0
-
3
0
6
-
4
0
6
1
5
-
?

i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:

s
=
9
×
1
+
7
×
3
+
8
×
1
+
0
×
3
+
3
×
1
+
0
×
3
+
6
×
1
+
4
×
3
+
0
×
1
+
6
×
3
+
1
×
1
+
5
×
3
=
9
+
2
1
+
8
+
0
+
3
+
0
+
6
+
1
2
+
0
+
1
8
+
1
+
1
5

=
9
3
9
3
/
1
0
=
9
r
e
m
a
i
n
d
e
r
3
1
0

3
=
7

T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
i
s
7
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
i
s
I
S
B
N
9
7
8
-
0
-
3
0
6
-
4
0
6
1
5
-
7
.
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
,
t
h
e
I
S
B
N
-
1
3
c
h
e
c
k
d
i
g
i
t
i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
.
L
e
t
hide

International numbering standards

Standards

SBN)

SSN)

(ISRC)

umber (ISIN)

(ISMN)

BAN)

braries... (ISIL)

mber (ISAN)
Code (ISWC)

ISLI)

C)

r (ISNI)

ifier (ISCI)
show

ISO standards by standard number

show

Books

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy