SWAMI VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, INDORE

Department of Information Technology

Assignment – 3 (Online) (Any - 5)

Q.1 What is normalization? Explain the normalization techniques using

functional dependencies with relevant examples.

Ans. Normalization is a process of organizing the data in database to avoid data

redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly.

First normal form (1NF)

As per the rule of first normal form, an attribute (column) of a table cannot hold
multiple values. It should hold only atomic values.

Example: Suppose a company wants to store the names and contact details of its
employees. It creates a table that looks like this:

emp_id emp_name emp_address emp_mobile

101 Herschel New Delhi 8912312390

8812121212
102 Jon Kanpur

9900012222
103 Ron Chennai 7778881212

9990000123
104 Lester Bangalore 8123450987

Two employees (Jon & Lester) are having two mobile numbers so the company
stored them in the same field as you can see in the table above.

This table is not in 1NF as the rule says “each attribute of a table must have atomic
(single) values”, the emp_mobile values for employees Jon & Lester violates that
rule.

To make the table complies with 1NF we should have the data like this:

emp_id emp_name emp_address emp_mobile

101 Herschel New Delhi 8912312390

102 Jon Kanpur 8812121212

102 Jon Kanpur 9900012222

103 Ron Chennai 7778881212

104 Lester Bangalore 9990000123

104 Lester Bangalore 8123450987

Second normal form (2NF)

A table is said to be in 2NF if both the following conditions hold:

 Table is in 1NF (First normal form)

 No non-prime attribute is dependent on the proper subset of any candidate key
of table.

An attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as non-prime attribute.

Example: Suppose a school wants to store the data of teachers and the subjects
they teach. They create a table that looks like this: Since a teacher can teach more
than one subjects, the table can have multiple rows for a same teacher.

teacher_id subject teacher_age

111 Maths 38

111 Physics 38

222 Biology 38

333 Physics 40

333 Chemistry 40
Candidate Keys: {teacher_id, subject}
Non prime attribute: teacher_age

The table is in 1 NF because each attribute has atomic values. However, it is not in
2NF because non prime attribute teacher_age is dependent on teacher_id alone
which is a proper subset of candidate key. This violates the rule for 2NF as the rule
says “no non-prime attribute is dependent on the proper subset of any candidate key
of the table”.

To make the table complies with 2NF we can break it in two tables like this:
teacher_details table:

teacher_id teacher_age

111 38

222 38

333 40

teacher_subject table:

teacher_id subject

111 Maths
111 Physics

222 Biology

333 Physics

333 Chemistry

Now the tables comply with Second normal form (2NF).

Third Normal form (3NF)

A table design is said to be in 3NF if both the following conditions hold:

 Table must be in 2NF

 Transitive functional dependency of non-prime attribute on any super key
should be removed.

An attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as non-prime attribute.

In other words 3NF can be explained like this: A table is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for
each functional dependency X-> Y at least one of the following conditions hold:

 X is a super key of table

 Y is a prime attribute of table

An attribute that is a part of one of the candidate keys is known as prime attribute.

Example: Suppose a company wants to store the complete address of each

employee, they create a table named employee_details that looks like this:

emp_id emp_name emp_zip emp_state emp_city emp_district

1001 John 282005 UP Agra Dayal Bagh

1002 Ajeet 222008 TN Chennai M-City

1006 Lora 282007 TN Chennai Urrapakkam

1101 Lilly 292008 UK Pauri Bhagwan

1201 Steve 222999 MP Gwalior Ratan

Super keys: {emp_id}, {emp_id, emp_name}, {emp_id, emp_name, emp_zip}…so

on
Candidate Keys: {emp_id}
Non-prime attributes: all attributes except emp_id are non-prime as they are not
part of any candidate keys.

Here, emp_state, emp_city & emp_district dependent on emp_zip. And, emp_zip is

dependent on emp_id that makes non-prime attributes (emp_state, emp_city &
emp_district) transitively dependent on super key (emp_id). This violates the rule of
3NF.

To make this table complies with 3NF we have to break the table into two tables to
remove the transitive dependency:

employee table:

emp_id emp_name emp_zip

1001 John 282005

1002 Ajeet 222008

1006 Lora 282007

1101 Lilly 292008

1201 Steve 222999

emp_zip emp_state emp_city emp_district

282005 UP Agra Dayal Bagh

222008 TN Chennai M-City

282007 TN Chennai Urrapakkam

292008 UK Pauri Bhagwan

222999 MP Gwalior Ratan

employee_zip table:

Boyce Codd normal form (BCNF)

It is an advance version of 3NF that’s why it is also referred as 3.5NF. BCNF is

stricter than 3NF. A table complies with BCNF if it is in 3NF and for every functional
dependency X->Y, X should be the super key of the table.

Example: Suppose there is a company wherein employees work in more than one
department. They store the data like this:

emp_id emp_nationality emp_dept dept_type dept_no_of_emp

1001 Austrian Production and planning D001 200

1001 Austrian stores D001 250

1002 American design and technical support D134 100

1002 American Purchasing department D134 600

Functional dependencies in the table above:

emp_id -> emp_nationality
emp_dept -> {dept_type, dept_no_of_emp}

Candidate key: {emp_id, emp_dept}

The table is not in BCNF as neither emp_id nor emp_dept alone are keys.

To make the table comply with BCNF we can break the table in three tables like this:
emp_nationality table:

emp_id emp_nationality

1001 Austrian

1002 American

emp_dept table:

emp_dept dept_type dept_no_of_emp

Production and planning D001 200

stores D001 250

design and technical support D134 100

Purchasing department D134 600

emp_dept_mapping table:

emp_id emp_dept

1001 Production and planning

1001 stores

1002 design and technical support

1002 Purchasing department

Functional dependencies:
emp_id -> emp_nationality
emp_dept -> {dept_type, dept_no_of_emp}
Candidate keys:
For first table: emp_id
For second table: emp_dept
For third table: {emp_id, emp_dept}

This is now in BCNF as in both the functional dependencies left side part is a key.

Q.4 Describe concurrency control. Explain the following protocols for

concurrency control:

(i) Lock based protocols (ii) Time stamp based protocol

Ans.