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"Crystal Physics": Submitted By:-Roll No.: - Class

This document discusses crystal physics and the structure of crystalline solids. It defines key concepts like the crystal lattice, basis, unit cell, space lattice, and lattice translation vector. Crystalline solids are classified as those with atoms arranged in a definite, repeated pattern, while amorphous solids lack this organization. There are seven crystal systems that crystalline solids can belong to, depending on their symmetry and lattice structure. The document also provides examples of different unit cell types and discusses how lattice parameters define a unit cell's size and shape.

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55 views29 pages

"Crystal Physics": Submitted By:-Roll No.: - Class

This document discusses crystal physics and the structure of crystalline solids. It defines key concepts like the crystal lattice, basis, unit cell, space lattice, and lattice translation vector. Crystalline solids are classified as those with atoms arranged in a definite, repeated pattern, while amorphous solids lack this organization. There are seven crystal systems that crystalline solids can belong to, depending on their symmetry and lattice structure. The document also provides examples of different unit cell types and discusses how lattice parameters define a unit cell's size and shape.

Uploaded by

sabitri behera
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 29

“CRYSTAL PHYSICS”

SUBMITTED BY:- DINESH SASMAL

ROLL NO.:- 1602010710170038

CLASS:- +3 FINAL YEAR (6th SEMESTER


CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.What is crystal Physics?
3.Definition of solids
4.Classification of solids
I. Crystalline solids
II. Amorphous solids
5.Lattice
6.Basis
7.Space lattice
8.Lattice transaction vector
9.Unit cell

10.Lattice parameter of unit cell

11.Seven crystal system and its possible


variation.
12.Conclusion
INTRODUCTION:
Anything which occupies some space and have some
mass is called matter. It is made up of small particles which have
space between them. The matter particles attached each other
and are in a state of continuous motio.
Many scientists have contributed immensely to know what was
special about the interior of solids. Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686), a
Dutch scientist was the first to study in 1669 that whatever was
the shape and size of the crystals, the angle between the
corresponding faces was the same. At last Abbe (1743-1822), a
French scientist in 1784 studied in detail the fundamental building
block of the crystals.

WHAT IS CRYSTAL PHYSICS:


‘Crystal physics’ or crystallography are the branch of physics
that deals with the study of all possible types of crystals and the of
physical properties of crystalline solid by the determination of
their actual structure by using X-Rays neutrons beams and
electrons beams.
The crystallography is made of crystal and graph. The crystal in
Greek means cold drop or frozen drop. The word “Graph” in Greek
means “I write”.

DEFINITION OF SOLIDS:
Solids are the chemical substances which are characterized by
definite shape and volume, rigidity high density, low
compressibility. the constituent particles (atoms, molecules or
ions) are closely packed and heled together by strong inter particle
process.

Lattice:
If each atom in a crystal structure is replace by a point in space it is
called as lattice and such points is called as lattice point.

(Lattice)
BASIS:
Basis is set of particles- atom, molecules or ions placed on each lattice
point to give rise a crystal. These crystal structure is obtained by joining
each atom or group of atoms to lattice points. Due to the regularity of the
structure, the environment about all the lattice points is identical.
(Basis)

Lattice + Basis = Crystal structure

+ =

(Lattice) (Basis) (Crystal structure)


The solids have been classified into two categories on the
basis of X-Ray diffraction studies.

1. Crystalline solids
2. Amorphous solids

1. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS:

When the constituent atoms of a solid are arranged in a


definite, regular, and repeated geometric pattern through -
out the entire three dimensional network of the crystal, then
the solid is called a crystalline solids.
Ex: Rock salt, Quartz, Mica, Sugar, Calcite, Alum, Ice,
Methanol, Copper Sulphate, Sulphur, Diamond, etc.
PROPERTIES:
The properties of crystalline solids are,
I. In crystalline solids the constituent atoms, ions or the
molecules are arranged in a definite regular geometric
pattern.
II. Crystalline solids possess definite geometric shape.
III. The potential energy of the configuration of the
constituent particles is minimum in the crystalline solids
i.e. they are found in solid state.

IV. There is long range order in the structure of the


crystalline solids.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS:


Depending upon the type of constituent particles the
nature of molecular forces between them, crystalline solids
are divided into 4 categories.
a) Ionic Solid
b) Molecular Solid
c) Covalent or Network Solid
d) Metallic Solid

2. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS:
When the constituent atoms of a solid are not arranged in
definite geometrical pattern but are arranged in a random
manner, then the solid is called an amorphous solid.
Ex: Glass, Cement, Polymers, Rubber, etc.

Properties:
i. These have no definite geometrical shape.
ii. Not bounded by flat surfaces.
iii. Not have equally strong bond.
Space lattice: -
It is a periodic arrangement of points in such space that all the points
have identical surrounding.

(2D Space lattice)


This is a set of imaginary points forming a frame work on which the
actual crystal structure is biased. Hence space lattice is an arrangement of
infinite number of imaginary points in 3- Dimension.

Lattice translation vector: -


To represent lattice point in space a co-ordinate system is required
the lattice has the same appearance when viewed from the position
within the crystal with another position vector are prime vector taking a
common origin.
unit cell: -
A crystal lattice is an array of atom in a periodic manner. To get the
whole crystal structure we have to study a small array of atom. The unit
cell is the smallest gematric figure the repetition of which in 3-dimension
gives the actual crystal structure.
(Simple cubic) (BCC) (FCC)

(Three common unit cell in 3-D)

Characteristics:
 A unit cell is the smallest structural repeating unit of crystalline
solid.

• It is the fundamental unit of crystal lattice which possesses all
the properties of the crystal.

Primitive unit cell:


The unit cell which contain atom or molecules at its corner only
is called as primitive unit cell. The unit cell contains one atom or one
molecule.

Non-primitive unit cell:


Unit cell is said to be non-primitive it contains more than one
atom or molecules.

Lattice parameter of unit cell: -


Unit cell is completely defined the lattice parameters. Each age
of the unit cell is the distance between the atom of same kind and is
known as lattice constant.
simple cubic unit cell: -
Simple cubic unit cell there are atom in each corner of the cell.
Each corner atom is shared by 8 such unit cells. So, the corner atom
shares 1/8th of a single atom.Since there are 8 corners so the unit cell
contributes 1/8*8= 1 atoms.Hence this is a primitive unit cell.

Body centered cubic unit cell: -


In body centered cubic unit cell there are 8 atoms at the corners
in addition to a single atom at the center. So, the total number of
atoms contributed by the corner atom is 1/8*8= 1 atoms.

Hence the total atom in bcc unit cell = 1 atom+1 atom

= 2 atoms

Hence this is a non-primitive unit cell.

(Body centered cubic unit cell)

Face-centered cubic unit cell: -


In face centered cubic unit cell there are 8 atoms at the corner
along with 6 atoms at the center of each face.

So, FCC unit cell contain 1+3= 4 atoms per unit cell. Hence it
is non-primitive unit cell.

Seven crystal system and possible


variation:-
There are about 230 crystals forms, which have been grouped in
to 14 types of space lattice, called Bravais Lattices, on the basis of
there symmetry and seven different crystal systems on the basis of
interfacial angles and axes.

Conclusion:
 Basically, solids are two types that is amorphous and
 crystalline solids.

  Unit cell is the basis of crystal structure.


 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE= CRYSTAL LATTICE + BASIS

 The lattice parameter describes the size and shape of the
unit cell.













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