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Virtual Work Method

Here are the steps to solve this problem using the virtual work method: 1. Draw the real system showing all actual loads 2. Draw the virtual system with a unit load applied at point B in the direction of the desired displacement 3. Divide the beam into segments where properties and loading are continuous 4. Determine the bending moment equation due to real loads for each segment 5. Determine the bending moment equation due to the virtual load for each segment 6. Sum the virtual work terms over all segments using the general virtual work equation ∆ = ∑ (Mvδ/EI) 7. Solve for the total displacement of point B The detailed working and solution would require evaluating the bending

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Ronnel Quinia
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1K views31 pages

Virtual Work Method

Here are the steps to solve this problem using the virtual work method: 1. Draw the real system showing all actual loads 2. Draw the virtual system with a unit load applied at point B in the direction of the desired displacement 3. Divide the beam into segments where properties and loading are continuous 4. Determine the bending moment equation due to real loads for each segment 5. Determine the bending moment equation due to the virtual load for each segment 6. Sum the virtual work terms over all segments using the general virtual work equation ∆ = ∑ (Mvδ/EI) 7. Solve for the total displacement of point B The detailed working and solution would require evaluating the bending

Uploaded by

Ronnel Quinia
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VIRTUAL WORK METHOD

PREPARED BY: ENGR. VILLAMOR D. ABAD JR.


VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
• The principle of virtual work was
developed by John Bernoulli in 1717 and
is sometimes referred to as the unit-load
method.
• It provides a general means of obtaining
the displacement and slope at a specific
point on a structure, be it a beam, frame,
or truss.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


What is WORK?
• The work done by a force acting on a structure is simply
defined as W = F · d; to its point of application in the
direction of the force.
• Work is considered to be positive when the force and the
displacement in the direction of the force have the same
sense and
• Negative when the force and the displacement have
opposite sense.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Energy
Most energy methods are based on the
conservation of energy principle, which states that
the work done by all the external forces acting on a
structure, Ue, is transformed into internal work or
strain energy, Ui, which is developed when the
structure deforms / moves.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Characteristics of Structure
• If the material’s elastic limit is not exceeded, the
elastic strain energy will return the structure to its
undeformed state when the loads are removed.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
• Determines the slopes and deflections using the
principle of work and energy
• The semi-graphical (Geometric) methods
presented in the previous chapters are very
effective for finding the displacements and slopes
at points in beams subjected to rather simple
loadings.
• For more complicated loadings or for structures
such as trusses and frames, it is suggested that
energy methods be used for the computations.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENTS
FOR RIGID BODIES
• If a rigid body is in equilibrium under a
system of forces and if it is subjected to any
small virtual rigid-body displacement, the
virtual work done by the external forces is
zero.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENTS
FOR DEFORMABLE BODIES

• If a deformable structure is in equilibrium under a


virtual system of forces (and couples) and if it is
subjected to any small real deformation consistent
with the support and continuity conditions of the
structure, then the virtual external work done by the
virtual external forces (and couples) acting through
the real external displacements (and rotations) is
equal to the virtual internal work done by the virtual
internal forces (and couples) acting through the real
internal displacements (and rotations).
Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.
WORK-ENERGY THEOREMS

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


EXTERNAL WORK FORCE
• When a force F undergoes a displacement dx in the
same direction as the force, the work done is dWe = F
dx. If the total displacement is x, the work becomes

• The total work W that the force P performs over the


entire displacement Δ is obtained by integrating the
expression of dW as

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


EXTERNAL-WORK MOMENT
• The work of a moment is defined by the
product of the magnitude of the moment M
and the angle through which it rotates, that
is,
dWe = Mdθ
• If the total angle of rotation is radians, the
work becomes

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL WORK
TO STRUCTURES
• mathematical statement of the principle of
virtual forces for deformable bodies.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.
DEFORMATIONS
• Axial Deformation • Temperature
Errors

F = Force
α = Coefficient of Thermal
L = Length Expansion
A = Cross Sectional Area ∆T = Change in Temperature
E = Modulus of Elasticity L = Length

• Fabrication Errors
Too Short ( - )
Too Long ( + )
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
1. Determine Support Reactions of the Real System
2. Create a Virtual System – Place a 1 unit load / moment at
the desired location for the slope / deflection, and determine
its support reactions
3. Determine the member forces for the Real System (with
Real Loadings)
4. Determine the member forces for the Virtual System (with
the virtual 1 load)
5. Tabulate the results for faster solutions
6. Use appropriate equation for axial, temperature, and
fabrication errors. For problems with Temperature /
Fabrication errors, tabulate only the affected members

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


PROBLEMS

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


PROBLEM 1:
Determine the vertical displacement of joint D of the steel
truss shown in the figure. The cross-sectional area of each
member is 300 mm2 and E = 200,000 MPa

Member L (m) F(kN) f (kN) FFL


AB
AD
BC
BD
CD

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


PROBLEM 2:
Determine the total displacement
of joint B of the truss shown in
the figure.

Memb L (m) Area F(kN) fv (kN) fh (kN) FfvL/A FfhL/A


er
AB
AC
BC
BD
CD
Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.
PROBLEM 3:
Determine the vertical deflection at joint C of the truss shown in the
figure due to a temperature drop of 8°C in members AB and BC and a
temperature increase of 30oC in members AF; FG; GH, and EH.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


PROBLEM 4:
Determine the vertical deflection at joint D of the truss shown in the figure
if member CF is 15 mm too long and member EF is 10 mm too short. Use
the method of virtual work.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Seatwork
For the truss shown, determine the following.
A. Female – Vertical displacement of joint D
B. Male – Horizontal displacement of Joint D

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


DEFLECTIONS OF BEAMS BY THE
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD

dWvi = mdθ
dθ =
dWvi = m( )

Wvi =

1(Δ) =
Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
1. Real System Draw a diagram of the beam showing all the
real (given) loads acting on it.
2. Virtual System Draw a diagram of the beam without the real
loads.
If deflection is to be determined, then apply a unit load
at the point and in the direction of the desired deflection.
If the slope is to be calculated, then apply a unit couple
at the point on the beam where the slope is desired.
3. By examining the real and virtual systems and the variation
of the flexural rigidity EI specified along the length of the beam,
divide the beam into segments so that the real and virtual
loadings as well as EI are continuous in each segment.
4. For each segment of the beam, determine an equation
expressing the variation of the bending moment due to real
loading
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
5. For each segment of the beam, determine the equation for
the bending moment due to virtual load or couple
6. Determine the desired deflection or slope of the beam by
applying the appropriate virtual work expression.

Note: If the beam has been divided into segments, then the
integral on the right-hand side can be evaluated by
algebraically adding the integrals for all the segments of the
beam.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Problem 5
Determine the slope at B and the deflection at C of the
given beam.

Segment Origin Limit M m

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Problem 6
Determine the deflection at the midspan of the given beam.

Segment Origin Limit M m

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


DEFLECTIONS OF FRAMES BY THE
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
Wvib =

Wvia =

Wvi = +
0
1(Δ) = +

1(Δ) = Working Equation for Deflection

1(θ) = Working Equation for Rotation

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Problem 7
Determine the rotation and
horizontal deflection of C.
Assume EI is constant and E
=200 GPa, I = 1000 x 106
mm4.

Segment Origin Limit M m

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Problem 8
Determine the total
displacement of point C
of the given frame.

Segment Origin Limit M m

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


Problem 9
Determine the total displacement of point B of the given
beam.
48 kN

Segment Origin Limit M m


AB
BC
CD

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.


REFERENCE
• Kassimali, A.,. (2011). Structural Analysis
SI. 4th ed.: Cengage Learning.

Virtual Work Method| Prepared by: Engr. Villamor D. Abad Jr.

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