CVL313 Structural Analysis

Dr. Aly Emam, PEng.

Email:
E il a.emam@ryerson.ca
@
Office: MON208
Office Hours: Monday 3:00-5:00 pm
Dr. A. Emam

Copyright 2016

Lecture 3

Conjugate Beam Method (review example)

I t d ti to
Introduction
t Energy
E
Methods
M th d
The Principle of Virtual Work
Applications and Solved Examples:
Review
Trusses
Beams
Frames
Examples and Assignment
Dr. A. Emam

 Conjugate Beam method (review example)

Use the conjugate beam method to calculate the vertical
deflection at point B of the beam shown below. EI=3x105 kN.m2.
Relative EI values are shown on the beam.

Dr. A. Emam

Introduction to Energy Methods

Definition of Work
The work
Th
k ddone bby a fforce acting
ti on a structure
t t
is
i
the force times the displacement of it point of
application in the direction of the force.

Total Work

W Pd

= area under force-displacement diagram

0
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Work

Non-linear

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Linear

Independent

Principle of Virtual Work

If a deformable structure is in equilibrium under a virtual
system of forces and if it is subjected to any small real
deformation consistent with the support and continuity
conditions of the structure, then the virtual external work
done by the virtual external forces acting through the real
external displacements is equal to the virtual internal
work done by the virtual internal forces acting through the
real internal displacements.

Virtual external work = Virtual internal work

Wve Wvi
Dr. A. Emam

The Principle of Virtual Work

Virtual system
Vitual External Forces

Virtual Internal Forces

Real externaldiplacement Real Internal Displacement

R l system
Real
t

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Principle of Virtual Work

Application to Trusses
The virtual external work

Wve 1( )
The virtual internal work

Wvi Fv ( )
Axial deformation ()

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FL
EA
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Principle of Virtual Work

Application to Trusses

Wve Wvi
1() Fv ( )
Substitute for ()

1() Fv (

FL
)
EA

The desired deflection () is the

only unknown in the above
equations.
Dr. A. Emam

Principle of Virtual Work

Application to Trusses
Temperature Changes (T)

Fabrication Error (L)

For a virtual unit load

L

1( ) Fv ( )
-

Substitute for (=TL)

1() Fv (TL)
Dr. A. Emam

Substitute for (=L)

1( ) Fv ( L)
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Virtual Work

Application to Trusses
Procedure
1-Real
ea Syste
System
Compute the internal forces (F) for all the members of the truss
due to the real loading system.
2-Virtual System
Remove all the given real loads from the truss.
Apply a unit load at the joint where the deflection is desired and in
the direction of that desired deflection.
Compute all the member forces (Fv) due to this virtual load.
3-Compute deflection
Apply the appropriate Equation above to get the desired deflection.
Dr. A. Emam

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Virtual Work

Application to Trusses (Review)

Zero-Force members of trusses
Analysis is simplified if one can identify those
members that support no loads. We call these
zero-force members.
Two Rules

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 Rule 1
If only two non-collinear members form a truss joint and there
is no external load or support reaction at that joint, then both
members are zero-force members.
E
D
P1
C
A

P2
B

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Proof of Rule 1

E
0

P1
C

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P2

14

 Rule 2
If three members form a truss joint and there is no external
load or support reaction at that joint and two of those
members are collinear then the third member is a zero-force
member.
e be .
E
D
C
A

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B
15

Proof of Rule 2

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Example
Identify the zero force members of the shown truss.

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Virtual Work

Application Examples for Trusses

Example 7.2
Determine the horizontal
deflection at joint G of the
truss shown below by the
virtual work method.

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Example 7.2 (contd)

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10

1( G )
(1 k)( G )

FL
1
Fv ( )
E
A
16,930 k 2 / in

29,000 k / in 2
G 0.584 in

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Example 7.3
Determine the horizontal and vertical deflections at joint B
of the truss shown below by the virtual work method.

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Dr. A. Emam

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Example 7.3 (Contd)

1
F ( FL)
EA
84
(1 kN )( )
kN .m
200(10 )(1,200)(10 )
0.00035 m 0.35 mm
1( )
Bh

v1

Bh

Bh

1
F ( FL)
EA
796.91
kN .m
(1 kN )( )
200(10 )(1,200)(10 )

1( )
Bv

v2

Bv

0.00332 m 3.32 mm
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Bv

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12

Virtual Work

Application to Beams (Theoretical Development)

For the shown beam,
the virtual external
work is given as:
For a virtual unit load

Wve 1()
For a virtual unit rotation

Wve 1( )
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Virtual Work

Application to Beams (Theoretical Development)

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13

Virtual Work

Application to Beams (Theoretical Development)

Recall:
The virtual external work:
For a virtual unit load

For a virtual unit rotation

Wve 1()

Wve 1( )

Apply
A l th
the virtual
i t l workk principle:
i i l

Wve Wvi
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Virtual Work

Application to Beams

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Virtual Work

Application to Beams (Theoretical Development)

Conclusion
For a virtual unit load
L

M M
1( ) v dx
0 EI

For a virtual unit rotation

L

MvM
dx
EI
0

1( )

Mv = moment expression for the virtual system.

M = moment expression
i for
f the
h reall system.
Both expressions have to be continuous in the interval (0 to L)
The desired deflection () or rotation () are
the only unknowns in the above equations.
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Virtual Work

Application to Beams
Procedure
11.
2.

3.
44.
5.

Real System: draw a FBD with the real loading system.

system
Virtual System: remove all the given real loads from the beam,
then apply a unit load (or rotation) at the point and in the
direction of desired deflection (or slope).
Divide the beam into segments ensuring continuity of moment
diagrams as well as EI for both real and virtual systems
F each
For
h segment,
t drive
d i expressions
i
for
f M andd Mv.
Apply the appropriate Equation above to get the desired
deflection or slope.

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 Example 7.6
Determine the slope and deflection at point A of the beam
shown below by the virtual work method.

wx 3
M (at x)
6L

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Example 7.6 (Contd)

M v1 (at x) 1

M v 2 (at x) x

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 Example 7.6 (Contd)

L

M v1M
dx
0 EI

1( A )

1( A )

1 L
wx3

1
(
)dx

6L
EI 0

wL
24EI

M v2 M
dx
EI
0

1( A )

w x4
wL3
A

6 EIL 4
24EI
3

1( A )

1 L
wx3

x
(

)dx

EI 0
6L
L

w x5
wL4
A

6EIL 5
30EI
0

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Example 7.8
Determine the vertical deflection at point D of the beam shown
below by the virtual work method.

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 Example 7.8 (Contd)

450

M
A

9/4

Mv

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Example 7.8 (Contd)

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 Example 7.8 (Contd)

L

MvM
dx
EI
0
1 3 x
16x
1( D ) (75x)dx (75x)dx
EI 0 4
234
1( D )

3
19x
3x

(75x 900)dx (75x)dx

264

0 4

2,193.75 kN.m3
2,193.75
D

EI
(200)(300)
D 0.0366 m 36.6 mm
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Virtual Work

Application to Frames
For a virtual unit load

For a virtual unit rotation

Neglecting shear force contribution

M M
FL
1( ) Fv
v dx
EI
EA

M M
FL
1( ) Fv
v dx
EI
EA

Axial force contribution

Expressions for Mv and M have to be continuous for each

frame segment.
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19

Virtual Work

Application to Frames
For a virtual unit load

For a virtual unit rotation

Neglecting both axial and shear

forces contributions

1( )

M vM
dx
EI

1( )

M vM
dx
EI

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Virtual Work

Application to Frames
Example 7.13
Determine the horizontal deflection at point C of the frame
shown
h
bbelow
l by
b the
th virtual
i t l workk method
th d (neglect
( l t the
th effect
ff t
of axial deformations).

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20

+100
B
B
B
-25

C
C

-25

-175

-175

+7.5

1k

B
A

-7.5 C
-7.5

D
A

Real System (M)

Virtual System (Mv)

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MvM
dx
0 EI

1( C )
1( C )

20
1 15 x
3
2
(1.67 x)dx (7.5 x)(25 12.5 x x )dx
4
EI 0 2
0

15
9,375 k . ft 3
x
(11.67 x)dx
EI
02

C 0.5586 in
C 0.5592 in (if axial deformations are considered)

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21

Application to Frames
Evaluating the integral graphically

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Virtual Work

Application to Frames

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22

Virtual Work

Application to Frames
Example 7.14
Determine the vertical
deflection at point A of
the shown frame by the
virtual work method . Use
the graphical procedure.
(neglect the effect of axial
deformations).

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Example 7.14 contd.

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 Example 7.14 contd.

L

1( A )
0

MvM
dx
EI

For member AB :
L

1
M
Mdx

M v1 M 1 L
v
0
4
Substitute : M v1 5, M 1 87.5 and L 5 to get :
L

M Mdx 4 (5)(87.5)(5) 546.9 kN

v

.m3

(1)

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Example 7.14 contd.

Similarly, for member BC :
L

M Mdx M
v

v1

M 1L

Substitute : M v1 5, M 1 87.5 and L 10 to get :

L

M Mdx (5)(87.5)(10) 4,375 kN

v

.m3

(2)

1
(546.9 4,375) 0.026 m 26 mm
EI
A 26 mm

1( A )

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Example of a composite structure (try)

Using the principle of
virtual work, calculate the
horizontal and the vertical
deflections at point C of
the structure shown
below. The tie rod has an
AE=1.6x104 kN. Both
beams
are inextensible
b
i t ibl
and have EI=2.56x105
kN.m2.
Dr. A. Emam

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Virtual Work

Applications
Examples and Assignment:
1. GA: Problems 7.11, 7.25, 7.29 and 7.45
(time permits).
2. Assignment # 4 will be posted on the
course
cou
se D2L Brightspace.
g space.

Dr. A. Emam

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