The following are the ranks of officials and officers of

the Philippine National Police (PNP). These men and women report to
the following:

The President of the Republic of the Philippines,

Through the office of The Secretary of the Interior and Local

Government, and

The office of The Undersecretary for Public Safety, DILG.

1Current ranking classification (2019–present)

1.1Full set of ranks

2Historical classifications

2.11991–2019 PNP classification

2.2Ranks of the Philippine Constabulary

2.2.1Officers

2.2.2Enlisted constables and NCOs

2.3Integrated National Police

3Informal ranks

Current ranking classification (2019–present)[edit]

As of February 8, 2019, a new ranking classification for the

Philippine National Police was adopted, eliminating confusion of old
ranks. [1] [2] The enabling law for the ranking is Republic Act 11200
which was signed by President Rodrigo Duterte, amending the section of
the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 that
refers to the ranking classification of the Philippine National
Police.[3]

However, the usage of this classification internally by the PNP was

put on hold in March 2019 during the creation of rules and regulations
(IRR) of the rank classification, which determined how each rank would
be officially abbreviated.[4] The new rank abbreviations and the IRR of
the new rank system officially took effect on March 25, 2019.[5][6]

Full set of ranks[edit]

Per the current (2019) rank system, the National Police has no rank
holders of Second Lieutenant, Technical Sergeant, Sergeant and
Patrolman First Class.

Insignia Rank[6]

Police General (PGEN)

Police Lieutenant General (PLTGEN)

Police Major General (PMGEN)

Police Brigadier General (PBGEN)

Police Colonel (PCOL)

Police Lieutenant Colonel (PLTCOL)

Police Major (PMAJ)

Police Captain (PCPT)

Police Lieutenant (PLT)

Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS)

Police Chief Master Sergeant (PCMS)

Police Senior Master Sergeant (PSMS)

Police Master Sergeant (PMSg)

Police Staff Sergeant (PSSg)

Police Corporal (PCpl)

Patrolman / Patrolwoman (Pat)

1991–2019 PNP classification

The Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 or

Republic Act No. 6975 established the Philippine National Police under
the Department of the Interior and Local Government[7], and later
orders of the Department formed the basis for the creation of a common
rank system for the public security forces of the republic, which the
National Police used for over two decades.

Insignia Rank Equivalent rank (2019)

Director General Police General

Deputy Director General Police Lieutenant General

Director Police Major General

Chief Superintendent Police Brigadier General

Senior Superintendent Police Colonel

Superintendent Police Lieutenant Colonel

Chief Inspector Police Major

Senior Inspector Police Captain

Inspector Police Lieutenant

Senior Police Officer IV Police Executive Master

(SPO4) Sergeant

Senior Police Officer III

Police Chief Master Sergeant
(SPO3)

Senior Police Officer II

Police Senior Master Sergeant
(SPO2)

Senior Police Officer I (SPO1) Police Master Sergeant

Police Officer III (PO3) Police Staff Sergeant

 Police Officer II (PO2) Police Corporal

Police Officer I (PO1) Patrolman / Patrolwoman

Ranks of the Philippine Constabulary

Originally the PC used the ranks and insignia of the United

States Army upon its foundation and in its latter years it was
more modelled on Philippine Army but with branch-specific
shoulder board and sleeve insignia.

Officers

Philippine Constabulary Rank (1977-1991)

PC General

PC Lieutenant General

PC Major General

PC Brigadier General

PC/Colonel

PC/Lieutenant Colonel

PC/Major

PC/Captain

PC/First Lieutenant

PC/Second Lieutenant

Enlisted constables and NCOs]

PC/Master Sergeant

PC/Technical Sergeant

PC/Staff Sergeant

PC/Sergeant
PC Corporal

PC Private First Class

PC Private

Integrated National Police[edit]

The defunct Integrated National Police adopted a paramilitary-

styled ranking classification based on Presidential Decree No.
1184 (the Integrated National Police Personnel
Professionalization Law of 1977) issued by then-
President Ferdinand Marcos[8]as part of the joint command it
shared with the PC, which began in 1975.

Rank

Police Brigadier General

Police Colonel

Police Lieutenant Colonel

Police Major

Police Captain

Police Lieutenant

Police Sergeant

Police Corporal

Patrolman First Class

Patrolman / Patrolwoman

Informal rank

Prior to the adoption of the 2019 classification, the police has

informally used military ranks to address to each other; such
as teniente or lieautenant for officers who had recently
graduated from the Philippine National Police Academy while
Chief Superintendents are colloquially referred to as
Generals.[9]

Criminologists Licensure Examination Reviewer

Disyembre 1, 2013 ·

CRIMINALISTICS BOARD QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICES:

1. Generally, spermatozoa may persist in the vagina up to:

A. 6 hours D. 3 days
B. 8 hours E. 5 days
C. 1 day

2. It is the standard number of questions in polygraph

examinations.
A. 12 C. 13
B. 10 D. 8

3. What initiates the combustion of gunpowder in a shell?

A. firing pin C. Primer
B. Trigger D. Bullet

4. The caliber of the gun is:

A. Its barrel length
B. The circumference of the barrel
C. The size of the ammunition used
D. The diameter of the bore

5. It is the equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the

forward movement of the bullet after explosion?
A. Muzzle blast C. Recoil of the gun
B. Velocity D. Velocity

6. The bouncing off or deflection of a bullet from its original

trajectory is:
A. Key hole shot C. Fouling
B. Range D. Ricochet

7. This is an indication that the writer is writing using his

natural writings habits and style and no intention on his part
to alter his writing.
A. Carelessness C. Hesitation
B. Patching D. Blunt starts and stops

8. It is the act of changing the meaning of the document by

means of adding some character.
A. Alteration C. Obliteration
B. Erasures D. A or B

9. In this category of forgery, the forger does not try to copy

a model but writes something resembling what we ordinarily call
a signature.
A. spurious C. traced
B. simulated D. freehand

10. A fully rounded oval and circular form in a letter complete

in an “O” or modified in “BDPR” is
A.Plate
B. Bowl
C. Round
D. Oval

11. Circumstances under which the crime of rape is committed,

EXCEPT:
A. Insertion of a finger into the woman’s genitalia against her
will
B. Carnal knowledge employed by means of "fraudulent
machination"
C. A female inserted her finger into the anus of a male without
his consent
D. A consensual intercourse between a male and another male
E. Consensual intercourse with an 11-year-old child

12. Reclusion Perpetua shall be imposed if the crime of rape is

committed with any of the following aggravating circumstances,
EXCEPT:
A.The victim is a child below seven years
B. The victim is a virgin prior to the assault
C.The offender knows the victim is pregnant
D. The offender is HIV-positive or has AIDS
E.The victim is a religious and is known to the offender as such

13. Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998:

A.Republic Act 8353
B.Republic Act 8505
C.Republic Act 7610
D.Republic Act 9262
E.Republic Act 9208

14. Virginity of the victim is a necessary element in the crime

of:
A. Rape D. Simple seduction
B. Statutory rape E. Sexual harassment
C. Qualified seduction

15. The 1st doctrine in the three-fold principles followed by

courts in evaluating evidence in rape cases. Based on
generalization that “unfounded charges of rape have frequently
been proffered by women actuated by some sinister, ulterior or
undisclosed motive”
A. “Rape is easily fabricated” doctrine
B. “Crime of lust or passion” doctrine
C. Doctrine of tenacious resistance
D. “Normal conduct” doctrine
E. “Assault on chastity, honor or virtue” doctrine

16. Scientific methods of human identification, EXCEPT:

A. Visual identification by relatives
B. Dental identification
C.DNA analysis
D. Fingerprints
E. Comparison of ante mortem and postmortem x-rays

17. An external examination of a dead body without incision

being made:
A. Forensic Autopsy D. Crime Scene Investigation
B. Exhumation E. Hospital Autopsy
C. Postmortem Examination

18. Provisional methods of identification, EXCEPT:

A. Through decedent’s clothing
B. Through decedent’s jewelries
C. Fingerprint identification
D. Identification based on scars or tattoos
E. Visual identification by relatives
19. What metallic object is attached to the free end of the
cylindrical tip of the cartridge case propelled by the expansive
force of the propellant and is responsible in damaging the
target?
A. Bullet C. Primer
B. Gunpowder D. Shell

20. The caliber of the firearm expressed in millimeters belong

to –
A. French system C. European system
B. English system D. None of the above

21. It is the sound created at the muzzle point of the barrel?

A. Muzzle blasts C. Muzzle energy
B. Pull of gravity D. Trajectory

22. A bullet fired from the suspected firearm in a bullet

recovery box to be used for comparison with the crime bullet?
A. Crime bullet C. Test bullet
B. Evidence bullet D. a and b only

23. How many numbers of photographs is needed in photographing

crime scene?
A. 4 photographs C. 8 photographs
B. 12 photographs D. 50 photographs

24. It is the last part of the process to wash down the surface
of the black and white film.
A. Drying C. Washing
B. Stop bath D. Developing

25. The inability of the lens to bring to focus both vertical

and horizontal lines on the same plane.
A. Coma C. Chromatic aberration
B. Astigmatism D. Curvature of field

26. He is considered as an expert in the field of Sub Machine

Gun, also known as Grease Gun, developed in 1941?
A. Col. Calvin H. Goddard C. Gordon Ingram
B. George Hyde D. Samuel Colt

27. Is that part of the shell head on the base which indicate
the name of the manufacturer and year made?
A. Shoulder C. Neck
B. Head stamp D. None of the above

28. Carnal relation with a child below 12 years of age is

considered:
A. Simple seduction D. Statutory rape
B. Qualified seduction E. Incestuous rape
C. Child sexual abuse

29. In prosecutions for rape, evidence of complainant’s past

sexual conduct, opinion thereof or of his/her reputation shall
not be admitted unless, and only to the extent that the court
finds that such evidence is material and relevant to the case:
A. Evidentiary presumptions
B. “Normal conduct” doctrine
C. Doctrine of tenacious resistance
D. Grave abuse of authority
E. Rape shield clause

30. A gigantic catapult that was used to throw a stone?

A. Ballista C. Ballo
B. Ballein D. All of the above

31. All, except one, are firearms that contain rifling?

A. Revolver C. Pistol
B. Rifle D. Musket

32. It is a mechanical operation employed in loading metallic

cartridges which consists in turning over slightly or
compressing the mouth of the metallic shell or case to hold the
bullet in its place.
A. Erosioning C. Crimping
B. Corrosioning D. Impacting

34. If both the right and left little fingers are radial loop
and ridge counting is obtained, what classification formula is
involved?
A. Major Classification C. Key Classification
B. Final Classification D. Secondary Classification

35. In ridge tracing, 3 or more ridges above the right delta is

considered as whorl type of pattern with
A. Inner Tracing C. Meeting Tracing
B. Outer Tracing D. IMO Tracing
36. In taking the fingerprint of dead bodies, were rigor mortis
has already started, what should the operator do?
A.Little massage of the fingers to make them flexible.
B.Submerging the lower part of the forearm in sufficiently hot
water for a minute and rapidly and continuously moving the wrist
and fingers.
C.Soak the fingers in a solution of strong ammonia.
D.Air is injected in the edge of the fingers.

37. Any physical overt act manifesting resistance against the

act of rape in any degree from the offended party, or where the
offended party is so situated as to render her/him incapable of
giving valid consent, may be accepted as evidence in the
prosecution of rape:
A. Evidentiary presumptions in favor of rape victim
B. Doctrine of tenacious resistance
C. Rape shield clause
D. Grave abuse of authority
E. “Assault on chastity, honor or virtue” doctrine

38. Insidious words or machinations used to induce the rape

victim to act in a manner which would enable the offender to
carry out his design:
A. Grave abuse of authority D. Intimidation
B. Threat E. Fraudulent machination
C. Deprived of reason

39. Refers to the size of the bullet grouping on the target?

A. Terminal accuracy C. Terminal energy
B. Terminal ballistics D. Terminal penetration

40. Primer with one flash hole:

A. Boxer type C. Berdan type
B. Lock D. Cup

41. To obtain confession without the use of violence, the

following are defense mechanism to be used, except:
A. Blame others C. Rationalize subject’s action.
B. Minimize the crime D. Gain the subject’s sympathy

42. Which of the following is not included in general rules of

formulating questions?
A. Must be short as possible
B. Must be simple and direct
C. Must not be in the form of accusation
D. Must involve legal terminologies such as rape, murder etc.

43. What is the most satisfactory way of preserving dusted

fingerprints?
A. Photographing C. Lifting
B. Developing D. Dusting

44. Erasures done by mechanical abrasion result in the

translucency of paper. This can be easily detected by
examination with the aid of-
A. Oblique light C. Infra-red light
B. Transmitted light D. Ordinary light

45. It is the process wherein the pen re-inks a written portion

of the line, usually in the opposite direction, such as a
downward movement followed by an upward movement over the
existing line.
A. Retouching C. Shading
B. Patching D. Retracing

46. Which of the following is not the other term for metol?
A. Rhodol C. Plenetol
B. Melon D. Pictol

47. It is the harmonious recurrence of strokes or impulse and is

a quality of movement that produces a natural result.
A. Alignment C. Shading
B. Quality D. Rhythm

48. One of the more popular film developers. This developer

gives full emulsion speed, maximum shadow detail, normal
contrast, and good grain characteristics.
A. Potassium alum C. Kodak microdol
B. D-76 D. Kodak t max

49. In processing Black and White film, what is the first stage
to develop the images on the sensitized film?
A. Shaking C. Developer
B. Washing D. Smudging

50. It is the part of the processing of black and white film.

Which you need to stop the reaction of the developer.
A. Developing C. Using of red light
B. Stop bath D. Drying

51. A cartridge case is referred to as the:

A. Projectile C. Shell
B. Ammunition D. Primer

52. Refers to the actual curve path of the bullet during its
flight.
A. Velocity C. Range
B. Trajectory D. Recoil of the gun

53. Which of the following houses the internal parts of the gun?
A. Frame C. Magazine
B. Yoke D. Barrel

54. It is the quality refers to the ability of a lens to produce

fine detail on film.
A. Lens quality C. Resolve power
B. Fine detail D. Lines per inch pixel

55. The paraffin test is used to:

A. Detect whether the witness is telling the truth
B. To determine whether the deceased person was poisoned
C. Estimate the proximate time of death of the victim
D. Determine whether the suspect has fired a gun recently

56. A super-corrected lens for astigmatism. It has a better

color correction and has the ability to produce the best
definition of image in the photographs.
A. Panchromatic lens C. Orthochromatic lens
B. Achromatic lens D. Process lens

57. What classification formula is involved if you need to

obtain the ridge count of the right and left index, middle and
ring fingers?
A. Major Classification C. Sub-secondary Classification
B. Final Classification D. Secondary Classification

58. A lens used in all fixed focus camera. Basically, it has a

short focal length and greater depth of field.
A. Coma C. Chromatic aberration
B. Fixed focus lens D. Astigmatism
59. These are impressions of the inked finger bulbs that was
transferred to the surface of the paper without rolling motion.
A. Plain Impression C. Rolled Impression
B. Chance Impression D. Real Impression

60. What classification formula is involved if you need to

obtain the ridge count of the first loop appearing on the sets
of patterns excluding the little fingers of both hands?
A. Sub-secondary Classification C. Key Classification
B. Final Classification D. Major Classification

61. What is the level of the camera when photographing crime

scene?
A. Knee level C. Hip level
B. Shoulder level D. Eye level

62. Which is NOT a valid statement regarding postmortem

lividity?
A. It may prove positively that death has occurred.
B. It indicates that death was due to violence.
C. It indicates the position of the body at the time of death.
D. Its color may suggest the cause of death.
E. It may determine how long a person has been dead.

63. For identification purposes of the test chart, following are

information to be place near the beginning of the test chart
before the pneumo tracing, except:
A. Subject’s name, rank and profession
B. Time and date of the examination
D. Signature of the examiner
C. Test or chart number

64. The Primary or Key question is asked by the examiner in

order to resolve a specific subject matter is:
A. Sacrifice Question C. Control Question
B. Relevant Question D. SKY Question

65. The rate of the motor that pulls or drives the chart paper
under the recording pen is:
A. 4 to 8 inches per minute C. 8 to 10 inches per minute
B. 8 to 12 inches per minute D. 6 to 12 inches per minute

66. Which of the following polygraph component records breathing

of the subject?
A. Kymograph C. Cardiosphymograph
B. Galvanograph D. Pneumograph

67. Sometimes a forger spills ink on a document to hide parts he

does not want to be seen. He tries to make this look accidental.
This is an act of –
A. Alteration C. Obliteration
B. Erasure D. Intercalation

68. This alignment defect in typewriting occurs when a character

prints a double impression of lighter to the right or left.
A. Horizontal alignment defect
B. Twisted alignment defect
C. Vertical alignment defect
D. Rebound alignment defect

69. It refers more specifically to a specimen of standard

writing offered in evidence or obtained on request for
comparison with the questioned writing.
A. Writing Habits C. Standards
B. Characteristics D. Exemplars

70. If the subject take medication prior to the polygraph

examination, how many hours should the examiner wait before he
should conduct the examination.
A. 2 hours C. 5 hours
B. 4 hours D. 6 hours

71. In polygraph examination, after the taking of each chart

where should the examiner request the subject to sign?
A. Beginning of the three tracings
B. Across the three tracings
B. Below the cardio tracing
D. Above the pneumo tracing

72. The WAT is concerned with the answer be it “yes” or “no”,

this statement is _______.
A. True C. Either
B. False D. Neither

73. This is one of the camera accessories usually used to keep

the camera steady and this is used when using slow shutter
speed.
A. Mono pod C. speed lights
B. Hand held flash D. tripod

74. What is the result of the photographs when your exposure

system is on the lower or negative side?
A. Medium exposure C. Medium normal exposure
B. Under exposure D. Negative normal exposure

75. In which of the following aspects is forged handwriting most

likely to differ from the genuine writing that the forger
attempts to imitate?
A. Over-all flow or running quality
B. Average height and breadth of letters
C. Starting and finishing tails or extraneous flourishes
D. Width of pen or pencil lines.

76. It is the result of an attempt to transfer to a fraudulent

document an exact facsimile of a genuine writing.
A. Simple forgery C. Traced forgery
B. Simulated forgery D. Cut and paste

77. This class of signature cannot be shown or illustrated to be

fraudulent for the simple reason that no genuine signatures can
be produced for comparison.
A. Forged signatures produced by tracing
B. Forged signatures of fictitious persons.
C. Forged signatures without the attempt to copy a genuine
signature
D. Forged signatures taken by trickery.

78. Invisible markings are used to identify permuted tickets and

lottery receipts. A counterfeit can be detected by means if its
fluorescent qualities through the use if this instrument.
A. Infra-red C. Filter
B. Ultra-violet D. Photomicrography

79. To be able to make a positive identification of a person, a

document examiner must be able to observe the-
A. Characteristics of his handwriting
B. Writing position of the writer
C. Distinguishing individual features of his handwriting
D. Manner on how the writer moves the pen
80. What is the procedure when activating the exposure system of
the camera?
A. focus the camera and press the shutter release button.
B. Focus the camera lens and place the aperture on f5.6 and
shutter speed of 125.
C. Focus the camera and Soft press your shutter release button
to activate the exposure meter
D. none of the above

81. It is one of the help in tracing the age of the document

that is influenced by storage of materials.
A. Watermarks C. Wire marks
B. Discoloration D. Design

82. It is the part of the perspective photography which depicts

the 4 corners of the wall and a top view.
A. Near close up C. Shallow depth of field
B. Mid range photographs D. Over all photographs

83. Which of the following is not a composition of special

powder?
A. 3 grams of Black Powder C. 1 cc of Distilled Water
B. 1 cc of Isopropyl D. 5 grams of TMB

84. Which of the following fingerprint pattern is not a

composite pattern?
A. Central Pocket Loop Whorl C. Accidental Whorl
B. Double Loop Whorl D. Plain Whorl

85. Specimen handwritings consisting of writing or printing

executed from day to day in the course of business, social or
personal affairs.
A. Collected standard C. Specimen signature
B. Evidence signature D. None of these

86. This act may be accomplished by the insertion of word,

phrase, or sentence between two lines of the original writing.
A. Forgery C. Substitution
B. Intercalation D. Obliteration

87. It is one of the categories of forgery wherein the forger

has the skill in imitating the writings of other person.
A. Simple forgery C. Traced forgery
B. Simulated forgery D. Cut and paste
88. In the examination of the standard and questioned
fingerprints the ACE-V method is used. What does E stands for?
A. Examination C. Experimentation
B. Evaluation D. Explanation

89. What is use to develop prints on human skin?

A. Black Powder C. Lycopodium Powder
B. Aluminum Powder D. NInhydrine Powder

90. The part of polygraph machine that records changes of blood

pressure and pulse rate is:
A. Cardiosphymograph C. Kymograph
B. Galvanograph D. Pneumograph

91. How many feet long is the chart paper?

A. 90 ft. C. 80 ft.
B. 100 ft. D. 120 ft

92. The trembling or unstable rotating motion of bullet at the

start of its flight?
A. Gyroscopic stability C. Air resistance
B. Velocity D. Yaw

93. What is the type of bullet intended for target paper

purposes?
A. Hollow point C. Tracer
B. Wad cutter bullet D. Polygonal bullet

94. A center fire cartridge case whose rim diameter is smaller

than the diameter of the body of the case is called __________?
A. tapered cartridge case C. Rimless cartridge case
B. Rebated cartridge case D. Rimmed type

95. Definitive evidence of child sexual abuse, EXCEPT:

A. Healed hymenal laceration
B. Hymenal notch or cleft
C. Presence of spermatozoa in the genitalia
D. Positive for sexually transmitted infection
E. Bruising in the hymen

96. What part of the camera is to be adjusted when photographing

moving subjects?
A. Focusing ring C. Aperture
B. Shutter speed D. Film speed
97. In polygraph examination, the examiner is supposed to ask
relevant question but made a mechanical adjustment prior to the
question, what question should be ask by the polygraph examiner
after the mechanical adjustment?
A. Relevant Question C. Irrelevant Question
B. Control Question D. Knowledge Question

98. The primary evidence in sexual abuse cases:

A. Investigation report
B. Forensic evidence such as seminal stain
C. Medico-legal report
D. Victim’s testimony
E. Psychological report

99. This doctrinal myth in rape proceeds from the erroneous

premise that there is a standard behavior that can be expected
of women during a rape attack and that, in every case, when a
woman’s chastity is threatened she will exert every effort to
protect it, whether by violent resistance, escape attempts or
screams for help.
A. “Filipina of decent repute” doctrine
B. “Crime of lust or passion” doctrine
C. Doctrine of tenacious resistance
D. “Normal conduct” doctrine
E. “Assault on chastity, honor or virtue” doctrine
 Mockboard criminalistics 2 (1)

1. PANPACIFIC UNIVERSITY NORTH PHILIPPINES College of Criminal

Justice Education Urdaneta City, Pangasinan MOCK BOARD
EXAMINATION CRIMINALISTICS INSTRUCTION: SELECT THE LETTER OF THE
BEST ANSWER. 1. In fingerprint work _______ is the term applied
to a specialized study of the sweat gland opening of the
papillary ridges of the skin as a means of identification. a.
Podoscopy c. Chiroscopy b. Poroscopy d. Corography 2. The
process of individualizing human person a. Fingerprint c.
Poroscopy b. Forensic Science d. Personal Identification 3. The
biological equivalent of fingerprint is known as a.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) c. Genes b. Chromosomes d.
Polymerase 4. A combination of two or more different types of
fingerprint patterns such as loop and whorl, a loop and a
central pocket loop, or any combination of two different loops
and a whorl type pattern but it can’t be a combination of a
plain arch or any pattern. a. Plain Whorl c. Lateral Pocket Loop
b. Double Loop d. Accidental Loop 5. A system of classifying of
rolling single fingerprints devised by Henry Battley, former
Chief, New Scotland Yard Fingerprint Bureau. a. Henry System c.
Battley Single Method b. Galton’s System d. Single Fingerprint
Method 6. The placing on a fingerprint cards the results of the
interpretation of all ten patterns, by letters, symbols or
numbers required for each of the rolled prints a. Filling c.
Sequencing b. Blocking out d. Referencing 7. In fingerprint
parlance, it means the location of the finding of a previously
filed duplicate record card of the subject. a. Indention c. Oath
of Indent b. Filing d. Searching 8. Refers to the formula
derived for a complete set of ten fingerprint patterns or the
arrangement of fingerprint record into groups or subgroups for
filling purposes. a. Classification c. blocking out b.
Classification Formula d. Fingerprinting 9. Fingerprints found
at the scene of the crime a. Visible Prints c. Latent Prints b.
Plastic Prints d. Impressions 10. Are strips of skin on the
inside of the end joints of our fingers and thumbs by which
fingerprints are made? They are also called papillary ridges and
epidermal ridges. a. Furrows c. Ridges b. Friction Ridges d.
Epidermis 11. Fragment is a ridge of extremely short length of
not more than a. 3 MM c. 2MM b. 3CM d. 2 CM 12. Bodies which
have been burned or subjected to heat where the skins are hard
and crispy. a. Maceration c. 3rd Degree Burn

2. b. Putrefaction d. Desiccation 13. The taking of fingerprints

of the deceased person for identification purposes. a. Rigor
Mortis c. Mutilation b. Post Mortem Identification d. Maceration
14. The placing of a group of classified fingerprint sets into
their secret filing order before beginning to file or search
them. a. Filing c. Referencing b. Recording d. Sequencing 15.
The 4th division of the Classification Formula is. a. Major c.
Sub-secondary b. Key d. Secondary 16. The type of film that is
sensitive to all colors and most commonly used in investigative
photography is called. a. non-chromatic c. orthochromatic b.
panchromatic d. chromatic 17. The grade of fingerprinting paper
that is used for normal contrast and negative is. a. velox 0 c.
velox 2 b. velox 1 d. velox 4 18. The layer of film where the
images are produced is called a. top layer c. emulsion b. base
d. bottom layer 19. The defect of lens in which light rays focus
at several planes along the optical axis is called a. spherical
of field c. chromatic aberration b. curvature of field d. coma
20. A camera lens that is thicker in the middle and thinner at
both ends is called: a. convex lens c. concave lens b. negative
lens d. diverging lens 21. The range of visibility that
photographic film can record is: a.10-80 mu c. 200-800 mu b.100-
800 d. 400-700 mu 22. To make the latent image in the exposed
film visible, the film is treated in a solution called: a. fixer
c. stop bath b. restrainer d. acid solution 23. The type of film
that contains numerous numbers of large grains of silver halides
that usually develop in groups is called. a. fast film c. color
film b. slow film d. chrome film 24. The type of daylight
wherein objects in open area cast a black shadow when seen in
the photograph is called. a. cloudy dull sunlight c. hazy
sunlight b. cloudy sunlight d. bright sunlight 25. The
combination of blue and green colors will result a. red c.
purple b. yellow d. cyan 26. If the focal length is equal to the
diagonal measure of the image area, the lens is called. a.
normal lens c. telephoto lens b. wide angle lens d. macro lens
27. The determining factor of how wide the area of coverage of a
lens as well as the size of the image that will be produce is
the. a. lens opening c. lens aperture b. depth of field d. focal
length 28. A lens with a variable focal length is known as. a.
normal lens c. wide angle lens b. telephoto lens d. zoom lens

3. 29. Which of the following lens aperture will admit more rays
of light to pass through its medium? a. f 5.6 c. f 4 b. f 16 d.
f 2.8 30. A ray filters having the power to cause some colors to
photograph as light gray or white and other colors to
photographs as dark gray or black is called. a. color filters c.
contrast filters b. polarizing filters d. neutral density
filters 31. If Cesare Lombroso used the first scientific
instrument known as “Hydrosphymograph” in detecting deception,
who is the first person that developed a polygraphic apparatus
which can continuously record the blood pressure, pulse and
respiration of the subject. a. John Larson c. Leonardo Reever b.
Angelo Mosso d. William Macron 32. What is the first test
technique that was developed in conducting polygraph
examination? a. The Relevant-Irrelevant Test Technique known as
the “RI Theory” b. The Backster Zone Comparison Test Technique
c. The Peak-of-the-Tension Test Technique d. The General
Question Test Technique 33. What is the nature of the question
that establishes the NORM of the subject during the test? a.
Irrelevant question c. Control question b. Relevant question d.
Symptomatic question 34. What component of the polygraph
instrument that drives the chart paper during the test. a.
Kymograph assembly c. Cardiograph assembly b. Sphygmograph
assembly d. Galvanograph assembly 35. What is the term used to
identify the chart tracings different from the physiological
norm of the subject during the test, which may caused by
deception or other stimuli. a. Specific Response c. Emotional
Reaction b. Biological Reaction d. Biological Reaction 36. What
is the nature of the question that will be inserted by the
examiner before he will adjust any of the polygraph needled that
plunged up or down while the test is in progress? a. Irrelevant
question c. Control question b. Strong irrelevant question d.
Weak relevant question 37. One of these is considered in
polygraph examination as the cardinal rule in chart
interpretation. a. any deviation form norm requires explanation
b. chart marking is the keynote to accurate chart interpretation
c. specific response must form a deviation form norm d. good
question formulation is the keynote to accurate chart
interpretation 38. As a rule, the result of the polygraph test
is inadmissible as evidence particularly if standing alone. What
then is the use of the polygraph if the result of the test
cannot be used as part of the evidence of a case filed in court?
a. the polygraph is an invaluable aid in investigation b. it
serves as a substitute for investigation c. it is important
because it can detect a lying person d. it is important because
it can determine the guilt or innocent of the subject based on
chart taken. 39. The polygraph is scientifically designed to
record physiological responses of the subject which will be the
basis of the examiner in determining whether he is truthful or
untruthful in answering questions during the test. One of these
however, is a limitation of the polygraph. a. it is not a lie
detector but a scientific diagnostic instrument

4. b. it can scientifically serve as a substitute for an

investigation c. it can determine facts of the case under
investigation d. it can determine the guilt or innocence of the
subject 40. This will serve as authority of the examiner to
examine the subject as well as evidence or proof that subject
voluntarily submits himself to undergo the test. a. signing of
the subject of the statement of consent form. b. signing a
waiver that he is willing to waive his constitutional right to
remain silent c. signing a special power of attorney that he is
willing to undergo the test d. signing a statement that he is
willing to give his personal during the pre-test interview. 41.
Criminalistics pertains to: a. the services of forensic
chemistry b. the services of toxicology c. the services of a
crime laboratory d. the service of a mortuary 42. The technique
whose main principle is absorption is a. electrophoresis b.
chromatography c. microscopy d. photography 43. The technique
that makes use of a high voltage is a. laser technique b.
spectrography c. spectrophometry d. mass spectrometry 44. The
method of analysis that makes use of reagents is a. HPI method
b. wet method c. either A or B d. Neither A nor B 45. In
microscopy a. structure of materials are studied b. as depth of
focus increases, magnification decreases c. either A or B d.
Neither A nor B 46. The study of blood is important in cases of
a. hit and run b. murder c. rape d. all of these 47. Blood is
essentially made of a. only liquid part b. formed elements c.
both A and B d. neither A nor B 48. The term that is given for
the liquid part of blood is a. serum b. plasma c. fibrin d. none
of these 49. To determine choline in human semen, the technique
that is used in the laboratory a. Barberio’s test b. Florence’s
test c. Precipitin test d. Teichman test 50. The antidote for
methanol poisoning is a. ADH b. CH3COOH c. C2H50H d. N-acetyl
51. The ink made of iron ions and nut gall extracts is called a.
nigrosine ink b. logwood ink c. Indian ink d. gallotanic ink 52.
Soot is the active ingredient of what type of ink. a. colored
writing b. Chinese ink c. logwood ink d. gallotanik ink 53. The
only reliable procedure which can be adopted to identify and
compare ballpoint ink is a. TLC b. paper chromatography c. gas
chromatography d. all of these 54. Erasures can be identified by
a. photography b. chemical method c. either A or B d. neither A
or B 55. Another term for invisible ink is a. obliterated ink b.
sympathetic ink c. erased ink d. latent ink 56. The straight
distance between muzzle is called

5. a. trajectory b. range c. gravity d. velocity 57. A carbon

suspension in water that is made stable by the addition of glue
and sometimes added with Prussian blue is called a. gallotanic
ink b. logwood ink c. Indian ink d. ballpen ink 58. Old ink is
differentiated from fresh ink because a. fresh ink is easily
smudged b. old ink takes time to dissolve in water c. both A and
B d. Neither A nor B 59. For metallic poisons a good screening
tests for arsenic, antimony, bismuth, or mercury is a. reinsch
test b. chromatropic acid test c. schiff’s test d. picric acid
paper test 60. Latent fingerprints on mailed letters can be
developed by using a. phenolphthalein solution b. ninhydrin
solution c. dimethyl ether d. dimethyl acetone 61. In collecting
evidence of fingerprint one should a. pack the print in ready –
made boards with nuts and bolts b. ensure that the print-bearing
surface does not come in contact with other surfaces. c. check
that the packet is sealed so that the contain cannot be taken
out of the packet d. all of the above 62. The velocity of the
projectile goes on decreasing with the increasing distance it
transverse due to a. air resistance b. force of gravity c. both
a and b d. neither a nor b 63. The pressure developed in the
cartridge of a firearm is in the range of a. 470-3200 kg∕ square
centimeter b. 350-2500 kg∕ square centimeter c. 250-1700 kg∕
square centimeter d. 150-2000 kg∕ square centimeter 64. A
culprit may carry powder and primer residues which are deposited
a. on the hands b. on the arms c. both a and b d. neither a nor
b 65. When the blood stains have small spike-like projections,
the blood may have dropped from height of a. 1-50 cm b. 50-150
cm c. 150 greater than 150 cm d. none of the above 66. The
presence of excessive metals in the hair such as lead or arsenic
indicates a. chronic poisoning b. acute poisoning c. either a
and b d. neither a nor b 67. Preliminary microscopic examination
is carried out without cleaning or mounting the hair samples
this examination reveals a. color b. contamination c. character
d. all of the above 68. Medullary index is the ratio of the
diameters of the medulla and the hair measured at its thickness
point. One of these is not true about the medullary index a.
Medullary index is greater in women when hair is corresponding
parts of the body are compared b. The male beard hair have
greater medullary index than hair from other parts c. The
medullary index human hair is more than 0.5 d. None of the above
69. The specific gravity of human hair vary a. from 1.3-1.4 b.
from 2.3-2.4 c. from 3.3-3.4 d. from 4.3-4.4 70. Fibers that are
produced through the process of polymerization are called.

6. a. modified fibers b. synthetic fibers c. natural fibers d.

mineral fibers 71. Leucomalachite green applied to a blood stain
will produce a. a strong blue color b. a strong green color c. a
strong red color d. a strong yellow color 72. The bending of
light when light passes from one medium to another such as from
air to water is called a. refraction b. reflection c. either a
or b d. neither a or b 73. Light is made up of small parcels of
energy called a. laser b. photons c. protons d. neutrons 74. In
photography to make a film means a. a positive b. a negative c.
to wash the film d. enlarge the film 75. A camera that contains
a negative roll of film and a positive role of special printing
paper is called a. video camera b. TV camera c. Polaroid camera
d. none of these 76. The determining factor of how wide the area
of coverage of a lens as well as the size of the image that it
will produce is the a. lens opening b. depth of field c. lens
aperture d. focal length 77. A lens with a variable focal length
is known as a. normal lens b. telephoto lens c. wide angle lens
d. zoom lens 78. A curtain with slots for various widths located
immediately in front of the film in which the movement of any of
the slots across the film provides the exposure. a. focal plane
shutter b. between the lens shutter c. before the lens shutter
d. all of these 79. In fingerprint work, the term applied to a
specialized study of the sweat gland opening of the papillary
ridges of the skin as a mean of identification is a. Podoscopy
b. Chiroscopy c. Dactyloscopy d. Poroscopy 80. The chances of
two individuals having the same identical characteristics in the
same relative positions is so remote as to impossibility in the
principle a. Statistical Probability b. Scientific Study c.
Examination of Ridges d Mathematical Calculation 81. Extremely
complex patterns that cannot be assigned definite specific
interpretation are called. a. Approximating Ridges b.
Approximating Deltas c. Approximating Cores d. Approximating
Patterns 82. The system of classifying and rolling single
fingerprints devised by a former chief of the New Scotland Yard
Fingerprint Bureau is called a. Galton’s Fingerprint method b.
Battley’s single Finger Method c. Finder System d. Single
Fingerprint Method 83. In the fingerprint parlance, the term
that indicates the results of the interpretation of all ten
patterns, by letters, symbols, numerals required for each of the
rolled prints is a. Oath of Indent b. Indentation c. Filing d.
Search 84. The term used in Fingerprinting that refers to the
single recurving ridge enclosing one or more ridges or bars or
shot ridges is a. Enclosure b. Recurving Ridge c. Diverging
Ridge d. Envelope 85. When bodies have been burned or subjected
to severe heat where the skin became hard and crisp, this
condition is called. a. Maceration b. Putrefaction c.
Desiccation d. 3rd Degree burn 86. The interference in the
process of respiration in which the supply of oxygen to the
blood or to the tissues has been reduced below the normal level
is called a. asphyxia b. hypochondria c. dementia d. melancholia

7. 87. The fear of an empty room is called a. agoraphobia b.

kenophobia c. potamphobia d. nosemaphobia 88. The site of remote
actions of narcotics, alcohols and cerebral stimulants is the a.
alimentary tract b. heart c. brain d. liver 89. Snake venom
directly affects the a. salivary glands b. mucous membrane c.
blood cells d. peripheral nerves 90. Lethal injection may be in
the form of a. sodium pentothal ∕pancuronium bromide ∕ potassium
chloride b. ditran ∕ PCP ∕ STP c. LSD ∕ morphine ∕ cannabinol d.
Datura∕ iboga ∕ kaba 91. The hallucinogen that is termed as such
because of its Mexican term meaning “pleasurable feeling “is a.
Marijuana b. Peregrina c. Harmala d. Epena 92. The technique
that does not destroy the material it analyzes is a.
Spectrography b. Laser Technique c. X-ray Diffraction d. Neutron
Activation Analysis 93. The poison that acts on the skin or on
the mucous membrane on any part of the body where it is applied
is called a. remote poison b. local poison c. immediate poison
d. cumulative poison 94. The suggested autopsy specimen for
chronic arsenic poisoning is a. fingernail clippings b. hair c.
either a or b d. neither a nor b 95. The average age when
menstruation ceases is a. 46 years b. 50 years c. 55 years d. 60
years 96. One of these is valuable in nearly all types of
poisonings a. spleen b. urine c. fat d. muscle 97. Performing an
act while in the state of natural sleep is a. Somnambulism b.
Mesmerism c. Delirium d. Scmnolencia 98. The antidote for VX
poisoning is a. atropine b. hypo c. fresh air d. alcohol 99. The
poison that leaves cuteneous stains that are distinctly yellow
is a. sulfuric acid b. hydrochloric acid c. nitric acid d.
carbolic acid 100. The stage when the patient passed into a deep
coma is called a. excitement b. stupor c. narcosis d. none of
the above

Personal Identification

Fingerprint - is an impression left by the friction ridge of a human finger

Friction ridge - is a raised portion of the epidermis on the fingers and

toes, the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of one or mo
connected ridge units of the friction ridge skin.These are sometimes known
"epidermal ridges"

Dermatoglyphics - scientific study of fingerprints.

Type of Prints
1. Exemplar - "known prints" - fingerprints deliberately collected from a
subject.
2. Latent - means chance or accidental impression left by the friction ridg
skin on a surface regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the
time of deposition. Although the word latent means hidden or invisible in
modern usage for forensic science.
3.Patent - chance friction ridge impressions which are obvious to the human
eye and which have been caused by the transfer of foreign material from a
finger into a surface.
4. Plastic Print - is a friction ridge impression left in a material that
retains the shape of the ridge detail.
5. Electronic Recording - example, a man selling stolen watches sending
images of them on a mobile phone and those images included parts of his han
in enough detail for police to be able to identify fingerprint patterns.

Notes:

Plantar - refers to feet and toes.

Palmar - refers to finger and palm.

Personalities who significantly contributed to the science of fingerprint.

Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1787 - 1869) - a czech physiologist and professor

of anatomy at the university of Breslau, published a thesis in 1823
discussing 9 fingerprint patterns but he did not mention any possibility of
using fingerprint to identify people.

Georg Von Meisner (1829 - 1905) - German anatomist who studied friction
ridges.

Sir William James Herschel - initiated fingerprinting in India. In 1877 at

Hoogly near Calcutta, he instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts an
deeds to prevent the then rampant repudiation of signatures and he register
government pensioners fingerprint to prevent the collection of money by
relatives after a pensioners death.

Henry Faulds - a Scottish surgeon who in 1880, in a Tokyo hospital, publish

his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal nature. He took up
the study of "skin furrows" after noticing finger marks on specimens of
prehistoric pottery.

Juan Vucetich - an Argentine chief of police who created the first method o
recording the fingerprint of individuals on file, associating this these
fingerprints to the anthropometric system of Alphonse Bertillon.

Alphonse Bertillon - created in 1879 a system to identify individuals by

anthropometric photographs and associated quantitative descriptions.

Edward Richard Henry - UK home secretary who conducted an inquiry into

identification of criminals by measurements and fingerprints. The Henry
Classification System of classifying fingerprint was named after him.

Azizul Hague and Hem Chandra Bose - Indian fingerprint expert who have been
credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification syste
eventually named after their supervisor Sir Edward Richard Henry.

Henry P. deForrest - used fingerprinting in the New York civil service in

1902 and by 1906. Pioneered U.S. fingerprinting.

Nehemiah Grew -(1641 - 1712) - in 1684, this English physician, botanist an

microscopist published the first scientific paper to describe the ridge
structure of the skin covering the fingers and palms.

Marcelo Malphigi - an anatomy professor at the university of Bologna, noted

in his treatise in 1686, ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints, A layer
of skin was named after him "malphigi layer" which is approximately 1.8 mm
thick.

Mark Twain - in his memoir life on the Mississippi 1883, it mentioned a

melodramatic account of a murder in which the killer was identified by a
thumbprint. Twain's novel Pudd'n head Wilson published in 1893 includes a
court room drama that turns on fingerprint identification.

Fingerprint Sensor - is an electronic device used to capture a digital imag

of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan.

Biometrics (Biometric Authentication) - refers to the identification of

humans by their characteristics or traits.

Latent Print - (known as dactyloscopy or hand print identification) - is

the process of comparing two instances of friction ridge skin impressions
from human fingers, palm of the hand, or even toes to determine whether the
impressions could have come from the same individual.

The Most Popular Ten Print Classification System.

1. Roscher System - developed in Germany. Implemented in Germany and Japan.
2. Juan Vucetich System - developed in Argentina. Implemented through out
South America.
3. Henry Classification System - developed in India. Implemented in most
English speaking countries.

In the Henry System of Classification. There are 3 basic fingerprint

patterns.

1. Loop - constitute 60% to 65% of all fingerprint.

Kinds of Loop
1)ulnar Loop
2)radial Loop

2. Whorl - constitute 30% to 35% of all fingerprints.

Kinds of Whorl
1)plain Whorl
2)accidental Whorl
3)double Loop whorl
4)central Pocket Loop Whorl.

3. Arch - constitute 5% of all fingerprints.

Kinds of Arch
1)plain Arch
2)tented Arch
The Basic Fundamentals of Fingerprints are:
1. Permanence - fingerprints never change.
2. Individuality - no two fingerprints are alike.

Characteristics of a Ridge (minutia Features)

1. Ridge Ending - the end of a ridge.
2. Bifurcation - the Y-shaped split of one ridge into
two.
3. Dot - is a very short ridge that looks like a dot.

When is fingerprint ridges formed? ans. formed during the third to fourth
month of fetal development.

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) - is the process of

automatically matching one of many unknown fingerprints against a database
known and unknown prints.

What is a Loop? ans. the ridges enter from one side of the finger, form a
curve and then exit on that same side.

What is a whorl? ans. ridges form circularly around a central point on the
finger.

What is an Arch? ans. the ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in
the center forming an arch and then exit the other side of the finger.

What does a Minutiae Include? ans. It includes the following:

1. Ridge Ending - the abrupt end of a ridge.
2. Ridge Bifurcation - a single ridge that divides into
two ridges.
3. Short Ridge or Independent Ridge - a ridge that
commences, travels a short distance and then
ends.
4. Island - a single small ridge inside a short ridge
or ridge ending that is not connected to all other
ridges.
5. Ridge Enclosure - a single ridge that bifurcates and
reunites shortly afterward to continue as a single
ridge.
6. Spur - a bifurcation with a short ridge branching off
a longer ridge.
7. Crossover or Bridge - a short ridge that runs
between two parallel ridges.
8. Delta - a Y-shape ridge meeting.
9. Core - A U-turn in the ridge pattern.

Forensic Anthropology - forensic discipline that studies human skeletal

remains for identification.

Forensic Odontology - study of dental features to identify a victim when th

body is otherwise unidentifiable.

Personal Identification Reviewer 1

1. The abrupt end of a ridge.

A. Ridge ending
B. Independent ridge
C. Ridge bifurcation
D. Island

2. A single ridge that divide into two ridges.

A. Ridge ending
B. Bridge
C. Spur
D. Ridge bifurcation

3. A Ridge that commences, travels a short distance and then ends.

A. Ridge ending
B. Spur
C. Short ridge
D. Delta

4. A single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is

nor connected to all other ridges.
A. Delta
B. Spur
C. Short ridge
D. Island
5. A single ridge that bifurcates and reunites shortly afterwards
to continue as a single ridge.
A. Cross-over
B. Ridge enclosure
C. Independent ridge
D. Island
6. A bifurcation with short ridge branching off a longer ridge.
A. Core
B. Independent ridge
C. Spur
D. Delta
7. A short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.
A. Bridge
B. Short ridge
C. Ridge enclosure
D. Ridge bifurcation
8. A Y shaped ridge meeting.
A. Delta
B. Cross-over
C. Core
D. Spur
9. A U turn in the ridge pattern.
A. Delta
B. Cross-over
C. Core
D.
Spur
10.Major features of a fingerprint.
A. Minutiae
B. Bridge
C. Divergence ridge
D. Cross-over

Remember the following: Personal Identification

1. Ridge ending -The abrupt end of a ridge.

2. Ridge bifurcation - A single ridge that divide into two ridges.

3. Short ridge - A Ridge that commences, travels a short distance

and then ends.
4. Island - A single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that
is nor connected to all other ridges.

5. Ridge enclosure - A single ridge that bifurcates and reunites

shortly afterwards to continue as a single ridge.

6. Spur - A bifurcation with short ridge branching off a longer ridge.

7. Bridge - A short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.

8. Delta - A Y shaped ridge meeting.

9. Core - A U turn in the ridge pattern.

10.Minutiae - Major features of a fingerprint.

Personal Identification
1. Fingerprint
2. DNA
3. Forensic Anthropology
4. Facial reconstruction
5. Hair comparisons

Answers: Personal Identification

1. A
2. D
3. C
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. A

Personal Identification Reviewer 2

1. It is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the

finger print pattern.
A. Fingerprint
 B. Fingerprint Identification
C. Fingerprint Sensor
D. Electronic Recording

2. It refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics

or traits.
A. Fingerprint
B. Fingerprint Identification
C. Fingerprint Sensor
D. Biometrics

3. A U-turn in the ridge pattern.

A. Island
B. Delta
C. Bridge
D. Core

4. A Y-shape ridge meeting.

A. Delta
B. Island
C. Cross-over
D. Core

5. A short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.

A. Ridge Enclosure
B. Bridge
C. Ridge Ending
D. Cross-over

6. A bifurcation with a short ridge branching off a longer ridge.

A. Spur
B. Ridge Bifurcation
C. Ridge Enclosure
D. Island

7. A single ridge that bifurcates and reunites shortly afterwards

to continue as a single ridge.
A. Spur
B. Ridge Bifurcation
C. Ridge Enclosure
D. Island
8. A single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is
not connected to all other ridges.
A. Ridge Ending
B. Island
C. Cross-over
D. Spur

9. A ridge that commences, travels a short distance and then

ends.
A. Short Ridge
B. Ridge Ending
C. Spur
D. Cross-Over

10. Short Ridge is also known as

A. Spur
B. Bridge
C. Island
D. Independent Ridge

Answer:

1. C
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. D

ersonal Identification Reviewer 3

1. A bridge is also called

A. Spur
B. Island
C. Independent Ridge
D. Cross-Over
2. A single ridge that divides into two ridges.
A. Cross-Over
B. Delta
C. Ridge Bifurcation
D. Island

3. The abrupt end of a ridge.

A. Ridge Ending
B. Short Ridge
C. Island
D. Core

4. Major Features of a fingerprint, using which comparisons of one

print with another can be made.
A. Minutiae
B. Friction Ridge
C. Latent Print
D. Fingerprint Identification
5. A Short Ridge is also known as
A. Spur
B. Core
C. Island
D. Dots

6. Ridges which are significantly shorter than the average ridge

length on the fingerprint.
A. Delta
B. Dot
C. Spur
D. Bridge

7. It is the point at which a ridge terminate.

A. Core
B. Island
C. Delta
D. Ridge Ending

8. Points at which a single ridge split into two ridges.

A. Island
B. Ridge Enclosure
C. Bifurcation
 D. Bridge

9. The ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in the center
forming an arch and then exit the other side of the finger.
A. Loop
B. Arch
C. Whorl
D. Accidental whorl

10. Ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger.

A. Radial Loop
B. Loop
C. Arch
D. Whorl

Answer:

1. D
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. B
10. D

Personal Identification Reviewer 4

1. The Ridges enter from one side of a finger, form a curve and then
exit on that same side.
A. Accidental Whorl
B. Loop
C. Arch
D. Whorl

2. When is fingerprint ridges formed?

A. First to second month of fetal development
B. Second to third month of fetal development
C. Third to fourth month of fetal development
 D. Fourth to fifth month of fetal development

3. It is the process of automatically matching one of many unknown

fingerprints against a database of known and unknown prints.
A. Minutiae
B. Automated Fingerprint Identification System - AFIS
C. Exemplar
D. Electric Recording

4. A basic fundamentals of fingerprints which says that fingerprint

never change.
A. Individuality
B. Permanence
C. Static
D. Variable

5. A basic fundamentals of fingerprint which says that no two

fingerprints are alike.
A. Individuality
B. Permanence
C. Static
D. Variable

6. One of the characteristics of a ridge, The point at which the

ridge terminate.
A. Ridge Ending
B. Bifurcation
C. Dot
D. Island

7. The Y-Shaped split of one ridge into two.

A. Ridge Ending
B. Bifurcation
C. Dot
D. Island

8. It refers to the feet and toes.

A. Palmar
B. Plantar
C. Exemplar
D. Latent
9. It refers to fingers and palms.
A. Palmar
B. Plantar
C. Exemplar
D. Latent

10. It is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger.

A. Dermatoglyphics
B. Latent Print
C. Friction Ridge
D. fingerprint

Answer:

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. D

Personal Identification Definition of Terms

Accidental whorl - relatively rare pattern having 3 or more deltas or all

the characteristics of two or more different pattern types (excluding the
plain arch). This category is used to accommodate those patterns that do no
conform to any of the fingerprint patterns.

Adhesive lifter - any of a variety of adhesive coated materials or tapes us

to lift fingerprints or footwear impressions.They are primarily used to lif
powdered impressions from non-pourous surfaces.

AFIS - (automated fingerprint identification system) enables computers to

make rapid and accurate comparisons between fingerprints and the vast numbe
of fingerprints in police records.
Alternate light source - equipment used to produce visible and invisible
light at various wavelengths to enhance or visualize potential items of
evidence.

Angle - results from two or more ridges converging with one another at a
point.

Anthropometry - method of identification devised by Alphonse Bertillon in t

late 19th century,consisting of a set of body measurements thought to form
unique profile.

Arch - the ridges enter from one side of the finger,rise in the center
forming an arc and then exit the other side of the finger.

Argentina - became the first country to rely solely on fingerprints as a

method of individualization.

Bartillonage - a method of classifying human beings by a set of detailed bo

measurements, invented by Alphonse Bertillon, a clerk in the French Surete
1883 but rendered obsolete by fingerprinting.

Bifurcation - (fork) a single ridge splitting or forking into two branches.

Biometrics - refers to the identification of humans by their

physiological/behavioral characteristics.

Bridges - a connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges

generally right angles.

Central pocket loop - a variation of the plain whorl pattern.Some ridges te

to form a loop pattern that recurves and surround a whorl at the center.

Core - A u-turn in the ridge pattern.Approximate center of the pattern area

Cross over/Bridge - a short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.

Cyanoacrylate fuming - important method for the visualization of latent

fingerprints.Also called "super glue fuming".

Delta - the nearest point nearest the typeline divergence,a characteristic

junction in the looped ridge pattern seen in the fingerprints of
approximately 65% of people.The outer terminal point of the pattern nearest
the type line divergence.A Y-shape ridge meeting.

Dental records - a standard system for classifying a persons teeth accordin

to distribution,displacement, and their appearance together with any gaps o
evidence of remedial work; useful for identifying bodies because of the
virtual indestructibility of the teeth.

Dermis - the layer of the skin just below the epidermis or outer layer.The
dermis has a rich supply of blood vessels,nerves, and skin structures.

Divergence - is the spreading a part of two ridges that have been running
parallel or nearly parallel.

Diverging ridges - diverging ridges are parallel for some distance but then
swing out away from each other.

DNA profile - consists of a set of DNA identification characteristics that

permit the DNA of one person to be distinguishable from that of another
person.

Dot - a very short ridge and means exactly what the word implies.

Double loop - (twinned loop) another type of whorl.In it ,two separate loop
formations are present and may surround each other.

Enclosure,ridge - a single ridge that bifurcates and reunites shortly

afterwards to continue as a single ridge.also known as lakes.

Enhance - to develop or to bring out from a latent form.

Enlargement - a print made from a smaller negative or slide through

magnification.

Epidermis - the outermost non vascular covering of the skin.

Femur - the thighbone which can be measured and used as a guide to the heig
of the person to whom it belong.

Fingerprint pattern type - formed by a series of lines corresponding to

ridges (hills) and grooves (valleys) on the skin of the fingertip.There are
eight basic types of fingerprint patterns.

Fingerprint powder - a powder (silver,gray,black,red, or fluorescent) duste

on a latent print with a brush to enhance or bring out the ridge details of
print.

Fingerprint recognition/Fingerprint identification - refers to the automate

method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints.

Focal point - are found within most pattern areas, usually a delta and core

Forensic odontology - the study of teeth,dentures,and bite marks for the

purpose of obtaining criminal evidence or identifying physical remains or t
source of the bite wounds.

Friction ridge skin - skin on the soles of the feet,palms of the hands, and
fingers of humans ans some primates that form ridges and valleys.Friction
ridge skin forms classifiable patterns on the end joint of the finger.

Horizontal plane - is the ridge directly below an up thrusting or angular

ridge in tented arch pattern,the baseline ridge enters the pattern may rise
slightly and exits on the opposite side from which it enters.

Identikit - the first packaged system for reconstructing the appearance of

suspects face based on a wide choice of drawings of facial features.

Iodine fumes - the oldest method for visualizing latent fingerprints at a

crime scene.

Island - a single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is
not connected to all other ridges.

Langer's lines - structural orientation of the fibrous tissue of the skin

that forms the natural cleavage line present in all body areas but visible
only in certain areas such as the creases of the palms.

Latent print - generally used to describe any type of print found at the
scene of a crime or on evidence associated with a crime.Latent prints are
normally not visible.Some means of development is generally required for
their visualization.
Line of flow - imaginary line between the delta and core in the loop and
whorl patterns.Line of flow is used to determine sufficient recurve in
patterns.

Loop - the ridges enter from one side of a finger,form a curve and then exi
on the same side.

Major criminal prints - a recording of all of the friction ridge skin that
covers the hands.Major criminal prints include fingers,palms,tips of the
fingers and middle joints of the finger on both sides.

Minutiae - the characteristics that make each fingerprint capable of being

differentiated from any other print by a different area of friction
skin.Comparison of latent prints with known prints begins with the overall
pattern.The ridge detail of fingerprints including the ends of the
ridges,their separations, and their relationships to one another constitute
the bases for fingerprint comparison.

Palmar zone - the elevated area just behind the fingers and above the cente
of the palm.This zone has no hair follicles and thus, no apocrine or
sebaceous glands.

Pattern area - is that part of the fingerprint impression used in the

interpretation and classification of a finger.Is that part of a loop or who
in which appear the core,delta, and ridge.

Plain arch - the simplest pattern.The ridges enter on one side,rise to form
wave in the center and exit smoothly on the opposite side.

Plain whorl - a pattern in which one or more ridges form a complete

revolution around the center.Whorls generally have two or more deltas.

Plantar - pertaining to the sole of the foot.

Radial loop - a loop formed as part of a fingerprint pattern that opens

toward the thumb, recurve and then exit on the same side

Ridge count - is the number of ridges intervening between the delta and the
core.
Ridge crossing - a point where two ridge units intersect.

Ridge ending - the point of the ridge's termination.It is considered an

ending ridge only if it terminates within the pattern area.

Rojas murder case - considered the first homicide solved by fingerprint

evidence.

Short ridge - a relative term used to denote a ridge that is not as long as
the average ridge in that specific print.

Spur - a bifurcation with a short ridge branching off a longer ridge.also

known as hooks.

Tented arch - variation of the plain arch.Ridges at the center are thrust
upward in a more abrupt manner similar to the appearance of a tent pole.

Tibia - the shin bone, often used as guide for calculating a persons height

Tracings - are used to breakdown whorl patterns into smaller sub-groupings.

Trifurcation - one single ridge splitting into three-pronged fork-shaped

pattern.

Typelines - the two innermost ridges that surround or tend to surround the
pattern area.The pattern area of a loop surrounded by two diverging ridges.

Ulnar loop - a pattern in which one or more ridges enter on the side towar
the little finger, re-curve and then exit toward the same side.

Visible print - sometimes referred to as a patent print.Made by fingers

stained with colored materials such as blood,ink,paint,grease, or dirt.

Whorls - fingerprint pattern where the ridges turn through at least one
complete circuit.Ridges form circularly around a central point of the finge

Forensic medicine - the science that deals with the application

of medical knowledge to legal question.

Clinical Forensic Medicine - involves an application of clinical

methods for the administration of justice.
Paulus Zacchias - father of legal medicine as well as father of
forensic psychiatry.

Medical Ethics - deals with the moral principles which should

guide members of the medical profession in their dealings with
each other, their patients and the state.

Medical Etiquette - deals with the conventional laws of courtesy

observed between members of the medical profession.A doctor
should behave with his colleagues as he would have them behave
with himself.

Hippocrates - father of medicine, discussed lethality of wounds

and formulated medical ethics.

Forensic Pathology - deals with the study and application of

the effects of violence or unnatural disease in its various
forms in or on the human body, in determining the cause and
manner of death in case of violence, suspicious, unexplained,
unexpected, sudden, and medically unattended death.

Pathology - is the precise study and diagnosis of disease.

Pathologist - a medical doctor who conducts an autopsy.

Autopsy - post mortem examination of a corpse.

Other names of an autopsy

post-mortem examination

necropsy -particularly as to non human body

autopsia cadavarem

obduction

Objectives of Autopsy
1. To find out the time of death.
2. To find out the cause of death.
3. To find out the manner of death, whether
 accidental, suicidal or homicidal.
4. To establish the identity of the body.
5. In new born infants, to determine live birth or
viability.

Exhumation - is the digging out of an already buried body from

the grave.

Disease - is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an

organism.

Cadaver - also called corpse, is a dead human body.

Carcass - dead body of an animal.

Injury - is damage to a biological organism which can be

classified on various bases.

wound - is a type of injury in which the skin is torn, cut, or

punctured or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion.

Classification of wound

open wound - is a break in the skin's surface resulting in

external bleeding.

closed wound - the skin is not broken open and remains intact.

Classification//Categories of open wounds

incised wound - caused by a clean, sharp edged object such as a

knife, razor or a glass splinter.

laceration - irregular tear like wound caused by some blunt

trauma.

abrasion - (grazes) - superficial wound in which the top most

layer of the skin is scraped off. Are often caused by a sliding
fall into a rough surface.
puncture wound - caused by an object puncturing the skin such as
nail.

penetration wound - caused by an object such as a knife entering

and coming out from the skin.

gunshot wound - caused by a bullet or similar projectile driving

into or through the body. There may be two wounds, one at the
site of entry and one at the site of exit generally referred to
as through and through.

Classification/Categories of closed wound

contusions - commonly known as bruises, caused by a blunt force

trauma that damages tissue under the skin.

hematoma - called blood tumor, caused by damage to a blood

vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin.

crush injury - caused by a great or extreme amount of force

applied over a long period of time.

Ante Mortem - before death.

Post Mortem - scientific term for after death.

Cadaver tag - an identification tag attached to the cadaver

containing tag number, name if identified, date/time and place
of recovery, date/time of incident, gender, other pertinent
information and name of the investigator.

In articulo mortis - at the point of death.

Rigor mortis - stiffening of the body after death.

lividity - process through which the body's blodd supply will

stop moving after the heart has stopped pumping it around the
inside of the deceased.

Necrophagus - this type of organism feeds directly on

decomposing tissue.
37 degrees celsius or 98 degrees fahrenheit - average body
temperature.

4 Categories of Death

natural causes

homicide/killing

accidental death

suicide

Vital signs -are measures of various physiological statistics

often taken by health professionals in order to assess the most
basic body functions.

body temperature

pulse rate/heart rate

blood pressure

respiratory rate

Death - cessation of all biological functions that sustains a

living organism.

Causes of death

old age

predation - biological interaction where a predator (organism

that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is
attacked).

malnutrition

disease

accidents

injury
Signs of death

cessation of breathing

cardiac arrest - no pulse

livor mortis - settling of the blood in the lower dependents of

the body.

algor mortis - reduction in body temperature following death.

rigor mortis - the limbs of the corpse become stiff and

difficult to move.

decomposition - reduction into simple form of matter accompanied

by strong unpleasant odor.

Cadaveric Spasm - sudden rigidity of the muscle immediately

after death. A rare form of muscular stiffening that occurs at
the moment of death,persists into the period of rigor mortis and
can be mistaken for rigor mortis.

Other Names of cadaveric Spasm

1. Instantaneous rigor
2. Cataleptic rigidity
3. Instantaneous rigidity
4. Death grip
5. Post Morten spasm

When does the stiffness of death begin to disappear? after 36

hours.

What is the rate of temperature change to a body after

death? after one hour,body temperature drops 1 to 1 1/2 degrees
per hour.

Dying Declaration - is a testimony that would normally barred as

hearsay but may nonetheless be admitted as evidence in certain
kinds of cases because it constituted the last words of a dying
person.

Nemo Morituros Praesumitur Mentiri - a dying person is not

presumed to lie.

Zombie - an animated corpse brought back to life by mystical

means such as witchcraft.

Coffin Birth - (post Morten fetal extrusion) - is the expulsion

of a non viable fetus though the vaginal opening of the
decomposing body of a pregnant woman as a result of the
increasing pressure of the intra abdominal gases.

Code of Hammurabi - King of Babylon (4000 to 3000 BC) is the

oldest known medico legal code.

Bologna, Italy - where the first medico-legal autopsy was done.

Bartolomeo de Varignana - conducted the first medico-legal

autopsy in Italy in 1302.

Fortunato Fedele - an Italian physician who in 1602 published

the first book on forensic medicine.

Inquest - is the legal or judicial inquiry to ascertain a matter

of fact.

Euthanasia - (mercy killing) - it means producing painless death

of a person suffering from hopelessly incurable and painful
disease. It is not allowed by law in the Philippines.

Malingering/Shamming - means conscious, planned feigning or

pretending disease for the sake of gain.

The Rule of Haase - is used to estimate age of fetus.The length

of the fetus in cm. divided by five, is the duration of
pregnancy in months.

Forensic Entomology - is the use of insects and their arthropod

relatives that inhabit decomposing remains to aid in legal
investigations.

What are the 5 stages of insect development?

1. Eggs
2. Larvae
3. Prepupae
4. Pupae
5. Adult fly

What are the 2 methods of biological forensics are concerned

with? entomology and DNA.

Residence time - this defines how long an insect colony has been
at a corpse.

The body farm - used for entomological experiment.This place

exists at the University of Tennessee.

Forensic Medicine Definition of Terms

Abrasion - a skin injury caused by scraping off of superficial skin due to

friction against a rough surface.

Adipocere - a peculiar waxy substance consisting of salts and fatty acids a

formed from the decomposition of corpse tissues, specially in moist habitat
also called grave-wax.

Aedeagus - the reproductive organ of a male insect.

Agnosia - impairment or loss associated with brain injury of the ability to

recognized or comprehend the meaning of stimuli including familiar objects
and and symbols.

Airways - any part of the respiratory tract thought which air passes during
breathing.

Alveolar ducts - the smallest of the lungs airways that connect terminal
bronchioles and alveolar sacs, sometimes called bronchioles.

Alveoli - microscopic air sacs in which gas exchange between the blood and
the lungs occur.

Amnesia - partial or total loss of memory for past experiences.

Anarthria - loss of the ability to form words accurately caused by brain
lesion or damage to peripheral nerves that carry impulses to the articulato
muscles.

Anemia - any condition in which the number of red blood cells, the amount o
hemoglobin, and the volume of packed red blood cells per 100 ml of blood ar
less that normal.It may result from increased destruction of red blood cell
excessive blood loss or decreased production of red cells.

Aplastic anemia - anemia caused by aplasia of bone marrow or its

destruction by chemical agents or physical factors.

Auto immune hemolytic - acquired disorder characterized by

premature erythrocyte destruction owing to abnormalities in the
individuals own immune system.

Hemolytic - anemia caused by hemolysis of red blood cells

resulting in reduction of normal red cell life span.

Iron-deficiency anemia - anemia resulting from a demand on

stored iron greater than can be met.

Megaloblastic anemia - anemia in which megaloblasts are found

in the blood, usually due to a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin
B12.

Microangiopathic hymolytic - a hemolytic process associated

with thrombotic thrombotic purpura, prosthetic heart valve, and
burns. It is visualized in the peripheral blood smear by
fragmentation of the red cells and other bizarre morphology.

Pernicious - a type of megaloblastic anemia due to a deficiency of

vitamin B12, directly linked to absence of intrinsic factor.

Sickle-cell - hereditary chronic anemia in which abnormal sickle or

crescent shaped erythrocytes are present.It is due to the
presence of hemoglobin S in the red blood cells.

Antibody - a protein produced for body defense in response to an antigen.An

antibody is a substance that appears in the plasma or body fluids as a resu
of stimulation by an antigen and will react specificallywith that antigen i
some observable way.

Anticoagulant - a substance such as EDTA that prevent coagulation or clotti

of the blood.

Antigen - a foreign substance, usually a protein, capable of stimulating an

antibody response for body defense.Any substance that when introduced
parenterally into an individual lacking lacking the substance,stimulates th
production of an antibody that when mixed with the antibody react with it i
some observable way.

Aplasia - failure of an organ or tissue to develop normally.

Asphyxia - lack of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide in the body.Asphyxia

may lead to unconsciousness, seizures, damage to various sensory systems an
death.

Asthma - a chronic condition in which constriction (spasm) of the bronchial

tubes occurs in response to irritation, allergy, or other stimuli.

Atherosclerosis - deposition of plaques of cholesterol esters in blood

vessels, resulting in the narrowing of the vessel lumen and
restricting blood flow.

Atrophy - a loss of function due to age, disuse, or disease.

Autism - mental introversion in which thinking is governed by personal

needs and the world is perceived in terms of wishes rather than
reality.Extreme preoccupations with one's own thoughts and fantasies.

Autopsy - a physical examination of the corpse through dissection to

determine cause of death (also necropsy and postmortem).

Bestiality - is a sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal.

Biopsy - a small piece of tissue excised for the purpose of analysis.

Bite mark - a circular or oval patterned injury consisting of two opposing

symmetrical.U-shaped arches separated at their bases by open spaces.Followi
the periphery of the arches are a series of individual abrasions, contusion
or lacerations reflecting the size, shape, arrangement, and distribution of
the class characteristics of the contacting surfaces of the human dentition

Bloat - the transient phase in corpse decomposition that follows the fresh
phase and is characterized by excessive swelling, produced by gases trappe
internally.

Blood group - an immunologically distinct, genetically determined class of

human erythrocyte antigens, identified as A, B, AB, and O.A classification
red blood cell surface antigens, ABO is the best known of the blood group
systems.

Blood type - a way of saying which blood group antigens are present on the
persons red cells.

Bloodborne pathogen - infectious, disease causing microorganism that maybe

found or transported in biological fluids.

Bloodstain - liquid blood that has dried once it has come in contact with a
surface.

Body bag - a heavy waterproof bag usually closed with a zipper and used to
transport a corpse.

Body dump site - the location where an offender disposes of the murder
victim's body.

Bondage - the combining of sadism and masochism.

Bronchi - (singular-bronchus) large divisions of the trachea that convey ai

to and from the lungs.

Bronchiole - a small diameter airway branching from a bronchus.

Bronchitis - inflammation of the mucus membrane of the bronchial tubes,

usually associated with a persistent cough and sputum production.

Bronchospasm - contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi causing the

narrowing of the bronchi.This narrowing increases the resistance or airflow
into the lungs and may cause a shortness of breath typically associated wit
wheezing.

Buccal coitus - (coitus per os or sin of Gomorrah) the male organ is

introduced into mouth, usually of a young child.

Cadaver dog - canines specially trained to find human decomposition scent a

and alert their handlers to its location.

Cadaverine - malodorous chemical compound produced during decomposition.

Cause of death - an injury or disease that ultimately lead to death of the

individual, generally determined by medical examiner or coroner
(pathologists).

Carrion - decaying animal flesh.

Cephalothorax - the anterior body region in some arthropods consisting of t

fused head and thorax.

Cerebellum - the large brain mass located at the posterior base of the brai
responsible for balance and coordination of movement.

Cerebral contusion - bruising of brain tissue marked by swelling and

hemorrhage and resulting in loss of consciousness.

Cerebral edema - swelling of the brain caused by excessive buildup of fluid

in the tissue.

Cerebral infarctions - is an ischemic stroke resulting from a disturbance i

the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain.

Cerebrum - the largest portion of the brain, include the cerebral hemispher
(cerebral cortex and basal ganglia)

Chronic - persistent, prolonged, repeated.

Cirrhosis - a chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells,

inflammation, and fibrous thickening of the tissue, can be cause =d by long
term alcoholism, viral infections, and metabolic disease.

Clitoris - erectile tissue in female analogous to male penis, located above

the urethra and covered by the clitoral hood.

Clot - a thick mass of coagulated liquid, ex. blood.A blood clot is formed
a complex mechanism involving plasma protein, fibrinogens, platelets,and
other clotting factors.

Coagulation - the process of stopping blood flow from a wound or by which

blood forms clot.

Coagulophaty - a disease affecting the blood clotting process.

Code of Hammurabi - is the oldest known medico legal code.

Coma - state of profound unconsciousness from which the patient can not be
aroused.

Concussion - sudden shock to or jarring of the brain which may or may not
cause a loss of consciousness.

Conjunctiva - the delicate mucous membrane that covers the exposed surface
the eyeball and lines of the eyelids.

Contact wound - a wound that results when a small weapon is fired in contac
with the skin.May divided into tight or loose contact wounds based on the
amount of pressure used against the skin.

Contusion - a bruise that is either superficial or internal.An injury cause

by blunt object impact without laceration with surface discoloration due to
subsurface hemorrhaging.An injury to subsurface tissue caused by a blow fro
a blunt instrument that does not break the skin.

Convulsion - is a medical condition where the body muscle contract and rela
rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body.

Cornea - the transparent membrane that cover the colored part of the eye.

Coronary artery - an artery supplying blood to the heart.

Coroner - (medical examiner) (pathologists) an officer responsible for

determining the manner and cause of death.
Corpse - a dead human body, also called cadaver.

Cunnilingus - is the oral stimulation of the female genitalia.

Death - the loss of life characterized by clinically by combined failure of

respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous system activity.

Decomposition - post mortem degenerative rotting of the corpse.Chemical

breakdown, separating compounds into their component parts, includes
breakdown pf proteins by putrefaction, of carbohydrates by fermentation, an
of fats by rancidification.

Decubitus - may be seen as a bedsore that can produce an ulcer in the

body caused by lying long in one position, this pressure necrosis can be
found on elderly patients.

Defense wounds - stab or incised wounds to the hands, wrists, forearms, and
arms that may contain embedded fragments of the weapon.

Delirium - extreme mental excitement marked by defective perception, impair

memory, and rapid succession of confused and unconnected ideas, often with
illusions and hallucinations.

Delusion - firm belief opposed to reality but maintained in spite of srong

evidence to the contrary.

Diatoms - are microscopic, unicellular, silica coated algae.Presence of

diatoms in tissue is a sign of ante-Morten drowning.Diatoms are examined by
acid digestion technique.

Dipsomania - an irresistible desire for alcoholic drinks at periodic

intervals.

Durham rule - an accused person is nor criminally responsible if his unlawf

act is the product of mental disease or mental defect.

Ecchymosis - is the medical term for a subcutaneous purpura larger than 1

centimeter or a hematoma, commonly called a bruise.

Eclampsia - an acute disorder of pregnant and puerperal women, associated

with convulsions and coma.
Embolism - obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or by a bloo
clot.

Endemic - a disease that occurs continuously in a particular population but

has a low mortality rate such as measles.

Endocarditis - inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart.Maybe due t

invasion of microorganisms or an abnormal immunologic reaction.

Epidural hemorrhage - bleeding in the space between the dura matter and sku
or wall of the vertebral canal around the spinal cord.

Epistaxis - hemorrhage from the nose, nosebleed.

Erythrocytes - red blood cells.A type of blood cell that contain a nucleus
all vertebrates but man and that has hemoglobin in the cytoplasm.

Erythroderma - intense, widespread reddening of the skin.

Esophagus - the portion of the digestive canal extending from the throat to
the stomach, also referred to as gullet.

Eunuchs - male prostitutes.

Euthanasia - (mercy killing) it means producing painless death of a person

suffering from hopelessly incurable and painful disease.

Exoskeleton - a skeleton on the outside of the body whose inner walls serve
as a point for the attachment of muscles.

Feces - animal solid waste material discharged from the rectum through the
anus.End product of digestion after absorption of nutrients and re-absorpti
of water.

Felacio - is the oral stimulation or manipulation of the penis either by th

female or male.

Fetichism - sexual satisfaction by contact with articles of opposite sex.

Forensic medicine - is the application of medical knowledge in the

administration of law and justice.
Forensic taphonomy - the study of post-mortem processes affecting human
remains for the purposes of interpreting forensic data.

Fortunato Fedele - an Italian physician who in 1602 published the first boo
on forensic medicine.

Frigidity - is the inability to start or to maintain the sexual arousal

pattern in the female.

Frotteurism - contact with other persons to obtain sexual gratification.

Gangrene - death of tissue due to lack of blood supply.

Gastritis - inflammation of the stomach, characterized by epigastric pain o

tenderness, nausea, vomiting, and systemic electrolyte changes if vomiting
persists.

Glaucoma - a disease of the eye characterized by abnormal and damaging high

pressure in the eye, usually due to a blockage of the channel that normally
allows the outflow of fluid from the eye.

Hematology - branch of biology that deals with blood and blood forming
organs.

Hematoma - accumulation of blood in the tissue due to internal hemorrhaging

tumor of blood caused by leakage from damage blood vessels, it contains
enough blood to form a blood-filled space.

Hemolysis - destruction or dissolution of red blood cells in such a manner

that hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in which the cells are
suspended.

Hemolytic anemia - Any anemia resulting from destruction of red blood cells

Hemophilia A hereditary blood disease characterized by impaired coagulabili

of the blood and a strong tendency to bleed.

Hemoptysis - Coughing and spitting of blood as a result of bleeding from an

part of the respiratory tract.

Hemorrhage - Escape of whole blood from a blood vessel. Abnormal internal

external bleeding. May be venous, arterial, or capillary from blood vessels
into the tissues, or into or from the body.

Herniation - Rupture of tissue into an adjacent space due to internal

pressure or swelling.

Hijrahs - castrated eunuchs.

Homosexuality - means persistent emotional and physical attraction to membe

of same sex.

Hymen - Thin membrane, in females, that separates the external genitalia

from the vagina. The outer surface is a dry, squamous epithelium, and the
inner surface is a moist mucous membrane.

Hypothermia - Having a body temperature below normal.

Hypovolemia - Diminished blood volume.

Hypoxia - Condition in which below-normal levels of oxygen are present in

the air, blood, or body tissues, short of anoxia.

Impetigo - Highly contagious, rapidly spreading skin disorder caused by

staphylococcus or streptococcus and characterized by red blisters. Impetigo
sometimes occurs as a result of poor hygiene.

Inbreeding - Reproduction between related individuals.

Incised wound - Injury produced by a sharp instrument and characterized by

lack of surface abrasion and absence of bridging vessels, nerves, and smoot
margins.

Incision - A wound produced by a sharp-edged instrument or object.

Ischemia - Obstruction of blood flow (usually by arterial narrowing) that

causes lack of oxygen and other bloodborne nutrients.

Ischemia necrosis - Death of cells as a result of decreased blood flow to

affected tissues.

Invertebrate - Any species of animal lacking a back bone.

Impotence - is the inability of a person to perform sexual intercourse.

Jaundice - yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes due to an

accumulation of bile pigments (e.g., bilirubin) in the circulating blood.
Another cause is liver damage caused by hepatitis.

Kleptomania - an irresistible desire to steal articles of little value.

Labia majora - Outer lips to the vagina that are covered by pubic hair afte
menarche (onset of menstruation).

Laceration - A wound produced by a tear in the skin due to application of

blunt force in crushing or shearing.

Livor mortis - A coloration of the skin of the lower parts of a corpse caus
by the settling of the red blood cells as the blood ceases to circulate.

Lymphocyte - A general class of white blood cells that are important

components of the immune system of vertebrate animals.

Maggot - The larva of a higher fly. It sheds its skin twice and has three
growth instars prior to pupariation. A legless larva without a well-develop
head capsule.

Mandible - A mouth organ of invertebrates (especially in the arthropods an

insects) used for seizing, biting, and manipulating food. With vertebrate
organisms, it is recognized as the lower jaw.

Manner of death - A typology of deaths according to whether they are due to

homicide, suicide, accident, or natural causes. Death occurs in one of four
manners: natural, if caused solely by disease; accidental, if it occurs
without apparent intent; suicidal, if caused by the deceased; and homicidal
if someone other than the deceased caused it.

Malingering - (shamming) means conscious, planned feigning or pretending a

disease for the

Masochism - opposite of sadism, derived from the name of Leopold Von Sacher
Masoch, an Austrian novelist, being whipped by his wife used to be a
stimulant for his literary work.
Medical jurisprudence - deals with the legal rights, privileges, duties and
obligations of medical practitioner.

Meningitis - Brain infection involving an acute inflammation of the membran

that cover the brain and spinal cord, characterized by drowsiness, confusio
irritability, and sensory impairments.

Mite - Any arthropod in the order Acari. These are very small to minute
animals having four pairs of legs in the adult stage, but only three pairs
the larva. All mites have chelicerated mouth parts and lack mandibles.

Mummification - The drying, shrinking, and hardening of dead flesh due to

extreme dehydration.

Mutilomania - an irresistible desire to mutilate animals.

Myiasis - The invasion of any living vertebrate animal, including people, b

fly larvae, especially maggots. The description may be further refined to
indicate location affected (e.g., nasal myiasis, rectal myiasis) or the
predisposing cause (e.g., traumatic myiasis in a suppurating wound). Myiasi
may be classified as either primary or secondary (facultative).

Myocardial ischemia - Insufficient oxygen supplies to meet the metabolic

demands of heart muscles.

Myocarditis - Inflammation of the muscles of the heart.

Myoclonus - Involuntary spasm or twitching of a muscle or group of muscles.

Myoglobin - The oxygen-transporting, pigmented protein of muscle resembles

blood hemoglobin in function.

Myotomy - Cutting of muscle; in forensic odontology, cutting facial muscle

to release postmortem rigor mortis.

Necrophagia - necros - corpse, phagia - to eat.

Necrophilia - sexual intercourse with dead body.

Necrophilous - Having a dietary fondness for dead flesh.

Necrosis - Death of one or more cells or a portion of a tissue or organ.

Neoplasm - A new and abnormal formation of tissue such as a tumor or growth

Neuropathy - A disorder of the nervous system; in contemporary usage, a

disease involving the cranial or spinal nerves.

Neuroses - the patient suffer from emotional or intellectual disorder but

does not loss touch with reality.

Osteoarthritis - deterioration in joint integrity connected with use-wear

exacerbated by inflammation and related to reduction in bone density.

Osteomyelitis - Inflammation of the bone especially the marrow caused by a

pathogenic organism.

Osteoporosis - Increased porosity of the bone, seen most often in the

elderly.

Paedophile - (pedophile) is an adult who repeatedly engages in sexual

activities with children below the age of puberty.

Paraphilias - abnormal and unorthodox sex play using unusual objects or par
of the body.

Perimortem - At or near the time of death.

Petechiae - Pinhead-sized (red) dots which are minute hemorrhages found

inside the eyelids and the facial skin; considered by pathologists to be a
sign of strangulation.

Phobia - it is an excessive or irrational fear of a particular object or

situation.

Plasma - The liquid portion of whole blood containing water, electrolytes,

glucose, fats, proteins, and gases. Contains all the clotting factors
necessary for coagulation but in an inactive form. Once coagulation occurs,
the fluid is converted to serum.

Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs.

Postmortem - After death, occurring after death, or pertaining to a

postmortem examination, an autopsy.

Postmortem - artifact Alteration to the body that occurs after death that i
not related to antemortem injury.

Postmortem interval - The period of time between death and corpse discovery

Priapism - painful penile erection in absence of sexual desire.

Pseudo-malingering - A phenomenon whereby a mentally ill individual feigns

the mental illness he or she actually has. The behavior is considered a
temporary ego-supportive device that allows the individual to feel he or sh
has control over the illness.

Psychological autopsy - An attempt to determine the mode of death (whether

accident, suicide, homicide, or natural causes) by an examination of what w
known about the deceased.

Psychopath - a person who is neither insane nor mentally defective but fail
to conform to normal standards of behavior.

Psychoses - they are characterized by withdrawal from reality, living in a

world of fantasy.

Pulmonary edema - Accumulation of extra vascular fluid in the lungs that

impairs gas exchange; usually due to either increased intravascular pressur
or increased permeability of the pulmonary capillaries.

Putrifaction - The foul-smelling, anaerobic decomposition of moist or wet

organic matter by microorganisms. The breakdown of tissues, particularly
proteins, due to enzyme action.

Pyromania - sexual stimulation while seeing flames or destruction of

buildings.

Rigor mortis - The stiffness of the body after death that helps in
reconstructing the time at which death occurred. The progressive rigidity o
a corpse following death, caused by an accumulation of lactic acid in dying
muscle tissues. This is a temporary condition lasting 12 to 36 h.

Sadism - sexual gratification is obtained or increased from acts of physica

cruelty or causing of pain upon one's partner.The term is derived from the
name of a French nobleman Marquis de Sade, infamous for his crimes and
writings.Many of his stories were about sexuality, cruelty, and torture.

Saponification - The conversion of corpse body fat into a curdlike foul-

smelling product called adipocere

Saprophagous - Feeding on dead or decaying plant or animal material, such a

carrion, corpses, dung, or rotting wood.

Satyriasis - incessant sexual desire.

Scoliosis - A lateral curvature of the spine.

Scurvy - A deficiency disease characterized by hemorrhagic manifestations a

abnormal formation of bones and teeth.

Sepsis - Pathologic state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of

microorganisms or their poisonous products in the bloodstream.

Septicemia - Bacteria in the blood system with signs and symptoms of diseas

Sexual oralism - it is the obtaining of sexual pleasure from the applicatio

of the mouth to the sexual organs.

Sodomy - is anal intercourse between two males or between a male and

female.It is also called buggery.It is also called gerontophilia when the
active agent is an adult and paederasty, wen the passive agent is a young b
who is known as catamite.

Tachycardia - Rapid heartbeat (typically greater than 100 beats per minute

Tachypnea - Rapid breathing.

Tattooing - A characteristic pattern in the skin caused by particles of

unburned and partially burned powder from a shotgun blast at very close
range.Also may be called stippling.

Tetany - Condition marked by involuntary muscle contractions or spasms.

Trauma - An injury that is the result of any force such as blunt, sharp, or
penetrating.
Transvestism - trans - opposite, vesta - clothing of eonism.The term is
derived from the name of Chevelier d'Eon Beamont, a Frenchman.It is usually
found in the males who derived sexual pleasure by wearing female dress.

Tribadism - female homosexuality.Sexual gratification of a woman is obtaine

by another woman by simple lip kissing,generalized body contact, deep
kissing, manual manipulation of breast and genitalia, genital apposition,
friction of external genital organs, etc.In some case, artificial penis or
phallus may be used.

Throttling - is manual strangulation.

Undinism - sexual pleasure by witnessing the act of urination.

Vasodilation - Increased diameter of the blood vessels.

Voyeurism - (scoptophilia) peeping tom, sexual enjoyment by watching.

Wheezing - Breathing noisily and with difficulty; usually a sign of spasm o

narrowing of the airways.

Zenana - eunuch with intact genitalia.

Lie Detection and Interrogation

(Polygraph)

Polygraph - popularly referred to as lie detector. - measures and records

several psychological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration an
skin conductivity while the subject is asked ans answers a series of
questions.
- literally means "many writings".
- is derived from two Greek words "Poly"-
which means many and "Graphos"-
which means writing.

blood pressure - is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the wal
of blood vessels and is one of the principal vital signs.

pulse - represents the tactile arterial palpitation of the heartbeat by

trained fingertips. It can also be measured by listening to the heart
directly using a stethoscope.

respiration - the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells
within tissues and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite directio

skin conductivity - also known as Galvanic sin response - is a method of

measuring the electrical conductance of the skin which varies with its
moisture level.

ohmmeter - is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance,

the opposition to an electric current.

galvanometer - an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current.

stimuli - is applied to sensory receptor, it influences a reflex via stimul

transduction.

Personalities who contributed to the development of the polygraph machine.

Cesare Lombroso - he invented in 1895 a device to measure changers in blood

pressure for police case.

John Augustus Larson - a medical student at the University of California at

Berkeley, invented the polygraph in 1921.The device record both blood
pressure and galvanic skin response. Further work on this device was done b
Leonarde Keeler.

Leonarde Keeler - was the co-inventor of the polygraph. He developed the so

called cardio-pneumo psychogram capable of detecting deception and worked o
to produce the modern polygraph.

William Marston - an american who used blood pressure to examine german

prisoners of war.

John Reid - In 1948, developed a device which recorded muscular activity

accompanying changes in blood pressure. He claimed greater accuracy could b
obtained by making the recordings simultaneously with standard blood
pressure, pulse, and respiration recordings.
Two types of present day polygraph instrumentation

analog

computerized - most polygraph examiners now used this.

Types of Questions in a Polygraph Test

1. Control Question - preliminary information question
2. Irrelevant Question -
3. Relevant Question
- In a polygraph test, the types of questions
alternates, the test is passed if the physiological
responses during the probable lie control questions
are larger than those during the relevant
question.

Lie Detection - is the practice of determining whether someone is lying.

Three Basic Approaches To The Polygraph Test

1. The Control Question Test (CQT) - this test
compares the physiological response to relevant
questions about the crime with the response to
questions relating to possible prior misdeeds. This
test is often used to determine whether certain
criminal suspects should be prosecuted or classified
as uninvolved in the crime.
2. The Directed Lie Test (DLT) - this test tries to detect
lying by comparing physiological responses when
the subject is told to deliberately lie to responses
when they tell the truth.
3. The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) - this test
compares physiological responses to multiple choice
type questions about the crime, one choice of which
contains information only the crime investigators
and the criminal would know about.

3 Phases Of A Polygraph Examination

1. Pre-Test Phase - the examiner discusses with the
subject the test issue, review the test questions
that will be ask during the test and assess the
subjects emotional and physiological suitability to
undergo the polygraph test.
2. Testing Phase - subjects physiological responses
are recorded as the subject answers a set of
questions reviewed earlier.
3. Post Test Phase - examiner reviews test data
obtained and interprets the polygraph chart.

Conclusions That A Polygraph Examiner May Reach

1. Subject is telling the truth
2. Subject is not telling the truth
3. The result is inconclusive

* A polygraph test normally lasts between one and a

half hours to two and a half hours.

* Polygraph test result in the philippines is not

admissible in evidence as proof of the guilt of an
accused.

* Polygraph test is voluntary.

* The accuracy of polygraph test is about 90%

provided the examiner is competent and the
polygraph machine is in good working condition.

* Polygraph is an investigative tool.

* The principle behind a lie detection test is that when

the subject hears a questions which he or she
intends to lie, the brain interprets and triggers
automatic and uncontrollable physiological changes
captured by the polygraph.

Who Uses The Polygraph

1. Law Enforcement Agencies
2. Legal Community
3. Private Sector
Kinds of Errors in a Polygraph Test
1. False Positive - occurs when a truthful examinee
is reported as being deceptive.
2. False Negative - when a deceptive examinee is
reported as truthful.

Causes of Polygraph Errors

1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the
examinee for the examination.
2. Misreading of the physiological data on the
polygraph charts.
3. Defective polygraph machine.

Reactions - changes in blood pressure, pulse rate,

breathing and sweat activity.

https://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/lie-detection-
and-interrogation.html