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Finite Element Analysis Plane Strain and Plane Stress Stiffness Equations

This document provides an overview of plane strain and plane stress conditions for finite element analysis. It discusses 2D planar elements that can model these conditions, and the assumptions around long constant structures for plane strain and thin plates for plane stress. It also covers the stress-strain relationships and constitutive matrices for isotropic materials under each condition. Finally, it introduces constant strain triangular (CST) elements as a basic 2D finite element and how their formulation is achieved through minimum potential energy.

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Rajaram Parab
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110 views12 pages

Finite Element Analysis Plane Strain and Plane Stress Stiffness Equations

This document provides an overview of plane strain and plane stress conditions for finite element analysis. It discusses 2D planar elements that can model these conditions, and the assumptions around long constant structures for plane strain and thin plates for plane stress. It also covers the stress-strain relationships and constitutive matrices for isotropic materials under each condition. Finally, it introduces constant strain triangular (CST) elements as a basic 2D finite element and how their formulation is achieved through minimum potential energy.

Uploaded by

Rajaram Parab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Finite Element Analysis

Plane Strain and Plane Stress


Stiffness Equations
by
Dr. Gul Ahmed Jokhio
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources
jokhio@ump.edu.my
Lesson Outcomes

• At the end of this lesson, the student should


be able to:
– Understand plain strain condition
– Understand plain stress condition
– Develop plain strain and plain stress stiffness
equations
2D Planar Elements

• Both the plane stress and the plane strain conditions


can be modelled using 2D plane elements
• 2D Planar Elements are defined by at least 3 nodes in a
two-dimensional plane (x-y plane)
• These elements can be connected at common nodes
and/or along common edges
• Some of the example structures that can be modelled
using 2D elements include long structures with
constant cross-section such as a dam or a pipeline, or
deep beams or plates with holes loaded in plane
2D Planar Elements (Continued)

• It is made sure during the formulation that the


compatibility between nodal displacements is
maintained – this is achieved through ensuring the
selection of a suitable shape function
• Compatibility along common edges is maintained by
choosing proper displacement functions
• These elements are used for:
– Plane Stress Analysis
• Performed for structures loaded in their plane such as plates with
holes etc.
– Plane Strain Analysis
• Performed generally for long structures subjected to constant load
along their length such as dams, culverts, etc.
Plane Stress Condition

• This is a state of stress when all the stresses


act in a single plane i.e. the direct as well as
shear stresses perpendicular to the plane are
zero
• 𝜎𝑍 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0
• Generally thin structural members loaded in
their plane are considered to be in plane
stress condition
Plane Strain Condition

• If there are no strains out of the plane i.e. the strains


perpendicular to the plane being considered, or any
components therefore, are all zero, then this condition
is called the plane strain condition
• 𝜀𝑍 = 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0
• This happens in long bodies with constant cross-
sectional area and loads acting in x or y directions only
with a constant value along the z-direction
• Only a unit thickness of these structures is considered
for analysis because all unit thicknesses except near
the ends of the structure behave identically
2 Dimensional States of Stress and Strain
Principal Stress and Principal Plane
Stress-strain Relationship for Isotropic
Materials (in Plane Stress condition)
• 𝜎 = 𝐷 𝜀
• The matrix 𝐷 is called the stress-strain matrix
or the constitutive matrix
1 𝑣 0
𝐸 𝑣 1 0
• 𝐷 =
1−𝑣 2 1−𝑣
0 0
2
• 𝐸 is the modulus of Elasticity
• 𝑣 is the Poisson’s ratio
Stress-strain Relationship for Isotropic
Materials (in Plane Stress condition)
• For plane strain condition, the D matrix
changes to:
1−𝑣 𝑣 0
𝐸 𝑣 1−𝑣 0
• 𝐷 = 1−2𝑣
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣
0 0
2
Constant Strain Triangular Elements (CST)

• This is a basic 2D finite element


• Its derivation is the simplest among all the 2D
elements
• The strain remains constant throughout the
element; hence the name CST
• The formulation for the CST can most feasibly be
achieved through the principle of minimum
potential energy
• An example employing the CST elements will be
demonstrated in the next lecture
Author Information

Dr. Gul Ahmed Jokhio


is a Senior Lecturer at FKASA, UMP. He completed his PhD from
Imperial College London in 2012.

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