Determinants and Matrices

Determinants and Matrices

1. The rank of a matrix A is said to be r if A a31 x + a32 y + a33 z = b3

satisfies the following conditions. a11 a12 a13
i) There exists an r x r sub-matrix whose Let ∆ = 21 a22 a23
a
a31 a32 a33
determinant is not zero.
b1 a12 a13
ii) The determinant of every (r+1) x (r+1)
∆x = b2 a22 a23
submatrix is zero. b3 a32 a33
2. Minor of a matrix A is the determinant a11 b1 a13
formed by the elements of the matrix left ∆y = a21 b2 a23
after striking out certain rows and columns. a31 b3 a33
3. Consider the system of equations. a11 a12 b1
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ⋯ + a1n xn = b1 ∆z = a21 a22 b2
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ⋯ + a2n xn = b2 a31 a32 b3
⋮ i) If ∆≠ 0, the system is consistent and has
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + ⋯ + amn xn = bm unique solution.
a11 a12 … a1n Solutions are:
Let A = a21 a22 … a2n ∆ ∆y ∆
x = ∆x , y = ∆ , z = ∆z
am1 am2 … amn
a11 a12 … a1n b1 ii) If ∆ = 0 and atleast one of the values
A, B = 21 a22 … a2n b2
a of∆x , ∆y , ∆z is non-zero then the system has
am1 am2 … amn bm no solution.
Let the rank of A be R(A) and rank of [A, B] iii) If ∆ = 0, ∆x = ∆y = ∆z = 0 and
be R [A, B]. atleast one of the (2x2) minor of ∆ is non-
i) The system AX = B is consistent if and zero or atleast one of the element of ∆ is
only if R (A) = R (A, B) non-zero, then the system is consistent and
ii) If R(A) = R (A, B) = n (the number of has infinitely many solutions.
unknowns), then the given system of
equations is consistent and have unique
solutions.
iii) If R(A) = R(A, B) < n then the given
system of linear equations is consistent and
have infinite number of solutions.
iv) If R(A)≠R(A, B), then the given system
is not consistent (inconsistent) and have no
solutions.
4. Consider the system of equations :
a11 x + a12 y + a13 z = b1
a21 x + a22 y + a23 z = b2
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 Determinants and Matrices

5. Homogeneous system of linear equations : 6. Eigen values and Eigen vectors :

A system of homogeneous linear equations For n × n square matrix A the equation | A -
are as follows: λI | = 0 is said to be the characteristic
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ⋯ + a1n xn = 0 equation. The n roots of | A - λI) = 0 are
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ⋯ + a2n xn = 0 calledeigen values (characteristic roots,
⋮ proper values(or) latent roots). Suppose
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + ⋯ + amn xn = b2 λ1 , λ2 , … λn be theeigen values of A,
a11 a12 … a1n corresponding to each value of λr the
a21
Let A = a22 a2n equation AX = λr X has a non-zero solution
⋮
am1 am2 amn vector Xr . It is said to be eigen vector ofA
a11 a12 … a1n
a21 0 corresponding toλr .
A, B = a22 … a2n 0 Properties of Eigen values:
⋮
am1 am2 … amn 0 i) Sum of eigen values is equal to the sum of
Clearly, rank of A = rank of the augmented the main diagonal elements of A (sum of
matrix [A, B]. eigen values = Trace of A)
i) The system of homogeneous equations is ii) Product of eigen values of A = |A|
always consistent and obviously x1 = (determinant of A)
x2=......xn = 0 is a trivial solution. iii) Every square matrix and its transpose
ii) If rank (A, B) = rank A = n (the number have the same eigen values.
of unknowns) then the trivial solution is the iv) If λ1 , λ2 , … λn are eigen values of A.
unique solution. Then,
1 1 1
iii) If rank (A, B) = rank A < n then the a) A−1 has eigen values λ , λ , … λ
1 2 n
system has non-trivial solution. In this case
b) A ±kl has eigen values
|A| = 0
λ1 ±k,λ2 ±k,........λn ± k
Consider the following system of
c) A2 has eigen values as λ12 , λ22 , … λ2n
homogeneous equations.
d) Am has eigen values λ1m , λm m
2 , .....λn
a11 x + a12 y + a13 z = 0
e) kA has eigen values as kλ1 , kλ2 , … kλn
a21 x + a22 y + a23 z = 0
f) The eigen values of a triangular (upper or
a31 x + a32 y + a33 z = 0
a11 a12 a13 lower) matrix are the main diagonal
Let ∆ = a21 a22 a23 elements.
a31 a32 a33 Example:
2 4 5
Homogeneous Eigen values of 0 7 8 are 2, 7 and 1
equations 0 0 1
3 0 0
Eigen values of 5 4 0 are 3, 4 and 7
∆≠0 consistent 6 5 7
∆=0 consistent with x=0, y=0,
with infinitely v) If λ is an eigen values of an orthogonal
z=0 (Trivial 1
many solutions solution) matrix,then λ is also its eigen value.
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 Determinants and Matrices

vi) The eigen values of a real symmetric a11 a12

If A = a a22
matrix are real numbers. 21

vii) Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct Then, characteristic equation is λ2 − S1 λ +

eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are S2 = 0
orthogonal. Where,
viii) If a real symmetric matrix of order 2 S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
has equal eigen values then the matrix is a = a11 + a12
scalar matrix. S2 = | A | (determinant of A)
ix) If λ1 , λ2 , … λn be distinct eigen values Quadratic form:
ofa matrix A, then the corresponding A homogeneous polynomial of second
eigenvectors X1 , X2 , … Xn form a degree in any number of variables is called a
linearlyindependent set. quadratic form.
x) Similar matrices: Any quadratic form may be reduced to
A square matrix B of order n is called canonical form by means of a non-singular
similar to a square matrix A of order n if B = transformations.
S-1 AS for some non-singular matrix S of Let Q = ax 2 + by2 + cz 2 + hxy + fyz +
order n. Similar matrices have the same gzxbe a quadratic form.
eigen values. The corresponding matrix is
1 1
xi) Corresponding to a eigen values of A, coeff. x 2 coeff. xy coeff. xz
there are different eigen roots of A. 2 2
1 1
Corresponding to a eigen vector of a matrix, coeff. xy coeff. y 2 coeff. yz
2 2
there exists only one eigen value. 1 1
7. Cayley - Hamilton Theorem : coeff. xz coeff. yz coeff. z 2
2 2
Every square matrix satisfies its own h g
a 2 2
characteristic equation.
h f
a11 a12 a13 = b
2 2
Let A = 21 a22 a23
a g f
a31 a32 a33 c
2 2
−1
If A is a square matrix of order 3, then its Let X AX be the quadratic form in n
characteristic equation is λ3 − S1 λ2 + S2 λ − variablesx1 , x2 , … xn
S3 = 0 Let rank A = r
Where, The number of positive square terms is
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements i.e., called the index of the quadratic form and is
S1 = a11 + a22 + a33 denoted by s.
∴The number of non-positive terms
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal (negative terms and zero terms) = r - s The
elements. difference between the positive square terms
a22 a23 a11 a13 a11 a12 and the non-positive terms is called the
= a a + a a + a a22
32 33 31 33 21 signature of the quadratic form.
S3 = Determinant of A = |A|
3
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 Determinants and Matrices

∴Signature = s — (r - s) = 2s - r a11 a12 a13

Let A = [aij ] be the matrix of the quadratic D3 = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
form.
⋮
Then,
Dn = A
D1 = a11 = a11
a11 a12
D2 = a a22
21

Nature Eigen value Principal minor method Rank method

method s- index
r - rank
n - order of the
matrix
Positive definite All are positive D1, D2, .......... Dn r = n and
all are positive s=n
Negative All are negative D1, D3, D5……are negative r = n and
Definite D2, D4, D6……are 's = 0
positive i.e., (-1)n Dn> 0
Positive semi All are positive All are positive and atleast r < n and s = r
definite and atleast one is one Di = 0
zero
Negative semi All are negative D1, D3, ....... are negative r < n and s = 0
definite and atleast one isD2, D4 ........are positive
zero atleast one is zero (or) (-1)n
Dn≥0
Indefinite Both positive and Both positive and negative All other cases
negative

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