I-YEAR B.E./B.TECH.

(COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES)

MATRICES AND CALCULUS (MA3151) QUESTION BANK
UNIT – I MATRICES
PART-A
1 State Cayley Hamilton theorem. Also write uses of Cayley Hamilton theorem.
Statement: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
The most important applications of Cayley–Hamilton theorem which are related to the calculation of
inverse and powers of square matrices.
𝟏 𝟎
2 If 𝐀 = [ ], then find 2A2 - 12A +10I. (NOV/ DEC 2019)
𝟎 𝟓
Solution:
| A - I |= 0

.in
2 - 6 + 5 = 0
A2 - 6A + 5I = 0 (By Cayley Hamilton theorem)
Hence, 2(A2 - 6A + 5I) = 0

ng
2A2 - 12A + 10I = 0
 cos θ sin θ 
3 Show that A =   is orthogonal.
− sin θ cos θ
Solution:
 cos θ sin θ  cos θ -sin θ  
AA T =  = 
eri
cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ −cos θsin θ + sin θcos θ  1 0 
=  =I
ine
  
-sin θ cos θ   sin θ cos θ   −sin θcos θ + cos θsin θ sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ  0 1 
cosθ -sin θ   cosθ sin θ   cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ cosθsin θ − cosθsin θ  1 0 
A A=
T
   = =  =I
 sin θ cosθ  -sin θ cosθ  cosθsin θ − cosθsin θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ  0 1 
ng

 AA T = A T A = I  A is orthogonal.
a 4
E

4 Find the constants ‘𝒂’ &‘𝒃’ such that the matrix   has 3 & –2 as its eigen values. (APR/MAY 2018)
1 b
arn

Solution: Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3– 2 = 1 − − − − − (1)
Product of the eigen values = A  (3)(−2) = 𝑎𝑏 – 4
.Le

𝑖. 𝑒. – 6 = 𝑎𝑏 – 4  𝑎𝑏 = −2
 𝑏 = −2/𝑎
𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1  𝑎 + (−2/𝑎) = 1 𝑎2 – 2 = 𝑎 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎2 – 𝑎– 2 = 0
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 = – 1, 2  𝑏 = 2, – 1
w

𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
5 If the product of eigen values of the matrix 𝑨 = [𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 ] is -8, then find the value of 𝒌?
ww

𝟏 𝒌 𝟐
Solution: The product of the eigen values = |𝐴|
|𝐴| = 1(10 − 2𝑘) − 2(6 − 2) − 1(3𝑘 − 5) = −8
⟹ 10 − 2𝑘 − 8 − 3𝑘 + 5 = −8
⟹ 7 − 5𝑘 = −8
Hence, 𝑘 = 3
 1   −2 2 −3 
   2 1 −6  , find the corresponding eigen value.
6 If  2  is an eigen vector of
 
 − 1  −1 −2 0 
 
 1
 
Solution: Let X =  2  be the eigen vector of the matrix corresponding to the eigen value .
 −1
 
The eigen vectors are obtained from the equation 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑋
 −2 2 −3  1  1
    
 2 1 −6  2  =   2 
 −1 −2 0  −1  −1
    
 −2 + 4 + 3    
   
 2 + 2 + 6  =  2 

.in
   
 −1 − 4 + 0   − 
 = 5.

ng
7 If trace and determinant of 2 × 2 is -2 and -35 respectively, then find the eigen values of matrix?
Solution: Let  1 and  2 are two eigen value of the given matrix 𝐴
Trace of A= sum of the eigen values

eri
⟹  1 +  2 = −2…………….. (1)
Determinant of A = Product of the eigen values
⟹  1  2 = −35…………………(2)
ine
Sub (1) ⟹  1 = −2 −  2 in equation (2)
(−2 −  2 ) 2 = −35
(−2 −  2 ) 2 + 35 = 0
ng

𝜆22 + 2𝜆22 − 35 = 0
(𝜆2 − 5)(𝜆2 + 7) = 0
Therefore, 𝜆2 = 5 and -7
E

If the 𝜆2 = 5 then 𝜆1 = −2 − 5 = −7
If the 𝜆2 = −7 then 𝜆1 = −2 + 7 = 5
arn

Hence the eigen values are 5 and -7.

2 1 0
 
If A = 0 3 4 then find the eigen values of A-1 and A2-2I.
8   (APR/MAY 2018)
.Le

 0 0 4 
Solution: In a triangular matrix, the main diagonal values are the eigen values of the matrix.
 2, 3, 4 are the eigen values of 𝐴. Hence the eigen values of A-1 = 1 , 1 , 1 .
w

2 3 4
2 2 2 2
The eigen values of 𝐴 are (2) , (3) , (4) = 4, 9, 16.
ww

The eigen values of 𝐴2-2𝐼 are 4 – 2, 9 – 2, 16 – 2 = 2, 7, 14.

𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
9 Determine whether the given matrix 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟔 𝟎] is Diagonalizable?
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
2 0 0
Solution: The given matrix 𝐴 = [2 6 0] is triangular matrix
3 2 1

 the eigenvalues are 𝜆1 = 2, 𝜆2 = 6 and 𝜆3 = 1.

since eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are linearly independent, A has three
linearly independent eigenvectors and it is therefore diagonalizable.
  2 0 0
 
10 If A =  0 3 0  , then find the eigen values of adjoint of A. (APR/MAY 2019)
 0 0 1 
-1
Solution: We know that, adjoint of A = A A .

A = product of the eigen values = (2)(3)(1) = 6.

1 1
Eigen values of A -1 are , ,1.
2 3
1 1
Eigen values of adjA are (6), (6), (1)(6) = 3, 2, 6 .
2 3

.in
 0 5 − 1
 6  .
11 Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A =  5 1

ng
 −1 6 2 
Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form of A is given by

X T AX = ( x1 x2 x3 )
 0
 5

5
1
− 1
6 
 x1 
x 
eri
 2  = 0 x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + 10 x1 x2 + 12 x2 x3 − 2 x1 x3 .
2 2 2
ine
 −1 6 2   x3 
12 Determine the nature of the following quadratic form𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐𝟑 .
1 0 0 
ng

Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form is

Q = 0 2 0 
0 0 −9 
E

The eigen values of the matrix are 1, 2, -9

arn

Therefore, the quadratic form is indefinite.

Discuss the nature of the quadratic form 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 without reducing it to canonical
13
form.
.Le

2 1 0
Solution:
The matrix of the quadratic form is
Q = 1 3 0 


 0 0 2 
w

The principal sub determinants are

𝐷1 = 2 (+𝑣𝑒)
ww

2 1
𝐷2 = | | = 5(+𝑣𝑒)
1 3
2 1 0
𝐷3 = |1 3 0| = 2(6 − 0) − 1(2 − 0) + 0 = 10
0 0 2
Therefore, the quadratic form is positive definite.
Find the values of 𝝀 so that the QF 𝝀(𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐𝟑 ) + 𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟏 may be positive
14
definite.
  1 1
Solution:
The matrix of the quadratic form is
A= 1  −1
1 −1 
The principal sub determinants are
𝐷1 = 𝜆
𝜆 1
𝐷2 = | | = 𝜆2 − 1 = (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 1)
1 𝜆
 1 1
𝐷3 = 1  −1 = 𝜆(𝜆2 − 1) − 1(𝜆 + 1) + 1(−1 − 𝜆)
1 −1 

.in
= 𝜆3 − 3𝜆 − 2 = (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2)
For positive definite
𝐷1 > 0, 𝐷2 > 0, 𝐷3 > 0

ng
⇒ 𝜆 > 0, 𝜆2 − 1 > 0 , (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2) > 0
⇒ 𝜆 > 0, (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 1) > 0 , (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2) > 0
⇒ 𝜆−2>0

15
⇒ 𝜆>2
Therefore, the quadratic form is positive definite.
eri
Find the matrix whose eigen values are 1,3 and eigen vectors are (𝟏, −𝟏)𝑻 , (𝟏, 𝟏)𝑻 .
ine
0 1
Solution: Since the given eigen vectors ( ) , ( ) are orthogonal
−1 0
By orthogonal reduction
ng

𝑁 𝑇 𝐴𝑁 = 𝐷
𝐴 = 𝑁𝐷𝑁 𝑇
The normalized model matrix
E

0 1
𝑁=[ ]
−1 0
arn

0 1 1 0 0 −1
∴𝐴= [ ][ ][ ]
−1 0 0 3 1 0
0 3 0 −1
=[ ][ ]
−1 0 1 0
.Le

3 0
∴A=[ ].
0 1
Find the nature of the conic 8 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 36 by reducing the quadratic form
16
8 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 to the form AX 2 + BY 2 .
w

 8 −2 
Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form is A =  
ww

 −2 5 
The characteristic equation of A is | A −  I |= 0
8 −  −2
=0
−2 5 − 
(8 −  )(5 −  ) − 4 = 0
 3 − 13 2 + 36 = 0
𝜆2 − 13𝜆 + 36 = 0
( − 4)( − 9) = 0
 The eigen values of A are  = 4, 9
  the canonical form is of the form 4 X 2 + 9Y 2
X2 Y2
 given conic becomes 4 X 2 + 9Y 2 = 36 i.e. + = 1 which is an ellipse.
9 4
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
17 Write down the matrix equation of an ellipse + = 𝟏 is in standard position to the coordinate axis .
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
The equation of an ellipse + = 1 is in quadratic form.
16 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
Hence + =1
16 9
1
0 𝑥
16
⟹ [𝑥 𝑦] [ 1 ] [𝑦] = 1.
0

.in
9
18 If  is the eigen value of the matrix A, then prove that 2 is the eigen value of A2. (APR/MAY2019)
Solution: If X is the eigen vector of the matrix A corresponding to the eigen value , then AX = X. Pre

ng
multiply by A A2 X= A (X)
= (AX)
= ( X)
= 2X
Hence, 2 is the eigen value of A2.
eri
ine
19 Prove that the matrices A and AT have the same Eigen values. (NOV/DEC2019)
Solution: We know that, A = A .
T

 A- I = ( A- I )
T
ng

= ( AT −  I T )
E

= |𝐴𝑇 − 𝜆𝐼 )| (∵ 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑇 )
arn

 A and AT have same characteristic polynomial  A and AT have same characteristic equation.
Hence, A and AT have same eigen values.
1 2
20 Show that the eigen values of −3A−1 are the same as those of A =  
.Le

2 1
1−  2
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is =0
2 1− 
w

 2 − 2 − 3 = 0
( + 1)( − 3) = 0
ww

  = −1,3 are the eigen values of A .

1 1
Now the eigen values of A−1 are , and hence the eigen values of −3A−1 are 3, −1.
−1 3
PART – B
1 1 3
 
1 (i) Verify Caley Hamilton theorem for A =  1 3 −3  . Also find adj( A ) and 𝑨−𝟏 .
 
 −2 −4 −4 
(APR / MAY 18)
 1 3 7
 
(ii) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A=  4 2 3  , hence find A4 and 𝑨−𝟏 .
1 2 1
 
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
2 (i) Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝑨 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎) to express as a linear polynomial
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
in 𝑨 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟖𝑨 − 𝟐𝑨 − 𝟗𝑨 − 𝟑𝟏𝑨 − 𝟑𝟔𝑰.

(ii) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the matrix represented by

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝟖 − 𝟓𝑨𝟕 + 𝟕𝑨𝟔 − 𝟑𝑨𝟓 + 𝑨𝟒 − 𝟓𝑨𝟑 − 𝟖𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨 − 𝑰 when 𝑨 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎).

.in
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
2 1 0
 
(i) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A =  0 2 1 

ng
3
0 0 2
 

eri 𝟎 𝟏
(ii) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix [𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
𝟏]. Determine the algebraic and
𝟎
ine
geometric multiplicity.
4 (i) The Eigen vectors of a 33 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 2,3,6 are (1,0,-
1)T, (1,1,1)T and (1,-2,1)T respectively. Find the matrix A.
ng

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
(ii) Prove that the eigen vectors of the real symmetric matrix 𝑨 = [𝟏 𝟓 𝟏] are orthogonal in pairs
E

𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
 6 −2 2 
arn

 
5 (i) Diagonalize the matrix A =  −2 3 −1 by means of orthogonal transformation.
 
 2 −1 3 
.Le

𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏
(ii) Show that the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 ] is diagonalizable, hence find 𝑴 such that
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
w

𝑴−𝟏 𝑨𝑴 is a diagonal matrix. Then obtain the matrix 𝑩 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟑𝑰

6 (i) Compute the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following system:
ww

𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟏

𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟑
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
(ii) Verify that the eigen vector of the real symmetric matrix 𝑨 = (−𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏) are
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
orthogonal to each other

Reduce the quadratic form 10 x + 2 y + 5 z +6 yz − 10 xz − 4 xy to canonical form by orthogonal

2 2 2

7
reduction. Also find its nature.