Section 2: Protection Functions

This section provides guidance on the application and recommended settings of the 7SR24 protection functions.

2.1 Overall Differential Protection (87)

This section covers the transformer overall differential protections the biased differential and high-set differential
elements. Transformer design limitations necessitate that the protection CTs are located on the line side of the
HV and LV windings, therefore the zone of differential protection covers both transformer windings.

IW1 IW2
W1 W2

The application of differential protection to transformers is complicated by:

The current magnitude change introduced by the transformer HV/LV turns ratio. The current ratio may also
be variable due to the presence of an On-Load-Tap-Changer (OLTC).
The transformer connections which may introduce a phase change between the currents flowing into each
winding of the transformer.
Magnetising inrush current which flows in only one winding of the transformer when energised.

Generally the procedure to calculate relay settings is carried out in the following order:

Establish System Parameters

Transformer rated power
Transformer impedance
Transformer rated voltage
Winding Connections
Transformer OLTC range
HV CT ratio
LV CT ratio

Calculate ICT Settings

ICT Multiplier
ICT vectors

Establish Required Protection Settings

87BD
87HS
Calculate Required Relay Settings
87BD Initial
87 Bias Slope 1

Figure 2-1 Procedure for calculating Overall Differential Protection Settings

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2.1.1 ICT Settings for Current Magnitude Balance
Internal current multipliers are used to adjust the CT secondary currents to accommodate for any mismatch
between the winding 1 and winding 2 CT ratios.
For load or through fault conditions the output of the ICT Multiplier for each winding must be equal,
notwithstanding variations in the OLTC position. Where possible the output of each ICT Multiplier is set to 1A at
transformer full load rating when the transformer OLTC is on its mid-tap position. At mid-tap a balanced relay
should have virtually no differential currents, the bias currents will vary with the load level.
Balancing ICT Multiplier outputs (ICT OUT ) to 1A at transformer rating ensures that the relay operates at the levels
indicated by its differential protection settings. However achieving balance at ICT OUT = 1 is not always possible;
here the effects on settings must be taken into account. The effect of applying ICT OUT < 1 is to de-sensitise
current dependent differential settings, applying ICT OUT > 1 makes the effected elements more sensitive. To
compensate for the resultant ICT OUT value the following settings must be multiplied by ICT OUT :
87HS Setting
87BD Initial
st
87BD 1 Bias Slope Limit
See examples in sections 0 and 2.1.6.

2.1.2 ICT Settings for Vector Group Correction

Internal interposing current transformers are used to correct the CT secondary current phase relationships in line
with any phase change introduced by the transformer connections.
As a general rule, the phase angle ICT Connection setting to correct the phase angle difference is applied to the
star side winding. A table showing the settings to apply for all standard transformer vector groups is included on
the following page.
Note that the choice of interposing CT vector group will modify the effective operating levels of the protection due
to the current distribution for the various fault conditions the effects on settings must be taken into account - see
section 2.1.5.1.
Settings examples included in section 6 cover selected non-standard connection arrangements e.g. where the
primary connections within the protected zone are crossed.

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Interposing CT Selection Guide

Power Transformer Vector Group HV Interposing LV Interposing CT

CT Selection Selection
Yy0, YNy0, Yyn0, YNyn0, Ydy0, Yndy0, Ydyn0, Yndyn0, Dz0 Ydy0,0 Ydy0,0
Yd1, YNd1 Yd1,-30 Yy0,0
Yd1, YNd1 + Earthing Transformer Yd1,-30 Ydy0,0
Yy2, YNy2, Yyn2 YNyn2, Ydy2, YNdy2, Ydyn2, Yndyn2, Dz2 Ydy2,-60 Ydy0,0
Yd3, YNd3 Yd3,-90 Yy0,0
Yd3, YNd3 + Earthing Transformer Yd3,-90 Ydy0,0
Yy4, YNy4, Yyn4, YNyn4, Ydy4, YNdy4, Ydyn4, Yndyn4, Dz4 Ydy4,-120 Ydy0,0
Yd5, YNd5 Yd5,-150 Yy0,0
Yd5, YNd5 + Earthing Transformer Yd5,-150 Ydy0,0
Yy6, YNy6, Yyn6, YNyn6, Ydy6, YNdy6, Ydyn6, Yndyn6, Dz6 Ydy6,180 Ydy0,0
Yd7, YNd7 Yd7,150 Yy0,0
Yd7, YNd7 + Earthing Transformer Yd7,150 Ydy0,0
Yy8, YNy8, Yyn8, YNyn8, Ydy8, YNdy8, Ydyn8, Yndyn8, Dz8 Ydy8,120 Ydy0,0
Yd9, YNd9 Yd9,90 Yy0,0
Yd9, YNd9 + Earthing Transformer Yd9,90 Ydy0,0
Yy10, Yny10, Yyn10, YNyn10, Ydy10, YNdy10, Ydyn10, Yndyn10, Ydy10,60 Ydy0,0
Dz10
Yd11, Ynd11 Yd11,30 Yy0,0
Yd11, Ynd11 + Earthing Transformer Yd11,30 Ydy0,0
Dy1, Dyn1 Yy0,0 Yd11,30
Dy1, Dyn1 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0 Yd11,30
Dy3, Dyn3 Yy0,0 Yd9,90
Dy3, Dyn3 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0 Yd9,90
Dy5, Dyn5 Yy0,0 Yd7,150
Dy5, Dyn5 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0 Yd7,150
Dy7, Dyn7 Yy0,0 Yd5,-150
Dy7, Dyn7 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0 Yd5,-150
Dy9, Dyn9 Yy0,0 Yd3,-90
Dy9, Dyn9 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0 Yd3,-90
Dy11, Dyn11 Yy0,0 Yd1,-30
Dy11, Dyn11 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0 Yd1,-30

1. Y or y denotes an unearthed star connection on the HV or LV side of the transformer.

2. YN or yn denotes an earthed star connection on the HV or LV side of the transformer.
3. D or d denotes a delta connection on the HV or LV side of the transformer respectively.
4. Z or z denotes a zigzag connection of the HV or LV side of the transformer respectively

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2.1.3 Biased Differential (87BD) Settings
The 87BD elements provide differential protection for phase and earth faults. The limiting factors for protection
sensitivity are dictated by the need to ensure protection stability during load or through fault conditions.
Magnitude restraint bias is used to ensure the relay is stable when the transformer is carrying load current and
during the passage of external (out of zone) fault current. As the bias current increases the differential current
required for operation increases.
Harmonic bias is used to prevent relay operation during magnetising inrush current into one winding when the
transformer is first energised.

IW1 IW2

IW1 IW2 2nd Bias

Slope Type

87BD Initial
Setting Bias (Restraint) Current

IW1 IW2 1st Bias

Slope
2 Limit

Figure 2-2: 87BD Characteristic

87BD Initial Setting (0.1 to 2.0 x In)

This setting is selected to ensure stability in the presence of CT and relay errors when low levels of bias current
are present i.e. low load levels.
This is the minimum level of differential current at which the relay will operate
operate. Typically this setting is chosen to
match the on load tap-change range. For example if the tap change range is +10% to 20%, a setting of 0.3In is
selected.

st
87BD 1 Bias Slope Setting (0.0 to 0.7)
Steady state unbalance current will appear in the differential (operate) circuit of the relay due to the transformer
tap position, relay tolerance and to CT measurement errors. The differential current will increase with increasing
load or through fault current in the transformer so, to ensure stability, the differential current required for operation
increases with increasing bias current. The bias slope expresses the current to operate the relay relative to the
biasing (restraint) current.
The Bias slope setting chosen must be greater than the maximum unbalance, it is selected to ensure stability
when through fault or heavy load current flows in the transformer and the tap changer is in its extreme position.
The recommended setting is 1 x the tap change range. As the protection is optimised around the centre tap
position then using the total tap change range includes for a 100% safety margin, this provides contingency for
CT and relay tolerances. For example if the tap change range is +10 to 20%, the overall range is 30% so a 0.3x
setting is chosen.

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 st
87BD 1 Bias Slope Limit Setting (1 to 20 x In)
Above this setting the ratio of differential current to bias current required for operation is increased.
When a through fault occurs, saturation of one or more CTs may cause a transient differential current to be
detected by the relay. The bias slope limit is chosen to ensure the biased differential function is stable for high
through fault currents coinciden
coincident with CT saturation. This setting defines the upper limit of the bias slope and is
expressed in multiples of nominal rated current i.e. the lower the setting the more stable the protection.
The three phase through fault current can be estimated from the transformer impedance. For a typical grid
transformer having a 15% impedance, the maximum through fault will be 1/0.15 = 6.66 x rating. A setting value is
chosen that introduces the extra bias at half of the three phase through fault current level of the transformer, so
6.66/2 = 3.33 and a setting of 3 would be selected as the nearest lower setting available.

nd
87BD 2 Bias Slope Type (Line, Curve)
nd
87BD 2 Bias Slope Setting (1.0 to 2.0 )
These settings are chosen to ensure the biased differential function is stable for high through fault currents
coincident with CT saturation.

87BD Inrush Action

Harmonic bias is used to prevent relay operation during magnetising inrush current into one winding when the
transformer is first energised.
The recommended setting is ENABLED - see section 5.1.

87BD Overfluxing Action

This setting can be used to prevent operation of the 87BD elements in the presence of allowable over-fluxing
conditions - see section 5.2.

87BD Time Delay Setting

A 5ms setting is recommended where the circuit is cabled to ensure stability during resonant conditions.

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2.1.4 Differential Highset (87HS) Settings
The element operates on the differential current measured by the relay.
The 87HS element is generally applied as an unrestrained differential element to provide fast tripping for heavy
internal faults.

IW1 IW2
W1 W2

87HS

87HS Delay

Operate Current

IW1 IW2

Fig. 2-3: Differential Highset Characteristic

87HS Setting (1 to 30 x In)

The 87HS element is set as low as possible but not less than the maximum three phase through fault current and
not less than half the peak magnetizing inrush current.
For almost all applications a setting of 7 or 8 x In has shown to be sufficiently sensitive for internal faults as well
as providing stability during external faults and transient system conditions.
A Differential Highset Setting of 7 x In will be stable for a peak magnetizing inrush levels of 14 x rated current.
Smaller transformers generally will have lower impedance and therefore greater three phase through fault levels
and
d magnetizing inrush currents. A setting of 8 x can be used as CT saturation is reduced as system X/R is
usually very low and the peak level of magnetising current does not usually ever exceed 16 x rating.

87HS Delay Setting

A 5ms setting is recommended to compensate for transient overreach.

87HS Inrush Action

87HS Overfluxing Action

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2.1.5 Example 1 New Installation (90MVA Yd11 Transformer)

Y d
TP1 +10% Turns

TP11
90MVA, Z = 14%, Yd11,
132/33kV +10% to -20% (turns) TP31
-20% Turns

HV LV

Tap
Changer
Connections

A a

C B c

Fig. 2-4 New Transformer Application

W1/W2
Yd11 (30o)

1 A 2 2 B 1
W1 IL1 W2 IL1
5 6 6 5
W1 IL2 W2 IL2
9 10 10 9
W1 IL3 W2 IL3
RSTAB
13 14 18 A 17
IG1 IG2

NLR

NOTES
CTs shown wired to 1A relay inputs
REF protection shown on Star winding
RSTAB = REF Series Stabilising resistor
NLR = REF Non-linear (voltage limiting) resistor

Figure 2-5: AC Connections - Example 1

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Step 1 Selection of Line CT Ratios
CTs with a secondary rating of 1A are preferred as the burden imposed on the CT by the secondary wiring is
reduced in comparison with a 5A rated secondary.

90 10 6
HV load current = 393.6A CT ratio = 400/1A is selected.
3 132,000
90 10 6
LV load current = 1500A CT ratio = 1600/1A is selected.
3 33,000 1.05
Note, the 1.05 factor relates to the tap changer at mid-tap position.

Step 2 Selection of ICT Multiplier Settings

The outputs of the interposing CTs (ICT OUT ) must be balanced for system healthy conditions - where possible the
balance is set at 1.00A at transformer rated current/mid-tap position.

393.6
HV Secondary current = 0.98A HV ICT Multiplier = 1/0.98 = 1.02
400
1500
LV Secondary current = 0.94A LV ICT Multiplier = 1/0.94 = 1.06
1600

90MVA, Z = 14%, Yd11, 132/33kV +10% to -20%

(At mid-tap 132/34.65kV)

400/1 1600/1
393.6A 1500A
Y d

0.98A 0.94A
W1: 1A Terminals W2: 1A
0.98 0.94
X1.02 ICT Multiplier X1.06
1.00 1.00
Yd11 ICT Connection Yy0
W1 W2
Bias Bias

W1 ICTOUT = 1.00 Operate W2 ICTOUT = 1.00

Figure 2-6 ICT Settings Example 1

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Summary of Required Settings

CT/VT CONFIG >

W1 Phase Input 1A
W1 Phase CT Ratio 400:1
W2 Phase Input 1A
W2 Phase CT Ratio 1600:1

FUNCTION CONFIG>
Gn Differential Enabled
Gn Inrush Detector Enabled

>
Gn W1 ICT Multiplier 1.02
Gn W1 ICT Connection Yd11
Gn W2 ICT Multiplier 1.06
Gn W2 ICT Connection Yy0
(Note that the above settings produce ICT OUT = 1.00)

> 87BD >

Gn 87 BD Element Enabled
Gn 87BD Initial: 0.3 x In (0.3 x ICT OUT )
Gn 87BD 1st Bias Slope: 0.3x (OLTC = +10% to -20%)
Gn 87BD 1st Bias Slope Limit: 4 x In (1/0.14 x 0.5 = 3.6 x ICT OUT )
Gn 87BD 2nd Bias Slope Type: Line (Default value)
Gn 87BD 2nd Bias Slope: 1.5x (Default value)
Gn 87BD Delay: 0.005s
Gn 87BD Inrush Action: Inhibit
Gn 87BD Overfluxing Action: Off

DIFFERENTIAL > 87HS >

Gn 87HS Element Enabled
Gn 87HS Setting: 8 x In (> I 3PH THRU FAULT i.e. 1/0.14 = 7.14 x ICT OUT )
Gn 87HS Delay: 0.005s
Gn 87HS Inrush Action: Off
Gn 87HS Overfluxing Action: Off

SUPERVISION > INRUSH DETECTOR >

Gn81HBL2 Element Enabled
Gn 81HBL2 Bias Cross (Default value)
Gn 81HBL2 Setting 0.2 x I (Default value)

OUTPUT CONFIG>OUTPUT MATRIX>

87BD BOn, Ln
87HS BOn, Ln

OUTPUT CONFIG>BINARY OUTPUT CONFIG>

CB1 Trip Contacts BOn
CB2 Trip Contacts BOn

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2.1.5.1 Example 1 Further Analysis

Having established settings to ensure stability under load, transient and external fault conditions the following
considers the operating for internal fault conditions is affected by the
ICT Multiplier and ICT Connection settings applied:

W1 Internal Earth Fault

Yd11 (30o)
A-E Fault

1.00 1.00

x 1.02 ICT Multiplier x 1.06

1.02 1.02 ICT Connection

0.589 A
B
B
0.589 C
B

O O
87T

87HS O O

Figure 2-7: Relay Currents - Star Winding Internal Earth

Notes
A- E fault causes current to flow in the A and C elements

Relay may indicate A and C faults

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W1 Internal Phase-Phase Fault

Yd11 (30o)
B-C Fault

1.00
1.00

x 1.02 ICT Multiplier x 1.06

1.02 1.02 ICT Connection

0.589
B
A
1.178
B
B
0.589
B
C

O O O
87T

87HS O O O

Figure 2-8: Relay Currents - Star Winding Internal Phase Fault

Notes
B - C fault causes current to flow in the A, B and C elements

Relay may indicate three phase fault

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W2 Internal Earth Fault

A-E Fault
Yd11 (30o)

1.00 1.00

x 1.02 ICT Multiplier x 1.06

ICT Connection 1.07 1.07

A B 1.07

B
C

O
87T

87HS O
1.07

Figure 2-9: Relay Currents - Delta Winding Internal Earth Fault

W2 Internal Phase-Phase Fault

Yd11 (30o) B-C Fault

1.00
1.00

x 1.02 ICT Multiplier x 1.06

ICT Connection 1.07 1.07

A
B B
1.07

C B
1.07

O O
87T

87HS O O

Figure 2-10: Relay Currents - Delta Winding Internal Phase Fault

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Table 2-1 summarises the implications of using Yd or Yy interposing CTs.

Table 2-1 The Effect of ICT Selection on Protection Settings

CT HV LV
Secondary ( ICT: Yd11, x 1.02) ( ICT: Yy0, x 1.06)
Current W1 ICT OUT = W2 ICT OUT =
3-Phase
A = 1A A = 1.02A A = 1.06A
B = 1A B = 1.02A B = 1.06A
C = 1A C = 1.02A C = 1.06A
B C
A=0 A = 0.589A A=0
B = 1A B = 1.178A B = 1.06A
C = 1A C = 0.589A C = 1.06A
A E
A = 1A A = 0.589A A = 1.06A
B=0 B=0 B=0
C=0 C = 0.589A C=0

The above analysis covers current distributions for internal faults. The table illustrates that the Yd ICT has the
effect of:
Modifying the amplitude of the ICT OUT currents
Changing current distribution
The above factors must be considered during any analysis of protection operations and indications.

A similar analysis can be carried for external (through) fault conditions. However as the protection settings already
ensured stability for the maximum through fault condition (3-phase fault) this is not necessary.

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