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Porosity Log Scales

The document discusses porosity log scales and how to derive porosity values from different well logs. It provides examples of scaling density, neutron, and sonic logs and outlines rules for determining porosity in clean versus shaly zones using a combination of logs. The document also demonstrates visual analysis of porosity using defined bed boundaries and log cross-plotting.

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126 views6 pages

Porosity Log Scales

The document discusses porosity log scales and how to derive porosity values from different well logs. It provides examples of scaling density, neutron, and sonic logs and outlines rules for determining porosity in clean versus shaly zones using a combination of logs. The document also demonstrates visual analysis of porosity using defined bed boundaries and log cross-plotting.

Uploaded by

Hcene Hcen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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POROSITY LOG SCALES

All porosity logs have been recorded in such a fashion as to deflect to the left when apparent
porosity increases. To distinguish between shale and porous reservoir rock, we need to
observe the SP and GR curves as well as the porosity curves. Visual analysis for porosity
needs a holistic approach - you cannot analyze a single log curve in isolation.

Some logs have a porosity scale determined at the time of logging. This scale may or may not
be appropriate for the rocks that were logged. Some logs have a scale that must be
transformed into an apparent porosity scale. If logs are not recorded on porosity scales, or
scales are inappropriate, it is convenient to label the required porosity scale on the log.

The table below illustrates approximate porosity scales for a number of individual logs. These
values could be memorized so that the analyst can derive approximate porosity at any time
without reference to chartbooks or calculators. Porosity obtained in this manner will
presumably be too high as no shale correction has been made. A mental deduction for the
amount of shale, estimated from the gamma ray or SP log, should be included prior to
finalizing any visual interpretation.

Density and neutron logs can be displayed on sandstone scales or Limestone scales,
regardless of rock type. This is a function of a switch setting in the logging truck, which allows
a sandstone scale to be run in limestone rocks and vice-versa. If the scale name (e.g.
sandstone) does not coincide with the rock type (e.g. limestone), the rules in the table above
should be applied to derive the appropriate scale. When using charts or calculators as
opposed to visual methods, use the rules pertaining to those methods.

Porosity found by scaling the log in porosity units is termed the Total Porosity (PHIt), and will
vary for each log, AND IS NOT THE FINAL ANSWER. NOTE: GAS AND SHALE AFFECT THE
APPARENT POROSITY, SO POROSITY DETERMINED BY SCALING THE LOG IS MERELY THE
FIRST STEP IN A VISUAL INTERPRETATION

EXAMPLES OF POROSITY SCALES


To apply the rules, draw the scale on the log using the zero and 0.1 points listed. Label the 0.2,
0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 points by shifting an equal distance for each additional 0.1 fraction of porosity.

For example, on English units sonic logs, create a sandstone porosity scale by marking the 0.0
porosity point at 55.5 usec/ft and the 0.1 point at 68.5 usec/ft. Add another 13 usec/ft for each
0.1 extra porosity to find the 0.2 and 0.3 porosity points.
Scaling Porosity Logs

As a second example, assume a limestone unit neutron porosity scale, and convert it to a
sandstone unit scale by exercising the rule "add 0.04" to get sandstone from limestone units.

The third example shown above is the case of scaling an obsolete neutron log recorded in
counts per second or other arbitrary units. The usual approach is to pick a low point on the
scale, and label it as 0.25 or 0.30 porosity units. Then label a high scale point as 0.01 or 0.02
porosity units and scale logarithmically between these two points.

The data for the sonic log for Classic Example 1 is shown below with its appropriate porosity
scale in the correct units for further work.

EXAMPLE OF VISUAL POROSITY ANALYSIS

Crain’s Rule #1: The average of density and neutron porosity in a clean zone (regardless of
mineralogy) is a good first estimate for Effective Porosity (PHIe).

Crain’s Rule #2: The density porosity in a shaly sand is a good first estimate for Effective
Porosity (PHIe), provided logs are on Sandstone Units.
For zones of interest, draw bed boundaries (horizontal lines). Then review the porosity logs:
sonic, density, and neutron. All porosity logs deflect to the left for increased porosity. If
density neutron data is available, estimate porosity in clean sands by averaging the two log
values. In shaly sands, read the density porosity. IMPORTANT: This is just an estimate and not
a final answer.

The porosity for Layer A is 0.12 (Rule 2), Layer B is 0.24 (Rule 1), and Layer C is 0.19 (Rule 1).
The shale interval has nearly zero effective porosity.

THIS PAGE
Porosity Log Scales
Scaling Logs
Visual Analysis of Porosity

THIS CHAPTER
Porosity Basics
Visual Analysis
Sonic Log Models
Density Log Models
Neutron Log Models
Shaly Sand Models
Complex Lithology Model
BVW (Dual Water) Model
Sonic Density Crossplot
Models
Sonic Neutron Crossplot
Model
Resistivity Log Models
NMR Log Models
Fracture Porosity
Non-Porous Mineral Triggers
Material Balance - PHIMAX
Selecting Porosity Method
Calibrating Porosity
Sensitivity Analysis

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Copyright 1978 - 2018 E. R. Crain, P.Eng. All Rights Reserved

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