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TRAINING REPORT FOR INTERNSHIP

Akshaj Srivastava
HARTEK POWER PVT LTD F-321,Phase 8b,Sec-74, Mohali, Punjab
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Training Report for Internship Semester

Training at Hartek Power Pvt. Ltd.

Training Period (January 1,2019 to April
30,2019)

Trainee Name: Akshaj Srivastava (College id

16104126)

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Table Of Contents:

Serial number Contents Page number

1. Summary

2. Introduction

3. Work

4. Industry

5. Review

6. Details of work (66/11kV Switchyard)

7. Details of Lightning Arrestor

8. Details of Instrument transformers

9. Details of

Table 1:Contents of the

report

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Summary of report
This report provides a description of various work done and the experience gained at Hartek
Power over the course of internship duration. It consists of all the projects in which I was
involved during that period and their details. The report consists of a brief description of the
work being done at the company. It discusses about the various segments in which the company
works and the way in which the work at the company is divided. Following this discussion, I
take the liberty to explain my work profile at the company and the projects which have been
done by me. Later on, a detailed description related to all the functioning of each project has
been given.

Introduction
This report intends to explain the various switchyard projects and details of their design,
erection, commissioning and testing of various equipment in which the company works.
The switchyard details have been provided pertaining to construction of a 66/11kV switchyard
along with Detailed description and functional requirements of all the major equipment as well
as the supporting equipment used. The function of each equipment as well as the erection
specifications for all of them have been discussed in detail.
The designs of various Control room circuits as well as the VCB circuits have been included and
described.

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Work at Hartek Group

The work at Hartek group spans across various segments including

Power Systems, Solar Distribution, Power Distribution Projects, Smart Grid Projects, Fuel
Solutions and other roles.
Projects related to power distribution which are handled by the company includes solutions like
Extra High Voltage and High Voltage Substation Construction
Industrial Electrification
Transmission Projects
Industrial Contracts
Civil Design Projects
The company is also involved in the manufacturing and production of some of the electrical
equipment necessary for power distribution. These include Medium Voltage Switchboard Panel,
Control Relay Panel, Low Voltage Switchboard Panel, Distribution Transformers, Energy
Meters, Relays amongst a few.

Figure 1:Medium Voltage Switchboard Panel

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Figure 2:Control and Relay Panel casing

Figure 3:EHV Grid Layout

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Hartek Group also provides Solar Solutions for commercial, industrial, institutional and residential
categories to achieve greater control, reliability, and energy security.

Solutions provided the company include Rooftop Solar Projects, Solar Utility scale projects, and grid
maintenance and operation control.

Other services provided by the company include Operation and Maintenance of the Substation upto
400kV, Augmentation of the substation upto 400kV, Smart City Projects, Retrofitting of the
electromechanical relays with the Numerical Relays.

4:Hartek Group Theme

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Industry
The work of Hartek Industry has been divided into various segments at ground level.
It proceeds in various steps:
1. Business development department
This department is responsible for all kind of project procurement and their timely
completion within the given resource set. All the projects related to Power distribution,
Switchyard Construction, Solar power projects, Utility based projects are distributed to
various project wings in the company.
2. Project Management Wing
This wing works for different projects related to Solar Power Distribution, Power
Distribution and coordinates with other wings related to project completion. The people in
this department are responsible for co-ordinating with all the other sections and completion
of all projects within the stipulated time frame. (it also includes coordinating with the field
engineers and the various clients/vendors)
3. Engineering and Design Department
This department has a dedicated team for procuring the design of various equipment
(generally made on AutoCad Software) and their testing before they are finally sent to the
various sites for assembly. All the equipment which are to be used for final project
completion are scrutinised by this department
4. Product Purchase and Procurement Department
People in this department are responsible for timely procurement of related equipment and
their Billing as well as Transportation to various sites .
5. HIPL (Hartek India Private Limited)
This Department is a subsidiary of Hartek Group and is responsible for the construction of
MV Panels, Control Panels, LV Panels ,VCB units of various voltage rating. It is also
responsible for testing of the equipment which is made in the industry.

The Company has its own management wing which is responsible for co-ordinating within
various departments and resolve all kind of problems related to work which occur at various
intervals of time.

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Review Of Work
At Hartek, I was involved with the Project Management Wing with my Mentor Mr. Sahil
Sood in the development of Switchyard for Sukhbir Agro Pvt. Ltd. The work required
handling one 66/11kV switchyard at UT water works and design of CRP and VCB(both
incomer and outgoing panels) which are used in the switchyard.
I was required to coordinate with the purchase and procurement department regarding the
purchase specifications of the items which had to be purchased and the equipment which had
to be made. Also I had to co-ordinate with my immediate senior in checking the requirements
of the client and matching the given specifications with various vendors of the company.
(General Technical Particulars GTP).
The work requires contacting the client about the specifications of the project and contacting
the vendors of those equipment at the same time.
At the same time I co-ordinated with the design section of HPPL which is involved in
designing a few equipment manufactured by the organisation itself. The equipments whose
circuits I designed are the Control and Relay Panel and the Vacuum Circuit Breaker
schematics. All the circuits were drawn and audited in AUTOCAD Electrical Software. The
printouts of those drawings have been attached.

Also, I was required to contact the testing and design section regarding the testing of the
equipment and proper coordination between the equipment to be assembled.

In due course, I learnt about the various design aspects of the equipment used in the 66/11 kV
switchyard and the functioning of the equipment.

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66/11kV station yard at U.T Water Works Sec.39, Chandigarh

Work to be continued:
Improve the Contents page (attach list of figures in form of annexure)
Include Testing of various Equipment of the switchyard and testing procedures.
Include the Circuits of Control and Relay panel and describe them in detail.
Draw the circuits of the CRP which have not been drawn.
Include drawings of VCB panel and also include the testing report of VCB. Also improve the
numbering of the report.

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Description of Protection Diagram:

The Diagram for The SwitchYard is shown. From this diagram it can be gathered that a
66kV 4 run/1 core cable is used to provide supply to the switchyard from the 66kV bus at the
substation end. After the metering stage the single 66kV bus is used to create 2 bays of 66kV
each. Each bay has a step down Transformer at its secondary end which steps down the
voltage to 11kV and feeds this voltage to the 11kV bus. The 11kV bus is used to supply 6
outgoing loads(each at 11kV) , 2 capacitor banks and 1 Auxiliary load(11kV/433 volts).
A list of the equipments used has been detailed below:
Serial Equipment Name Specifications Position in
no. Switchyard
1. Lightning Arrestor 60 kV,10 kA One at line start
Two before the
transformers
2. Metering PT 66/110/110(line) Start of line
Burden:50 VA
3. Metering CT 3 core Start of Line
300/1A class 0.2S
Burden: 30VA
4. Motorized Isolator with 66kV,800A One After
Earth Switch Metering
Arrangement
Two connected to
the bus bars
5. CT (4 core) 300/1A After the Main
Class-0.2 Isolator
Burden:30VA
6. Circuit Breaker 66kV,2500A One Main CB at
SF6 Type the start of line.
Two Circuit
Breakers for the
two bays

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7. Motorized Isolator W/o 66kV 800A Just before the

E/S 66kV Bus
arrangement
8. CT (4 core) 150/1 A 2 in number, one
Burden:30VA for each bay
9. Main Transformer 66/11kV, 2 in number, one
10/12.5MVA for each bay
OLTC YNYn0
10. Vacuum Circuit Breaker 11kV,1250A(2 in 1250A-2 in
Number) number(for each
11kV,800A(9 in bay)
number) 800A(one for
each load end)
11. 2 core CT 200/1A For each load
12 Bus PT Burden:100VA For 66kV bus
66kV/110/110(line)

Protection Schemes Used in this Switchyard

Serial No. Protection scheme
1. 86 (lockout Relay)
2. 87C(Current Differential Relay)
3. 87T(Transformer Differential Protection)
4. 64R(Restricted Earth Fault Protection)
5. 50/51(instantaneous time overcurrent relay)
6. 50N/51N(50/51 with ground overcurrent feature)

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Description of the Equipment used:

Lightning Arrestor
An electrical surge can be occurred in an electric power system due to various reasons. Surge in
an electrical system originated mainly due to lightning impulses and switching impulses.
Electrical surge produces a large transient over voltage in the electrical network and system. The
shape of the transient over voltage has a steeply rising front with slowly decaying tail as shown
in the figure below. This steep voltage wave travels through the electrical network and causes
over voltage stresses on all the electric insulators and equipment come under its travelling path.

That is why all electrical equipment and insulators of power system must be protected against
electrical surges. The method of protecting system from surge is normally referred as surge
protection.
The main equipment commonly used for this purpose is lightning arrester.
There are two types of surges one comes externally from atmosphere such as atmospheric
lightning. Second type is originated from electrical system itself, such as switching surges.
When an electrically charged cloud comes near a transmission line the cloud induces electrical
charges in the line. When the charged cloud is suddenly discharged, through lightning, the
induced charge in the transmission line is no longer confined static.

It starts travelling and originate dynamic transient over voltage. This transient over voltage
travels towards both load and source side, on the transmission line because of distributed line
inductance and stray capacitance. This surge voltage travels with speed of light. At the end of the
transmission line, as the surge impedance changes, the surge voltage wave reflected back. This

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forward and backward travelling of surge voltage wave continues until the energy of the surge or
impulse is attenuated by line resistance. This phenomenon causes voltage stress on the
transmission system many times greater than normal rated voltage of the system. Hence, surge
protection scheme must be provided to the power transmission system to make reliable and
healthy system. Lightning arrester is one of the main components to protect the system from
surge.
As we said earlier, that the electrical surge also can be generated from the system itself. Actually
during switching operation there may be a chance of current chopping. If during normal
operation, if the isolator is opened on load. Sudden open circuit is occurred in the system.
In modern era, gap less ZnO or zinc oxide surge arresters are mainly used for surge
protection.

Figure 5: Schematic of a ZnO type Lightning Arrester

This type of arrester comprises of numbers of solid zinc oxide disc. These discs are arranged one
by one to form a cylindrical stack. The number of zinc oxide discs used per lightning arrester
depends upon the voltage rating of the system. This stack is kept inside a cylindrical housing of
polymer or porcelain. Then the stack is placed inside the housing and highly pressed by heavy
spring load attached to end cap at top. The equipment connection terminal for line is projected
from top cap and connection terminal for earth is projected from the bottom cap.

Working Principle of Zinc Oxide Lightning Arrester

The normal operation is defined as condition when no surge is presented and the surge arrester is
subjected to normal system voltage only. The zinc oxide has highly non-uniform current voltage
(I-V) characteristics. This typical I-V characteristic makes zinc oxide very suitable for designing
gap less zinc oxide lightning arrester for surge protection. The non linear resistance of the block
is an inherent bulk property and consists of mainly zinc oxide (90 to 95%) with relatively small
amounts of several additives of other metal oxide (5 to 10%) like alumina, antimony tri-oxide,
bismuth oxide, cobalt oxide, zirconium etc. On a macroscopic scale the additives are almost
homogeneously distributed throughout the arrester blocks. But the micro structures of the metal

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oxide block represents a network of series and parallel arrangements of highly doped zinc oxide
(ZnO) grains separated by inter granular junctions. The non linear behavior is the super
imposition of non linear characteristics of individual junctions. The current carrying capacity of
the surge arrester block is proportional to the total cross-section of the block.
The non linear resistance characteristics of ZnO block can be expressed as,

Where, Ir and Vr are the reference current and voltage respectively of the lightning arrester or
surge arrester block. The value of x is 30 to 40 in case of metal oxide block. For normal system,
the voltage and current increase. For normal system, the voltage and current increases linearly,
i.e. for increasing system voltage at this range, current is increased in linear proportionate. The
current at this region of characteristics is in range of micro ampere. But beyond a certain voltage
level, leakage current voltage level, leakage current starts increasing very rapidly it is of KA
range. The voltage beyond which the current through the LA becomes such high, is referred as
reference voltage and the current at reference voltage is known as reference current. Sudden
draining of huge current through lightning arrester just beyond reference voltage level, prevents
the system from transient over voltage stress. The voltage-current relation in a metal oxide block
highly depends upon temperature. Metal oxide block has negative temperature co-efficient. That
means with increase in temperature, resistance of the surge arrester decreases hence for some
system voltage, the leakage current through the instrument increases with increase in
temperature.
As we know that, there would be a continuous leakage current through the LA. This leakage
current generates heat. This generated heat should be dissipated properly otherwise the
temperature of the LA may rise which further increases the leakage current. Because of this the
proper thermal design of surge arrester housing plays an important role. There is a critical
temperature depending upon the voltage rating of the metal oxide block beyond which joule heat
generated in the block which joule heat generated in the block can not be dissipated at required
rate and which finally leads to thermal runaway of lightning arrester.

Three Winding Potential transformer

Three winding potential transformers are used in the metering circuit to provide voltages for
metring purpose as well as for protection of relays.

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Figure 6:Symbolic Representation for three winding potential transformer

Figure 7:Potential Transformer

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The PT used in the given circuit is of Rating 66kV/110V/110V(line).

One connection is used for Metering Purpose. Other connection is used for Covering the
protection scheme of the 66kV line relay. One potential Transformer is specifically used for
Metering purpose by State Electricity Board. Another similar PT is used for the 66kV bus
metering and protection. The burden of the PT used is 50VA.
The class of the cores used is 3s which means that the cores are used for not so high
accuracy measurement.

Application Accuracy class

Not used in industry 0.1

Precision metering 0.2
Usual metering 0.5
Statistical metering and/or measurement 1

Measurement not requiring high accuracy 3

Current Transformers

There are three types of current transformers which are used in this case.
The first type of CT used is a low burden Class 0.2s, 3 core CT having rating 300/1A for each
core. This CT is used for metering purpose. The 3 cores of the CT are Main, Check, and Spare.
Each core of the CT provides rating of 300/1 A
The primary winding of a current transformer is connected in series with the power circuit and
the impedance is negligible compared with that of the power circuit.
The power system impedance governs the current passing through the primary winding of the
current transformer. This condition can be represented by inserting the load impedance, referred
through the turns ratio, in the input connection

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Figure 8: Current Transformer

The second kind of Current Transformer which is used has 4 cores each having a burden of
30 VA and a rating of 300/1 A. One core of this CT is used for protection purpose and is
connected to 50/51 type of protection scheme.
CT's are categorized as Protection CT, Special Protection
CT and Measuring CT. Based on this, the CT's are
classified. Here is the meaning of the CT classes:

Class 5P20:

The letter 'P' indicates it is a protection CT.

The number 5 indicates the accuracy of the CT. Most common

accuracy numbers are 5 and 10.

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The number 20 (called accuracy limit factor) indicates that

the CT will sense the current with the specified accuracy
even with 20 times of its secondary current flows in the
secondary. This is required for protection CT, because the
fault current is high and the CT should be able to sense
the high fault current accurately to protect the system.
The common numbers are 10, 15, 20 and 30.

Class PS:

PS is for 'Protection Special'. This class of CT's are used

for special protection such as differential protection,
distance protection etc.

Class 1M:

The letter 'M' indicates it is a measuring CT.

The number 1 indicated the accuracy of the CT. The

measuring CT's should be more accurate than the protection
CT. The most common accuracy numbers are 0.5 and 1.

Measuring CT's are intended to work in normal and it

doesn't require working with accuracy beyond the CT
secondary current rating, so the accuracy limit factor is
not mentioned here.

The Third Core is connected to the Differential Current Relay Unit.

The fourth core is used as a spare core.
The current transformer is used with the AC instrument, meters or control apparatus where
the current to be measured is of such magnitude that the meter or instrument coil cannot
conveniently be made of sufficient current carrying capacity. The current transformer is
shown in the figure below.

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Figure 9:Diagram Of a Current Transformer

The primary and secondary current of the current transformers are proportional to each other.
The current transformer is used for measuring the high voltage current because of the
difficulty of inadequate insulation in the meter itself. The current transformer is used in
meters for measuring the current up to 100 amperes.
Construction of Current Transformers
The core of the current transformer is built up with lamination of silicon steel. For getting a
high degree of accuracy the Perm alloy or Mu metal is used for the making cores. The
primary windings of the current transformers carry the current which is to be measured, and
it is connected to the main circuit. The secondary windings of the transformer carry the
current proportional to the current to be measured, and it is connected to the current windings
of the meters or the instruments.
The primary and the secondary windings are insulated from the cores and each other. The
primary winding is a single turn winding (also called a bar primary) and carries the full load
current. The secondary winding of the transformers has a large number of turns.
The ratio of the primary current and the secondary current is known as a current
transformer ratio of the circuit. The current ratio of the transformer is usually high. The
secondary current ratings are of the order of 5A, 1A and 0.1A. The current primary ratings
vary from 10A to 3000A or more.

Burden on a Load
The burden of a current transformer is the value of the load connected across the secondary
transformer. It is expressed as the output in volt-amperes (VA). The rated burden is the value
of the burden on the nameplate of the CT. The rated burden is the product of the voltage and

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current on the secondary when the CT supplies the instrument or relay with its maximum
rated value of current.
Effect of Open Secondary Windings of a CT
Under normal operating conditions the secondary winding of a CT is connected to its burden,
and it is always closed. When the current flows through the primary windings, it always
flows through secondary windings and amperes turns of each winding are subsequently equal
and opposite.
The secondary turns will be 1% and 2% less than the primary turns and the difference being
used in the magnetising core. Thus, if the secondary winding is opened and the current flows
through the primary windings, then there will be no demagnetizing flux due to the secondary
current.
Due to the absence of the counter ampere turns of the secondary, the unopposed primary
MMF will set up an abnormally high flux in the core. This flux will produce core loss with
subsequent heating, and a high voltage will be induced across the secondary terminal.
This voltage caused the breakdown of the insulation and also the loss of accuracy in the
future may occur because the excessive MMF leaves the residual magnetism in the core.
Thus, the secondary of the CT may never be open when the primary is carrying the current.

Isolator:

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Figure 10 Layout Of an Isolator

Figure 11: Legend of parts of the isolator

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Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works. So the
definition of isolator can be rewritten as an isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch
which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load.
Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be
opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally used on both ends of the
breaker so that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without any danger.
Types of Electrical Isolators
There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement such as
1. Double Break Isolator
2. Single Break Isolator
3. Pantograph type Isolator.

Depending upon the position in the power system, the isolators can be categorized as
1. Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2. Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
3. Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus.
Constructional Features of Double Break Isolators

Figure 12: Double Break Isolator

Let’s discuss constructional features of Double Break Isolators. These have three stacks of post
insulators as shown in the figure. The central post insulator carries a tubular or flat male contact
which can be rotated horizontally with a rotation of central post insulator. This rod type contact
is also called moving contact.

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The female type contacts are fixed on the top of the other post insulators which fitted at both
sides of the central post insulator. The female contacts are generally in the form of spring-loaded
figure contacts. The rotational movement of male contact causes to come itself into female
contacts and isolators becomes closed. The rotation of male contact in the opposite direction
make to it out from female contacts and isolators becomes open.

Figure 13:Disconnector rod of the isolator

Rotation of the central post insulator is done by a driving lever mechanism at the base of the post
insulator, and it is connected to operating handle (in case of hand operation) or motor (in case of
motorized operation) of the isolator through a mechanical tie rod.
Constructional features of Single Break Isolators
The contact arm is divided into two parts one carries male contact and other carries female
contact. The contact arm moves due to rotation of the post insulator upon which the contact arms
are fitted. Rotation of both post insulators stacks in opposite to each other causes to close the
isolator by closing the contact arm. Counter rotation of both post insulators stacks open the
contact arm and isolator becomes in off condition. This motorized form of this type of isolators
is generally used, but an emergency hand driven mechanism is also provided.
Earthing Switches
Earthing switches are mounted on the base of line side isolator. Earthing switches are usually
vertically broken switches. Earthing arms (contact arm of earthing switch) usually are aligned
horizontally at off condition during switching on the operation, these earthing arms rotate and
move to vertical position and make contact with earth female contacts fitted at the top of the post
insulator stack of the isolator at its outgoing side. The earthing arms are so interlocked with the
main isolator moving contacts that it can be closed only when the primary contacts of the isolator
are in open position. Similarly, the main isolator contacts can be closed only when the earthing
arms are in open position.
Operation of Electrical Isolator

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As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no

chance current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or open by isolator
operation. A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation, and also a
live circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator operation to avoid huge arcing in
between isolator contacts. That is why isolators must be open after circuit breaker is open, and
these must be closed before circuit breaker is closed. The isolator can be operated by hand
locally as well as by motorized mechanism from a remote position. Motorized operation
arrangement costs more compared to hand operation; hence decision must be taken before
choosing an isolator for the system whether hand operated or motor operated economically
optimum for the system. For voltages up to 145 KV system hand operated isolators are used
whereas for higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized isolators are
used.
Double Break Type Isolator
This type of isolator consists of three loads of post insulators. The middle insulator holds a flat
male or tubular contact that can be turned straightly by a spin of middle post insulator. The
rotation of the middle post insulator can be done by a lever method at the bottom of the post
insulator, as well as it is related to manual operation (operating handle) or motorized operation
motor (using motor) of the isolator via a mechanical knot rod.
Single Break Type Isolators
In this type of isolator, the arm contact is separated into two elements. The first arm contact
holds male contact, as well as second arm contact, holds female contact. The arm contact shifts
because of the post insulator rotation upon which the arm contacts are fixed.
The post insulators rotation stacks in reverse to each other which makes to shut the isolator by
shutting the arm contact. Post insulators counter rotation stacks to open the arm contact, as well
as an isolator, rotate into an off condition. Generally, the motor operated isolator is used however
an emergency manual operated isolator is also offered.
Pantograph Type Isolator
The pantograph type isolator permits current switchgear installation, and it requires the least
space. This type of insulator includes a post insulator as well as an operating insulator.
Electrical Isolator Operation
The operation of electrical isolator can be done by the following two operational methods
namely opening and closing.
Opening Operation of Electrical Isolator
 In the beginning, open the major circuit breaker.
 Then divide the load from a system with isolator opening

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 Close the earth switch. Earth switch can become with an interlock system with isolator.
That’s means when isolator is open only that time earth switch can be closed.
Closing Operation of Electrical Isolator
 Detach the earth switch.
 Shut the isolator.
 Shut the circuit breaker.

Circuit Breaker:
The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to
absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high-pressure flow sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas and an arc is struck between them. The gas captures the conducting free
electrons in the arc to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons
in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc.
Comparing to other circuit breakers, the SF6 circuit breakers have been found to be very
effective for high power and high voltage service.
SF6 CBs are available for all voltages ranging from 144 to 765 kV or even above. Continuous
currents up to 8000 A, and symmetrical interrupting ratings up to 63 kA at 765 kV and 80 kA at
230 kV.
A sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts enclosed in
a chamber.
The chamber is called the arc interruption chamber which contains the SF6 gas. This chamber
is connected to sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas reservoir. A valve mechanism is there to permit
the gas to the arc interruption chamber.
When the contacts of breaker are opened, the valve mechanism permits a high-pressure
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas from the reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption chamber.

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Figure 14: Cut out of SF6 CB

Construction of SF6 Circuit Breaker
The fixed contact is a hollow cylindrical current carrying contact fitted with an arcing horn. The
moving contact is also a hollow cylinder with rectangular holes in the sides.
The holes permit the sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas to let out through them after flowing
along and across the arc.
The tips of fixed contact, moving contact, and arcing horn are coated with a copper-tungsten
arc-resistant material.
Since SF6 gas is costly, it is reconditioned and reclaimed using the suitable auxiliary system after
each operation of the breaker.
Working of SF6 CB
The working of an SF6 circuit breaker is similar to the working of a normal circuit breaker we
discussed in previous articles.
In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by sulphur hexafluoride
gas (SF6) gas at a pressure of about 2.8 kg/cm2.
When the breaker operates, the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck between the
contacts.
The movement of the moving contact is synchronized with the opening of a valve. The valve
permits sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at 14 kg/cm2 pressure from the reservoir to the arc
interruption chamber.
The high-pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) rapidly absorbs the free electrons in
the arc path. It forms immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers.
The result is that the medium between the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric strength and
causes the extinction of the arc.
After the breaker operation, the valve is closed by the action of a set of springs.

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Figure 15: Breaker Operation

Figure 16 Figure Showing Breaker Assembly

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The breaker specifications can be summarised as below:

Table 2 Operational specifications of Circuit breaker

Table 3 Operational specifications contd.

Advantages and Disadvantages of SF6 Gas

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Due, to the superior arc quenching properties of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas, the sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit breakers have many advantages over Oil Circuit Breaker and Air
Blast Circuit Breaker. Some of them are listed below :
1.
1. Due to the superior arc quenching property of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6),
such circuit breakers have very short arcing time. They are used in Gas Insulated
Substations.
2. Since the dielectric strength of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is 2 to 3 times that
operation due unlike of air, such breakers can interrupt much larger currents.
3. The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit breaker gives noiseless operation due
it’s closed gas circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere, unlike the air blast circuit
breaker.
4. The compact design of SF6 gas CBs substantially reduces space
requirements and building installation costs.
5. The SF6 gas circuit breakers can handle all known switching phenomena.
6. SF6 gas circuit breakers perfectly can adapt to environmental requirements.
They have completely enclosed gas system that eliminates any exhaust during
switching operations.
7. Contact separation is minimum in SF6 gas circuit breakers due to dielectric
strength
8. provided by the high-pressure SF6.
In general, the only disadvantage of the SF6 Circuit Breakers is their relatively high costs.
The cost has been somewhat coming down in recent years.

In This case, Three Circuit Breakers have been used. One Circuit Breaker has been used in the
66kV line for the main bus protection. Two Circuit Breakers are connected in the two bays for
bay protection. In all cases, one end of the Circuit Breaker is connected to the Trip Control
Switches, other end is connected to the Lockout Relay. The lockout relay has connections with
other protection schemes for line and transformer differential protection as well as Earth Fault
Protection.

Functional Requirements of Circuit Breaker Assembly:

Mechanical and Electrical interlock:

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1. To prevent earthing of an incoming supply which has not been isolated.

2. To prevent switching on an incoming supply which is to be earthed.
3. To prevent earthing of a feeder circuit when the circuit breaker is in closed
position.
4. To prevent switching on a circuit breaker when the feeder is earthed.
For both closing and Tripping operations selector switches for both local/remote settings have
been provided.
Protective relay tripping has been provided which operates irrespective of local/remote switch
settings.
Trip Circuit Supervision is provided for breaker close and open condition. Trip circuit
supervision relay contact has been provided in form of Led indication, alarm and to inhibit
closing of circuit breaker.
Emergency Trip Push button contact is directly wired to the master trip relay circuit.
Master trip relay has also been provided to inhibit closing operation of circuit breakers.
DC control supply bus is fed by two DC incoming sources in Bus Coupler Panel with auto
changeover facility.
PT supply bus in all panels is fed normally by bus PT with automatic changeover facility to
incomer line PT.

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Main Transformer:

Figure 17: Main Transformer(66/11kV)

Three-phase, also written as 3-phase or 3φ supplies are used for electrical power generation,
transmission, and distribution, as well as for all industrial uses. Three-phase supplies have many
electrical advantages over single-phase power and when considering three-phase transformers we
have to deal with three alternating voltages and currents differing in phase-time by 120 degrees
as shown below.
Three Phase Voltages and Currents

Figure 18: Phasor for Three Phase Voltages

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Where: VL is the line-to-line voltage, and VP is the phase-to-neutral voltage.

A transformer can not act as a phase changing device and change single-phase into three-phase
or three-phase into single phase. To make the transformer connections compatible with three-
phase supplies we need to connect them together in a particular way to form a Three Phase
Transformer Configuration.
A three phase transformer or 3φ transformer can be constructed either by connecting together
three single-phase transformers, thereby forming a so-called three phase transformer bank, or by
using one pre-assembled and balanced three phase transformer which consists of three pairs of
single phase windings mounted onto one single laminated core.
The advantages of building a single three phase transformer is that for the same kVA rating it
will be smaller, cheaper and lighter than three individual single phase transformers connected
together because the copper and iron core are used more effectively. The methods of connecting
the primary and secondary windings are the same, whether using just one Three Phase
Transformer or three separate Single Phase Transformers. Consider the circuit below:
Three Phase Transformer Connections

Figure 19: Types Of Connection Possible

The primary and secondary windings of a transformer can be connected in different

configuration as shown to meet practically any requirement. In the case of three phase
transformer windings, three forms of connection are possible: “star” (wye), “delta” (mesh) and
“interconnected-star” (zig-zag).
The combinations of the three windings may be with the primary delta-connected and the
secondary star-connected, or star-delta, star-star or delta-delta, depending on the transformers

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use. When transformers are used to provide three or more phases they are generally referred to as
a Polyphase Transformer.
Three Phase Transformer Star and Delta Configurations
But what do we mean by “star” (also known as Wye) and “delta” (also known as Mesh) when
dealing with three-phase transformer connections. A three phase transformer has three sets of
primary and secondary windings. Depending upon how these sets of windings are
interconnected, determines whether the connection is a star or delta configuration.
The three available voltages, which themselves are each displaced from the other by 120
electrical degrees, not only decided on the type of the electrical connections used on both the
primary and secondary sides, but determine the flow of the transformers currents.
With three single-phase transformers connected together, the magnetic flux’s in the three
transformers differ in phase by 120 time-degrees. With a single the three-phase transformer there
are three magnetic flux’s in the core differing in time-phase by 120 degrees.
The standard method for marking three phase transformer windings is to label the three primary
windings with capital (upper case) letters A, B and C, used to represent the three individual
phases of RED, YELLOW and BLUE. The secondary windings are labelled with small (lower
case) letters a, b and c. Each winding has two ends normally labelled 1 and 2 so that, for
example, the second winding of the primary has ends which will be labelled B1 and B2, while
the third winding of the secondary will be labelled c1 and c2 as shown.
Transformer Star and Delta Configurations

Figure 20: Transformer Configuration

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Symbols are generally used on a three phase transformer to indicate the type or types of
connections used with upper case Y for star connected, D for delta connected and Z for
interconnected star primary windings, with lower case y, d and z for their respective secondaries.
Then, Star-Star would be labelled Yy, Delta-Delta would be labelled Dd and interconnected star
to interconnected star would be Zz for the same types of connected transformers.
Transformer Winding Identification

Primary Secondary
Connection
Winding Winding

Delta D d

Star Y y

Interconnected Z z

We now know that there are four different ways in which three single-phase transformers may be
connected together between their primary and secondary three-phase circuits. These four
standard configurations are given as: Delta-Delta (Dd), Star-Star (Yy), Star-Delta (Yd), and
Delta-Star (Dy).
Transformers for high voltage operation with the star connections has the advantage of reducing
the voltage on an individual transformer, reducing the number of turns required and an increase
in the size of the conductors, making the coil windings easier and cheaper to insulate than delta
transformers.
The delta-delta connection nevertheless has one big advantage over the star-delta configuration,
in that if one transformer of a group of three should become faulty or disabled, the two remaining
ones will continue to deliver three-phase power with a capacity equal to approximately two
thirds of the original output from the transformer unit.
Transformer Delta and Delta Connections

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Figure 21: Delta-Delta Connection

In a delta connected ( Dd ) group of transformers, the line voltage, VL is equal to the supply
voltage, VL = VS. But the current in each phase winding is given as: 1/√3 × IL of the line current,
where IL is the line current.
One disadvantage of delta connected three phase transformers is that each transformer must be
wound for the full-line voltage, (in our example above 100V) and for 57.7 per cent, line current.
The greater number of turns in the winding, together with the insulation between turns,
necessitate a larger and more expensive coil than the star connection. Another disadvantage with
delta connected three phase transformers is that there is no “neutral” or common connection.
In the star-star arrangement ( Yy ), (wye-wye), each transformer has one terminal connected to a
common junction, or neutral point with the three remaining ends of the primary windings
connected to the three-phase mains supply. The number of turns in a transformer winding for star
connection is 57.7 per cent, of that required for delta connection.
The star connection requires the use of three transformers, and if any one transformer becomes
fault or disabled, the whole group might become disabled. Nevertheless, the star connected three
phase transformer is especially convenient and economical in electrical power distributing
systems, in that a fourth wire may be connected as a neutral point, ( n ) of the three star
connected secondaries as shown.
Transformer Star and Star Connections

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Figure 22:Star-star connection

The voltage between any line of the three-phase transformer is called the “line voltage”, VL,
while the voltage between any line and the neutral point of a star connected transformer is called
the “phase voltage”, VP. This phase voltage between the neutral point and any one of the line
connections is 1/√3 × VL of the line voltage. Then above, the primary side phase voltage, VP is
given as.

The secondary current in each phase of a star-connected group of transformers is the same as that
for the line current of the supply, then IL = IS.
Then the relationship between line and phase voltages and currents in a three-phase system can
be summarised as:
Three-phase Voltage and Current

Connection Phase Voltage Line Voltage Phase Current Line Current

Star VP = VL ÷ √3 VL = √3 × VP IP = IL IL = IP

Delta VP = VL VL = VP IP = IL ÷ √3 IL = √3 × IP

Where again, VL is the line-to-line voltage, and VP is the phase-to-neutral voltage on either the
primary or the secondary side.
Other possible connections for three phase transformers are star-delta Yd, where the primary
winding is star-connected and the secondary is delta-connected or delta-star Dy with a delta-
connected primary and a star-connected secondary.

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Delta-star connected transformers are widely used in low power distribution with the primary
windings providing a three-wire balanced load to the utility company while the secondary
windings provide the required 4th-wire neutral or earth connection.
When the primary and secondary have different types of winding connections, star or delta, the
overall turns ratio of the transformer becomes more complicated. If a three-phase transformer is
connected as delta-delta ( Dd ) or star-star ( Yy ) then the transformer could potentially have
a 1:1 turns ratio. That is the input and output voltages for the windings are the same.
However, if the 3-phase transformer is connected in star–delta, ( Yd ) each star-connected
primary winding will receive the phase voltage, VP of the supply, which is equal to 1/√3 × VL.
Then each corresponding secondary winding will then have this same voltage induced in it, and
since these windings are delta-connected, the voltage 1/√3 × VL will become the secondary line
voltage. Then with a 1:1 turns ratio, a star–delta connected transformer will provide a √3:1 step-
down line-voltage ratio.
Then for a star–delta ( Yd ) connected transformer the turns ratio becomes:
Star-Delta Turns Ratio

Likewise, for a delta–star ( Dy ) connected transformer, with a 1:1 turns ratio, the transformer
will provide a 1:√3 step-up line-voltage ratio. Then for a delta-star connected transformer the
turns ratio becomes:
Delta-Star Turns Ratio

Then for the four basic configurations of a three-phase transformer, we can list the transformers
secondary voltages and currents with respect to the primary line voltage, VLand its primary line
current IL as shown in the following table.
Three-phase Transformer Line Voltage and Current

Primary-Secondary Line Voltage Line Current

Configuration Primary or Secondary Primary or Secondary

Delta – Delta

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Delta – Star

Star – Delta

Star – Star

Where: n equals the transformers “turns ratio” (T.R.) of the number of secondary windings NS,
divided by the number of primary windings NP. ( NS/NP ) and VL is the line-to-line voltage
with VP being the phase-to-neutral voltage.
Three Phase Transformer Example
The primary winding of a delta-star ( Dy ) connected 50VA transformer is supplied with a 100
volt, 50Hz three-phase supply. If the transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 100 turns on
the secondary winding, calculate the secondary side voltages and currents.
Given Data: transformer rating, 50VA, supply voltage, 100v, primary turns 500, secondary
turns, 100.

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Then the secondary side of the transformer supplies a line voltage, VL of about 35v giving a
phase voltage, VP of 20v at 0.834 amperes.
Three Phase Transformer Construction
We have said previously that the three-phase transformer is effectively three interconnected
single phase transformers on a single laminated core and considerable savings in cost, size and
weight can be achieved by combining the three windings onto a single magnetic circuit as
shown.
A three-phase transformer generally has the three magnetic circuits that are interlaced to give a
uniform distribution of the dielectric flux between the high and low voltage windings. The
exception to this rule is a three-phase shell type transformer. In the shell type of construction,
even though the three cores are together, they are non-interlaced.

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Three Phase Transformer Construction

Figure 23: Core And Shell Type Construction

The three-limb core-type three-phase transformer is the most common method of three-phase
transformer construction allowing the phases to be magnetically linked. Flux of each limb uses
the other two limbs for its return path with the three magnetic flux’s in the core generated by the
line voltages differing in time-phase by 120 degrees. Thus the flux in the core remains nearly
sinusoidal, producing a sinusoidal secondary supply voltage.
The shell-type five-limb type three-phase transformer construction is heavier and more
expensive to build than the core-type. Five-limb cores are generally used for very large power
transformers as they can be made with reduced height. A shell-type transformers core materials,
electrical windings, steel enclosure and cooling are much the same as for the larger single-phase
types.

In This Case, the Transformer used has Vector Group YNyn0 with On Load Tap Changing
Function. The Primary side of each transformer has a 150/1 A Single Core CT , the secondary
end of which is connected to the restricted earth fault relay which is further connected to the
Lockout Relay.

The Secondary side of each Primary Transformer is connected to a 900/1A CT. The Secondary
of this CT also provides for Restricted Earth Fault Protection Through Lockout Connection To
the Circuit Breaker Assembly.

Each Transformer is provided with Oil Natural/Oil Forced Transformer Cooling.

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After step down to 11kV each line goes to a 11kV panel.

Each panel has a metering PT which measures the 11kV bus voltage. It has a 4 Core CT(900/1A)
Core 1: Metering of current
Core 2: Time Overcurrent Relay Protection Scheme
Core 3: Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Core 4: Differential Current Protection
Then the connection goes to a 11kV Bus bar going through the 11kV VCB (1250A)

Figure 24: Outside Arrangement of a Switchyard

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Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

VCB stands for Vacuum Circuit Breaker. In vacuum circuit breakers, the vacuum
is used as the arc quenching medium.

Figure 25: Inside View of a VCB

Vacuum offers the highest insulating strength. So it has far superior arc quenching properties
than any other medium (oil in oil CB, SF6 in SF6 CB).

For example, when contacts of a breaker are opened in the vacuum, the interruption occurs at
first current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building up at a rate thousands of
times higher than that obtained with other types of Circuit Breaker. The Degree of vacuum is in
the range of 10^-5 to 10^-7 torr.
The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher voltage
vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable.

Working Principle of Vacuum Circuit Breaker

The production of arc in a vacuum circuit breaker and its extinction can be explained as
follows :

When the contacts of the breaker are opened in the vacuum (10^-7 to 10^-5 torr), an arc
is produced between the contacts by the ionization of metal vapors of contacts.

However, the arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic vapors, electrons, and ions
produced during arc rapidly condense on the surfaces of the circuit breaker contacts,
resulting in a quick recovery of dielectric strength.

The salient feature of vacuum as an arc quenching medium is that as soon as the arc is
produced in the vacuum, it is quickly extinguished due to the fast rate of recovery of
dielectric strength in the vacuum.

Construction of Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Typical parts of the vacuum circuit breaker are shown in the figure.

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Figure 26: Parts of a VCB

It consists of fixed contact, moving contact and arc shield mounted inside a vacuum
chamber (vacuum interrupter). It is shown as an insulating vessel in the given figure.

The movable member is connected to the control mechanism by stainless steel bellows.
This enables the permanent sealing of the vacuum chamber so as to eliminate the
possibility of the leak.

A glass vessel or ceramic vessel is used as the outer insulating body.

The arc shield prevents the deterioration of the internal dielectric strength by
preventing metallic vapors from falling on the inside surface of the outer insulating
cover.

Figure 27: MV Vacuum Circuit Breaker Panel

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Save

The working of Vacuum circuit breakers is briefly explained below,

 When the breaker operates, the moving contact separates from the fixed contact and an
arc is struck between the contacts. The production of the arc is due to the ionization of
metal ions and depends very much upon the material of contacts.
 The arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic vapors, electrons, and ions produced
during arc are diffused in a short time and seized by the surfaces of moving and fixed
members and shields.
 Since vacuum has a very fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength, the arc extinction in a
vacuum breaker occurs with a short contact separation (say 0.625 cm).
Uses of VCB
Vacuum circuit breakers are employed for outdoor applications ranging from 22kV to 66kV(60
to 200 MVA)

Figure 28: Cut out of VCB

Vacuum Circuit Breaker Module

Vacuum Interrupter

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The interruption of VCB is carried out by the vacuum interrupters. Interrupter contacts as a key
part made of copper – chromium (CuCr) material with spiral shape have low contact wear
characteristics and withstand voltage is excellent.

Figure 29: Inside a VCB

The 11kV bus bar provides connection to all outgoing loads and the two capacitor banks.
Each O/G line has a 2 core CT and a VCB connection(800 A) before the supply is sent to the
load.
The core of each CT has rating 200/1 A. One core is used for Metering and the Other Core is
Used for Overcurrent Protection(instantaneous).

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Figure 30: Layout of the VCB Connection (main bay)

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Control And Relay Panel Connection:

The Control and Relay Panel is connected to externally monitor the health of the entire
switchyard. It basically houses a collection of relays and sensors which are connected at various
points in the switchyard to provide desired protection as explained earlier.

Figure 31: Outside view of the CRP panel

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Figure 32: Inside view of the relay panel

The stacks shown provide connection for the SCADA control Circuit which is connected to monitor its
working. The Other relays shown in this figure include Transformer Differential Relay, Master Trip Relay,
Multi Frequency Meter , Voltage Source Selector and Current Source selector.

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Figure 33: Internal View of CRP

Figure 34: List of abbreviations

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Figure 35: List of Relays used

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The Various designs of Electric circuits of the Control and Relay Panel have been shown and
explained as follows

Figure 36 AC Distribution Circuit

This Distribution Circuit Provides Single Phase Supply for the Dc Supervision and Metering
Circuits which are available in the CRP.
The Design also allows for a 230 V outlet which is available to provide external supply if
required.
Also, a separate AC fail relay with contacts is connected in such a manner that it trips whenever
the voltage drops down below 230V(about 200 V). The tripping of the Relay sets off the main
Fuse and the LED semaphore which indicates a loss of AC supply to the CRP Panel.

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Distribution Circuit Figure 37 DC

This Drawing shows the schematic layout of the DC Distribution Circuit which is used in the
66kV CRP panel. It shows 110V DC supply to all other circuits like the Breaker control circuit,
P642 Prtn. , P111 Relay protection and Transformer Auxiliary Relay circuit.
A DC MCB of 25 A is connected in the mains supply to prevent damages due to faults in the
circuit.
Also, a DC fail Relay has been provided in the circuit which trips the contacts whenever the
Auxiliary supply doesn’t flow.Each end of connection to other circuits is remote controlled
through external terminals. The external terminals can be SCADA operated or remotely
controlled.

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Figure 38 Metering circuit

The Metering Circuit provides connections for all parameters like voltage, frequency, power factor,
current values which are measured in the metering circuit of the switchyard and connection is provides
through the Multi Function meter to the Voltmeter and the Ammeter using the Current Selector Switch
and Voltage Selector Switch.

The same circuit also provides connection for the P642 Relay .

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Use of Battery and Battery Charger:

 A battery charger is basically a DC power supply source. Here a transformer is used to

step down the AC mains input voltage to the required level as per the rating of the
transformer.
 This transformer is always a high power type and is able to produce a high current output
as required by most lead-acid batteries.
 A bridge rectifier configuration is used to rectify the low voltage AC into DC and is
further smoothed by a high value electrolytic capacitor.
 This DC is fed to an electronic circuit which regulates the voltage into a constant level
and is applied to the battery under charge, where the energy is stored through an internal
process of chemical reaction.
 In automatic battery chargers a voltage sensor circuit is incorporated to sense the voltage
of the battery under charge. The charger is automatically switched OFF when the battery
voltage reaches the required optimum level.
How to Calculate the Charging or Discharging time of a Battery
 The rated current capacity of a chargeable battery may vary according to its applications.
Its current holding capacity is expressed in ampere-hour (AH). This unit of measurement
may be defined as the maximum current through which the particular battery can be fully
charged or discharged in one hour.
 If for example a 4 AH fully charged battery is discharged at 4 ampere rate, then ideally it
should take an hour for it to get fully discharged (but practically it can be seen that the
back up time is much less than an hour due to the existing inefficiency in all batteries).
 Similarly if the same battery is charged at 4 ampere rate, then it should take an hour to
get it fully charged. But it’s never a good practice to charge or discharge batteries at their
full current ratings.
Ideally the charging and the discharging process should be carried out gradually for about 10
hours. So to find out the optimum charging current of a battery, just divide its AH by 10, the
same is true to find its correct continuous discharge rate.

Battery chargers are mainly used for charging the battery bank which is responsible for all
control supply of control systems such as breaker closing coil, trip coil,indications, protection
relays, Annunciators etc.. Mainly, If we are taking the supply from main, ( with out battery back
up)at the time of power failer / breakdown how will record/ reccongnise the problem. Secondly,
Normaly we are using DC power for control. (AC also using) for desired DC back up we can

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store the supply in Battery. Moreover, in the case of control system, DC is more
efficient than AC .

Figure 39: CRP RTCC and DCDB linked together

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A switch Yard works with the co- ordination of CRP, RTCC(Remote Terminal Control ),
ACDB(AC Distribution Board) , DCDB(DC Distribution Board) and batter/ battery charger
units.
The ACDB provides extra protection to related AC circuits against external and internal faults in
the switchyard.
It has a set of extra protection relays, Isolators and low voltage circuit breakers which trip on
detection of fault.

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Figure 40:Annunciator control circuit

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Technical Specifications for other related materials used:

Busbars:
Hard drawn electrolytic copper bars with uniform cross section with uniform cross-section
throughout the length of the switchgear.
Busbars are Tin plated at the joints.

Earthing Connections:
All metallic parts which do not carry current should be bonded together and connected to the
switchgear earth bar. The frame of each functional unit is directly connected to the earth busbar.
For Direct connection to the station earth grid, earthing bolts of 10 mm is provided at both ends
of the main busbar.
Busbar and feeder earthing is through three position earth switch. Integral Earthing is provided
on feeder/incoming circuit breakers for cable earthing and on bus coupler for busbar earthing.
The Grounding/Earthing rod ha been galvanised to a minimum weight of 610 gm/sq. mm and
minimum thickness of 86 microns. Ground Electrodes are 3 Metre long Mild Steel Rods which
are driven into the ground by the side of mat conductors. All connections to the conductors are
done by arc welding process.
Risers are required for connecting the equipment and structures with the ground mat. These will
be Mild Steel Rod laid from ground mat to above ground level properly clamped or supported
along the outer edge of the concrete foundation. Connection to the ground mat is done by arc
welding.
All steel structures are connected at two points from the ground mat. All Earth pits provided are
to be interconnected with each other by MS rod/flat of adequate size as per given standards for
symmetrical fault current. The GI flat is buried under the earth at a depth of 300 mm. Minimum
ground coverage of 300 mm shall be maintained between main earth grid and bottom of trench,
tunnels, underground pipes other service foundations. The orientation of these risers is such that
minimum earthing strip is consumed for equipment earthing.
The welding is carried out by scratching off the galvanization, dirt, gease etc. by thorough
cleaning of contact surface. After welding it will be made with anti-corrosive zinc rich paint.
In case the GI flat is passing any kind of obstruction, it is ensured that the flat passes below the
obstruction in PVC conduits sealed at both ends to prevent ingress of water.

Indications and Alarm connections:

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Breaker ON: Red

Breaker OFF: Green
Isolator ON: Red
Isolator OFF: Green
Earth Switch ON: RED
Earth Switch Off: Green
Spring Charged: Blue
DC control supply fail, AC control supply fail and Auto Trip: Amber
Heater Circuit healthy: Yellow
Trip Circuit healthy: White
Local/Remote selector switch: 2 pole

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References

1. Diagrams and figures of Circuit breaker assembly and isolator from Design
section.
2. CRP panel Circuit diagrams from Design Section.
3. www.circuitsglobe.com
4. www.electricalengineeringportal.com
5. www.circuitsglobe.com
6. 66/11kV U.T Water works Single Line Diagram from Design section
7. IEEE codes for protection relays.

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