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REPRODUCTION-WPS Office

The document discusses reproduction in organisms. It describes two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction involving a single parent and sexual reproduction involving two parents. It provides examples of modes of asexual reproduction like binary fission, budding, and multiple fission. It also describes the phases of the life span and key events in the sexual cycle of organisms, including gamete formation, gamete transfer, fertilization, and post-fertilization development.

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120 views6 pages

REPRODUCTION-WPS Office

The document discusses reproduction in organisms. It describes two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction involving a single parent and sexual reproduction involving two parents. It provides examples of modes of asexual reproduction like binary fission, budding, and multiple fission. It also describes the phases of the life span and key events in the sexual cycle of organisms, including gamete formation, gamete transfer, fertilization, and post-fertilization development.

Uploaded by

Gwzwwg
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© © All Rights Reserved
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� REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

� Life Span

� Period from birth till natural death. Every organism lives only for certain
period of time Eg Elephant 60 -90 years, Fruit fly 4-5 weeks.

Every organism live only for a certain period of time.

Reproduction

Producing young-ones of their kind, generation after generation.

Types of reproduction:

� Asexual reproduction :single parent capable of producing offsprings


.Somatogenic reproduction

� Sexual reproduction : two parents are invovled in producing offspring

Modes of asexual reproduction

� Binary fission : parent body divides into two halves, genetically identical to
parent. Amoeba: It is simple or irregular.

� Paramoecium : Transverse binary fission. Organisms considered immortal

� Multiple fission : parent body divides into many daughter organisms


Plasmodium.

� Budding : daughter organisms grow from small buds arising in parent body.
Exogenous budding: out side the body eg. Hydra, Yeast.
� Budding in Yeast Endogenous budding : inside the body eg. Gemmule in
sponge. Oidia of rhizopus

� Conidia : non-motile, exogenous spores in chains eg. Fungi.

� Zoospores : microscopic motile structures eg. Algae.

� In plants : term vegetative reproduction frequently used instead of asexual


reproduction, units of vegetative propagation called vegetative propagules.Eg
runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber offset, bulb give rise to new plant

� All organisms show remarkable similarity. Vast difference in their


reproductive structure. Similar pattern or phases in their life cycles

� PHASES OF LIFE SPAN.

� Juvenile phase : The phase of growth before reproductive maturity.

� Reproductive phase : Reproductive maturity.

� Senescent phase : Phase between reproductive maturity and

? The main events of sexual cycle are:

i. Pre-fertilisation events

a. Gametogenesis

� The process of formation of male and female gametes by meiosis (cell-


division).

? Homogamete (Isogamete) : - gametes similar eg. Algae

? Heterogamete(an-isogamete) : - morphologically dissimilar gamete ,male


gamete (antherozoid or sperm) ,female gamete (egg or ovum) eg. Human.
? Sexuality in organisms : In plants Bisexual term is used for Homothallic and
Monoecious plants Both male and female reproductive structures in same plant
eg. Higher plants, cucurbits and coconut.

? Unisexual term used for Heterothallic and Dioecious plants Male and female
reproductive-structure on different plants.

Flowering plants � male flower�staminate flower and female


flower�pistillate flower eg. papaya and date-palm.

� Animals � Bisexual term is used for Hermaphrodite animals -eg. Earth-


worm, Tape-worm, Leech, Sponge.

� Unisexual animals have male & female sexes in separate individuals -e.g.
insects, frogs, humanbeings

� Cell division during gamete formation :

� Haploid-parent (n) produces haploid gametes (n) by mitotic division, eg.


Monera, fungi, algae and bryophytesDiploid parent (2n) produces haploid
gametes(n) by meiosis division (possess only one set of chromosomes)and such
specialized parent cell is called meiocyte or gamete mother cell..

Name of organism

Meiocyte (2n)

gamete (n)

Human 46 23

Housefly 12 6
Ophioglossum (fern) 1260 630

Potato 48 24

b) Gamete transfer :- to facilitate fusion.

? Male gametes mostly motile and female non-motile, exception few fungi and
in algae both gametes are motile in some cases

? Water medium for gamete transfer- in lower plants. Large number of male
gametes produced to compensate loss

? Higher plants, pollen-grains are transferred by pollination.

? Fertilization :- Fusion of male and female gametes diploid zygote.

? Parthenogenesis :- development into new organism without fertilisation eg.


Rotifers, honey-bees, some lizard, bird(turkey).

ii. Fertilization

Two types- external and internal .

� External fertilisation :- outside the body of organism in external- medium


(water) eg. majority of algae, fishes, amphibians.

� Advantage :- show great synchrony between the sexes �

1. Release of large number of gametes into surrounding medium

2. Large number of offsprings produced.

� Disadvantage :- offspring vulnerable to predators, natural disasters.


� Internal fertilisation :- fusion occurs inside female body eg. majority of plants
and animals. Egg non-motile and formed inside female body. Male gamete
motile, produced in large numbers to reach egg and fuse with it. In seed plants,
non- motile male gamete carried to female gamete by pollen-tube.

iii. Post -fertilisation events- formation of zygote.

a. Zygote. One celled , diploid, vital link between two generations.

� External fertilization :- zygote formed in external medium water eg. Frog,

� Internal fertilization :� zygote formed inside the body eg. Human beings.
Development of zygote depends on type of life cycle and environment. Some
develop thick wall ( prevent damage and desiccation) & undergo period of rest
eg. Algae, fungi.

� Haplontic life cycle :- zygote (2n) divides by meiosis to form haploid (n)
spores.

� Diplontic life-cycle :- zygote (2n) divides mitotically, develops into embryo


(2n).

� Oviparous animals lay eggs out :- side the female body.Eggs can be fertilized/
unfertilized. Fertilized eggs covered which hard calcareous shell, laid in safe
place in the environment. Unfertilised eggs laid in water. Example- fishes, frogs,
reptiles, birds

� Viviparous animals bear and rear the embryo inside female body, give birth
to young-ones. Advantage- proper embryonic care, protection, survival chances
of young-ones greater. Examplecows, whales, human beings .

� Embryogenesis :- development of embryo from zygote by cell division


(mitosis) and cell differentiation.
� Cell :- division increases the number of cells in the developing embryo Cell
differentiation - groups of cells undergo certain modifications for the formation
of different kinds of tissues and organs.

� In flowering plants :- zygote formed inside ovule

Sepal Fall off

Petal Fall off

Stamen Fall off

Zygote Embryo

Primary endosperm nucleus Endosperm (3 N)

Synergid Disintegrate

Antipodals Disintegrate

Ovary Fruit

Ovule Seed

Ovary wall Pericarp (epicarp + mesocarp + endocarp)

Integument Seed coat (testa + tegmen)

� Parthenogenesis :Female gamete develops into new organism.

� Seedless fruits formed by parthenogenesis

� Clone : A group of individuals of the same species that are morphologically


and genetically similar to each other & their parents

� Turion : Fleshy overwintering buds in aquatic plants help in perrenation Eg


potomegaton, utricularia

� Bulbil : Fleshy buds that produce new plant Eg Agave and Oxalis

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