https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.

com%2Foriginals%2F2b%2Fd5%2F13%2F2bd5136ecf91f8f079093

Reproduction In Organism
Sexual reproduction
• The period from birth to the natural death of an organism
• Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female
represents its life span
gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals
• Death of every individual organism is a certainty, i.e., no
of the opposite sex. These gametes fuse to form the zygote which
individual is immortal, except single-celled organisms.
develops to form the new organism
• Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an
• offspring that are not identical to parents or amongst themselves
organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself
 When offspring is produced by a single parent with or without Phases of Life
the involvement of gamete formation, the reproduction is
asexual.
 When two parents (opposite sex) participate in the reproductive
process and also involve fusion of male and female gametes, it
is called sexual reproduction. Types Life cycle
Annual Plants Completes life cycle in single season / years
Asexual reproduction Annual plants produce fruit one in a life (Monocarpic)
In this method, a single individual (parent) produces offspring Biennial Plants Completes life cycle in two years
 Offspring are exact copies of their parent Vegetative phase (one year) →Reproductive phase (next year)
 The term clone is used to describe such morphologically and Produce fruit one in a life (Monocarpic)
genetically similar individuals. Perennial Plants More than two years / seasons of vegetative phase then flower
/fruit develops. They can be monocarpic (fruit once in life) or
Organism Mode of asexual reproduction polycarpic (fruit develops more than once in life)
Protists and Monerans Mitosis
Amoeba, Paramecium Binary fission • Annual and biennial plants, show clear cut vegetative,
Yeast Budding reproductive and senescent phases, but in the perennial species it
Fungi and algae Zoospores is very difficult to clearly define these phases
Penicillium Conidia  bamboo species flower only once in their life time
Hydra Budding and fragmentation  Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji), flowers once in 12
Sponge Endogenous bud (Gemmules ) years.
Bryophytes Gemma cup • In non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, rats, dogs, tiger, etc.,
Planaria Regeneration / fragmentation cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and hormones during
reproduction are called oestrus cycle.
Vegetative propagules Whereas, in primates (monkeys, apes, and humans) it is called
In plants, the units of vegetative propagation is called vegetative menstrual cycle.
propagules • Many mammals, especially those living in natural, wild
Vegetative propagules Plant conditions exhibit such cycles only during favorable seasons in
Runner Grass their reproductive phase and are therefore called seasonal
Stolon Mint , Jasmine breeders.
Tuber (eye) Potato Events in sexual reproduction
Bulbil Agave
Sucker Banana Pre-fertilisation Events
Rhizome Ginger, Banana, Turmeric
Offset Eichhornia Crassipes (water hyacinth)
Gametogenesis
Leaf bud (adventitious bud) Bryophyllum
• Gametogenesis refers to the process of formation of the two
types of gametes – male and female
Fragmentation
 Homogametes (isogametes) : male and gametes are similar in
In some organisms, the body breaks into distinct pieces
appearance e.g., as in some algae
(fragments) each fragment grows into an adult capable of
 Heterogametes : Distinct male (sperm/antherozoid) and female
producing offspring (e.g., Hydra).
gamete (egg /ovum)
Water hyacinth Sexuality in organisms
• Most invasive weeds
• Propagate vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and spread all Sexuality in Plants
over the water body called as ‘terror of Bengal’. Monoecious / Bisexual / Homothallic plants
• Both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant
Amoeba • E.g., Cucurbits, coconuts, Pinus, Pea, Chara,
sweet potato (bisexual flower)

Dioecious / Unisexual / heterothallic Plants

• Male and female reproductive structures present in the separate
plant
• In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate,
i.e., bearing stamens, while the female is pistillate or bearing
pistils
• E.g., Papaya , Date palm, Cycas, Marchantia
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2F2b%2Fd5%2F13%2F2bd5136ecf91f8f079093
Sexuality in animals Post-fertilisation Events
Unisexual animals: • In organisms belonging to fungi and algae, zygote develops a
• Unisexual animals possess either male or female reproductive thick wall that is resistant to desiccation and damage →
organ E.g., Cockroach undergoes a period of rest → then germinates
• In organisms with haplontic life cycle zygote divides by meiosis
Bisexual / hermaphrodite animals: to form haploid spores that grow into haploid individuals.
• Bisexual animals possess both male and female reproductive
organs in same individual Embryogenesis
• e.g., Earthworms, sponge, tapeworm, leech • Embryogenesis refers to the process of development of embryo
from the zygote.
Gamete Transfer • During embryogenesis, zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis)
• Algae, bryophytes and Pteridophytes: gametes are transferred by and cell differentiation [In Haplontic life cycle zygote undergoes
water meiosis]
• In seed plants, pollen grains are the carriers of male gametes
Oviparous animals
Fertilisation • Lay fertilized/ unfertilized eggs
• Fusion of gametes is called syngamy (Fertilization) • In oviparous animals like reptiles and birds, the fertilised eggs
• A form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an covered by hard calcareous shell are laid in a safe place in the
embryo without being fertilized by a sperm is called environment;
Parthenogenesis.
Seen in rotifers, honeybees , some lizards, birds (turkey), Viviparous animals
Includes majority of mammals including human beings
Where does syngamy occur? Zygote develops into a young one inside the body of the female
organism and young ones are delivered out of the body
External fertilisation
• Syngamy in the external medium (water), i.e., outside the body Flowering plants
of the organism is called external fertilisation • Zygote is formed inside the ovule. After fertilisation the sepals,
• zygote is formed in the external medium (usually water) petals and stamens of the flower wither and fall off. (exception :
• Seen in most algae, fishes, Amphibians sepals remain attached in tomatoes, strawberries, raspberries,
• Requirement : brinjal, etc.)
Synchrony between the sexes and release a large number of • The pistil however, remains attached to the plant
gametes into the surrounding medium (water) by both sexes • Zygote develops into embryo
• Disadvantage : • Ovule develops into seed
Offspring are extremely vulnerable to predators • Ovary develops into the fruit
• Protective thick wall of ovary is called pericarp
Internal fertilisation
• Syngamy occurs inside the body of the organism Also note :
• Seen in most fungi, reptiles, birds, mammals, bryophytes,
pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Organism Diploid number
• Requirement Human beings 46
 Motile male gamete and Egg is formed inside female body House fly 12
 In these even though the number of sperms produced is very Fruit fly 8
large, there is a significant reduction in the number of eggs Maize 20
produced
 In seed plants, however, the non-motile male gametes are
carried to female gamete by pollen tubes

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- END---------------------------------------------------------------------------