IkM,/ENG-80-02

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, I l l i n o i s 60439

A STUDY OF PIPING CONFIGURATIONS*

Y. Pan, A. Rafer and H. Ahmecl

Design Engineering Analysis

Engineering D i v i s i o n

January 1980

" T h i s work was performed iinder t h e a u s p i c e s of U. S. Departnenz o f Energy.

 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
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Government or any agency thereof.
 DISCLAIMER

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from the best available original document.
 ANL /ENG-80-02

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, I l l i n o i s 60439

A STUDY OF PIPING CONFIGURATIONS*

Y. Pan, A. Rafer and H. Ahmed

Design Engineering Analysis

Engineering D i v i s i o n

January 1980

________-.__ ~ ___
DISCLAIMER
Th8i boar was prepdred ai an account 01 work sponsored by m agency of the Unfted Stater Government
Ne~therthe UnNrrd Stater Government nor any agency thereof. nor any of the,. emoloveei. maker any
warranty. e x ~ r e r i or Imp18ed. 01 assumes any legal Iiab8Ilry or respons8bMW for the accurdcv,
~ ~ any mlormarlon. appdrdlur. product or PlDCelr d8rcIared. Or
cornpleteneir. or u s e l ~ l n e 01
reprerenir that 8,s use w u l d not mIir8nge privately owned rtghli Reference heres" 10 any Ipeclflc
c~mmercisl product. process. or I I V ~ C ~ by trade name. trademark, manufacturer. 01 O t h e r w w . doer
not necerwrily mnslituie or imply # t i endorwment. recarnmendar8on. or lavorlng by the Unlfed
Stale6 Governmenr or any 8 ~ m c ythereof The v l e w ~and op8nionr uf authors expressed heres" do not
necessarily sfate or reflect those01 the Untted States Government or a n y agency thereof

*This work w a s performed under t h e a u s p i c e s o f U. S . Department of Energy.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I
The a u t h o r s wish t o e x p r e s s t h e i r g r a t i t u d e t o M r , A . Amorosi who

made t h i s s t u d y p o s s i b l e under a l a r g e r conceptual d e s i g n s t u d y of loop

t y p e LMFBRs a t ANL.

r
 - ... . . ......

A study of piping and elbow flexibility is performed using an analyt-

ical approach and piping analysis computer programs ADLPIPE and MARC.

The study focuses on pipe loop configurations commonly used to accommodate

thermal expansion in such applications as Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reac-

tors.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.0 I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

11.0 A n a l y t i c Method....................... 1

111.0 F i n i t e Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

111.1 ADLPIPE Computer A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4

111.2 MARC Computer Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

 I

LIST OF FIGURES

No .
- Title Page

11.1 A H a i r p i n Loop Subjected t o a Constant Anchor Movement

i n t h e Z-direction ...................... 3

11.2 Piping F l e x i b i l i t y Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 '

11.3 Elbow S t r e s s I n t e n s i f i c a t i o n Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

11.4 P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n Containing Two 180' Elbows . . . . . . . 1 0

11.5 P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n Containing Three 180' Elbows . . . . . . 1 0

11.6 P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n Containing Four 180° Elbows . . . . . . . 12

11.7 C o i l Shaped P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

11.8 U Shaped P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

11.9 Omega Shaped P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

111.1 S t r e s s D i s t r i b u t i o n of a One-hump H a i r p i n Loop . . . . . . . . 16

111.2 Stress D i s t r i b u t i o n of a Two-hump H a i r p i n Loop . . . . . . . . 17

111.3 S t r e s s D i s t r i b u t i o n of a Three-hump H a i r p i n Loop . . . . . . . 18

111.4 Stress D i s t r i b u t i o n of a Four-hump H a i r p i n Loop . . . . . . . 19
111.5 S t r e s s D i s t r i b u t i o n of a C o i l Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1

111.6 S t r e s s D i s t r i b u t i o n of an Omega Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

111.7 Stress D i s t r i b u t i o n of a U - b e n d Loop ............. 23

111.8 Maximum stress i n d i f f e r e n t p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of c o n s t a n t

l e n g t h s due t o a c o n s t a n t anchor displacement i n t h e z-direc-
tion ............................. 26

111.9 Maximum stress i n d i f f e r e n t p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of c o n s t a n t

l e n g t h s due t o a c o n s t a n t anchor displacement i n t h e Y-direc-
tion ............................. 27

111.10 M a x i m u m stress i n d i f f e r e n t p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of c o n s t a n t
l e n g t h s due t o a c o n s t a n t anchor displacement i n t h e X-direc-
tion ............................. 28

111.11 Maximum Stresses of H a i r p i n Loops of Constant Span Due t o a

c
Constant 1" Anchor Displacement v s Bend Radius . . . . . . . . 29
111.12 Maximum stresses of d i f f e r e n t p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of
c o n s t a n t span due t o a c o n s t a n t 1" anchor displacement vs.
 L I S T OF FIGURES
.
(cont )

-
No. Title Page

bendradius.. ........................ 30

111.13 D i s t r i b u t i o n of Meridional S t r e s s f o r an Elbow Subjected

t o in-plane bending moment (from Ref. [ 4 ] ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
111.14 D i s t r i b u t i o n of C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l S t r e s s f o r an Elbow
Subjected t o in-plane bending moment (from Ref. [ 4 ] ) . . e , . . 32
111.15 P i p i n g F l e x i b i l i t y F a c t o r s (from Ref. [ 4 ] ) , ASME Code Values
are marked w i t h c r o s s e s .................... 33

111.16 L o n g i t u d i n a l S t r e s s f o r a n Elbow Subjected t o o u t of p l a n e

Bending Moment (from Ref. [ 5 ] ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
111.17 C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l Stress f o r a n Elbow Subjected t o o u t of
p l a n e Bending Moment (from Ref. [ 5 ] ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .
 A STUDY OF PIPING CONFIGURATIONS

1.0 Introduction

I n t h e d e s i g n of a p i p i n g system which i s s u b j e c t t o h i g h o p e r a t i n g

temperature, an expansion loop i s commonly used t o accommodate thermal

expansion. The b a s i c components of an expansion loop i n c l u d e t h e s t r a i g h t

p i p e s and p i p e bends (elbows). It i s of i n t e r e s t i n t h e d e s i g n of a p i p i n g

system t o l e a r n how d i f f e r e n t p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s behave under thermal

loading. Therefore, t h i s s t u d y i s made t o t r y t o assess t h e r e l a t i v e merit

of some s e l e c t e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t h a t might b e used i n t h e LMFBR p i p i n g

d e s i g n t o accommodate thermal expansion. The c o n f i g u r a t i o n s examined are

t h e h a i r p i n loop, t h e U-bend l o o p , t h e c o i l loop and t h e omega loop. The

thermal expansion is t r e a t e d as a c o n s t a n t anchor movement i n t h e a n a l y s i s .

The thermal stresses are c a l c u l a t e d by b o t h t h e a n a l y t i c method and t h e

f i n i t e element computer method i n accordance w i t h ASME P r e s s u r e Vessel and

P i p i n g Code [ l ] .

11.0 A n a l y t i c Method

Each p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s analyzed by t h e conventional beam method

[2]. The a d d i t i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e p i p e bend due t o t h e o v a l i z a t i o n

of t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n is accommodated by i n c l u d i n g t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r i n

t h e moment-curvature r e l a t i o n . The f o r c e and moment a c t i n g on t h e p i p e are

obtained by using t h e C a s t i g l i a n o theorem. The stresses i n each c r o s s

s e c t i o n are then c a l c u l a t e d according t o t h e s i m p l i f i e d e q u a t i o n s given i n

t h e ASME P r e s s u r e Vessel and P i p i n g Code S e c t i o n 111 Subsection NA [l].

These e q u a t i o n s c o n t a i n t h e stress i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r f o r t h e p i p e

bend. A t y p i c a l example of t h e a n a l y s i s i s given i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r a

-1-
 -2-

h a i r p i n l o o p f i x e d a t both ends and s u b j e c t e d t o a c o n s t a n t displacement

i n t h e Z - d i r e c t i o n as shown i n F i g u r e 1I.l.a.

Due t o symmetry, o n l y h a l f of t h e h a i r p i n loop needs t o be analyzed.

The f r e e body diagram of t h e loop i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 I . l . b . The e l a s t i c

energy of a s t r a i g h t beam s u b j e c t e d t o pure bending i s given by [ 2 ]

(11.1)

where M is t h e a p p l i e d moment, E i s t h e Young's modulus, I i s t h e moment

of i n e r t i a of t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n , and dR i s t h e i n c r e m e n t a l l e n g t h of t h e

pipe. For a p i p e bend, t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n must be used

Eb =/k ~M2 E I dR (11.2)

where k i s t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r of t h e elbow. Based on E q s . (11.1) and

(11.2), t h e e l a s t i c energy of t h e p i p e i s

From C a s t i g l i a n o t h e o r y , t h e s l o p e a t t h e end of t h e p i p e can be found by

aE
@ = - =
aM 0 = /
R
0
-
E1
dx + kR
E1
/ */0
2
[M - F(R + R S i n 9)]d0

E1 + kR(zR + R)] . (11.4)

Eq. (11.4) h a s t h e s o l u t i o n

M = FEY

.". " .. __ . . . . .. -. .~
 >I-
AZ
i-
= 6
Y

Figure 11.1. A Hairpin Loop Subjected t o

A Constant Anchor Movement
in the Z-Direction.
 -4-

where (11.5)

R2 + kR(52
IT
-
2
+ R)
E =

The d e f l e c t i o n a t t h e end of t h e p i p e i s given by

6 =
aE
-=
aF
1' 0 FxzE; MX dx +
IT/'
1
0
kR
-
E1
[F(R2 + 2RR S i n 8 + R2 Sin'8) -

M(R +R S i n €))]de

Hence,

(11.7)

where

Once t h e r e a c t i n g f o r c e and moment are found, t h e moment a t any c r o s s

s e c t i o n is given as

(11.8)

. . .. . - _".I ~ . .~... . . . . . .- __ -
... .
. .._-.- .
.- .. .
 -5-

where 5 is given i n Eq. (11.5) and x = R +R S i n 8 i f x > 2. Therefore,

t h e stress i n t h e U-bend i s

where Z is t h e s e c t i o n modulus and B is t h e stress i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r

f o r t h e elbow.

The f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r and t h e stress i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r can b e

found in t h e ASME P r e s s u r e Vessel and P i p i n g Code [ l ] . For a Class 1

n u c l e a r component,

k = - 1.65 f o r in-plane and out-of-plane bending

h

-1 for twisting

1.95 (11.10)
B = 0.75
(h) 2/3

where h = -
tR t i s t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e p i p e , r i s t h e mean r a d i u s of t h e
r2’
p i p e and R is t h e r a d i u s of t h e p i p e bend. When a l l t h r e e components of

t h e bending moment e x i s t , t h e r e s u l t a n t moment as d e f i n e d i n t h e Code i s

used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e stress.

M = (M2
X
+ M2Y + M2)1’2
Z
(11.11)
 -6-

The f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s and t h e stress i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r s are

c a l c u l a t e d f o r d i f f e r e n t p i p e s i z e s and elbow r a d i i and are p l o t t e d i n

F i g u r e s (11.2) t o (11.3). It i s noted t h a t b o t h t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r and

t h e stress i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r d e c r e a s e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p i p e t h i c k n e s s

and bend r a d i u s o r d e c r e a s i n g p i p e diameter.

The e q u a t i o n s f o r o t h e r p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s can be o b t a i n e d i n a

s i m i l a r manner and t h e r e s u l t s are summarized i n t h e following. I n these

e q u a t i o n s F and M denotes t h e anchor reactive f o r c e and r e a c t i v e moment,

respectively. The s u b s c r i p t s x , y, and z denote components i n t h e x , y,

and z d i r e c t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I f a component i s n o t given, i t i s

d e f a u l t e d t o zero. Once t h e anchor f o r c e s and moments are known, t h e

bending moment i n any c r o s s s e c t i o n can b e found and t h e maximum stress i n

t h a t c r o s s s e c t i o n can b e c a l c u l a t e d by

o m -M ( s t r a i g h t pipe)
Z
a = %
M (elbow) (11.12)

where B i s given i n Eq. (11.10)

A) H a i r p i n shapped p i p i n g (Fig. I I . l a ) f i x e d a t both ends and s u b j e c t e d

t o an anchor displacement 6 i n t h e x-directionr

Fx = 6EI

M =-FR
Y X

A = R2R + 2 kR3 (11.13)

B) H a i r p i n shapped p i p i n g ( F i g . I I . l a ) f i x e d a t both ends and s u b j e c t e d

t o an anchor displacement 6 i n t h e y d i r e c t i o n :
 -7-

D = PIPE DIAMETER

I R =ELBOW RADIUS
T = PIPE WALL THICKNESS

\ \
\
\

\ ---e- T/D =0.004

----
a.
a 40tt \ \
---
T/D =0.008

T/D= 0.0156

T/D = 0.020

R/D

F i gure 11.2 Pi p i ng F1e x i b i 1 it y Factor

i
 -8-
.

3 I I I I 1 I I I I I

B2= 0.75 C2
D = PIPE DIAMETER
3(
R = ELBOW RADIUS
T = PIPE WALL THICKNESS
I
I
I

- \
2

\
\
\
2f

I!
- \ '\,
--- T/D = 0.0156
\
T/ D = 0.020
8
'\

\ '\ \
I(

.
C

C I I I I I I I I I I
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO
R/D

Figure 11.3 Elbow Stress Intensification Factor

 -9-

= -S E I
FY A

M = - F R
X Y

R2 +
-
2
kRR + 71 k R 2
E =

A =
R3
3 + kR (zR 2
7T
+ -32 RR + 1
R2) - c R 2( + ~ kRR + 71 k R 2 ) (11.14)

C) Two hump p i p i n g (Fig. 11.4) hinged a t b o t h ends and s u b j e c t e d t o a n

anchor displacement 6 i n t h e z-direction:

F = 21 - R2
X 2R z

A =-
2 Rf
3
+ -32 (21 - R2) - (R1 - R2)R: + k2(R1 - R2I2

3
+ kR[32 + T T R ~ R+ ~2R(R1 + k2) + gTr(ai - k2)21 (11.15)

D) Two hump p i p i n g (Fig. 11.4) hinged a t b o t h ends and s u b j e c t e d t o an

anchor displacement 6 i n t h e x - d i r e c t i o n :

= -6 E I ( R 1 - 2

Fx A 2 R 12)

x
2R Fx (11.16)
FZ Rl - 22

where A i s given i n Eq. (11.15).

E) Three hump p i p i n g (Fig. 11.5) hinged a t b o t h ends and s u b j e c t e d t o

anchor displacement 6 i n t h e z - d i r e c t i o n :
 -10-

r (-7) J%
-

---\-----

FIG. 11 .4 Piping Configuration Containing Two 180" El bows

7-
21
I
I
I
i

FIG. 11.5 Piping Configuration Containing Three 180" Elbows

 .... ...

-11-

- 6EI
FZ -a
A = 52R13 1
- $21 - R2)3 + k[TRR: + ~TR( -
2 1 R2)2
3
+ -TR3
4 -

2R2(R1 - R2) + 4R2Rl] (11.17)

F) Four hump p i p i n g ( F i g . 11.6) hinged a t b o t h ends and s u b j e c t e d t o a n

anchor displacement 6 i n t h e z - d i r e c t i o n ;

F = -6EI
Z A
= R
-F
Fx 4R z
R3 11
A = 3 + kR [rR2 + 16 rR2 + 2Rk]. (11.18)

G) Four hump p i p i n g (Fig. 11.6) hinged a t b o t h ends and s u b j e c t e d t o an

anchor displacement 6 i n t h e x - d i r e c t i o n :

F Z = 4R
R Fx

4R k3 11
A = (r)[F2
+ kR(TR2 +16 Tk2 + 2RR)I (11.19)

H) C o i l shaped p i p i n g (Fig. 11.7) hinged a t b o t h ends and s u b j e c t e d t o an

anchor displacement 6 i n t h e z - d i r e c t i o n :

A =
3 rkR3
- (11.20)
2

I) U-shaped p-ging (Fig. 11.8) hinged a t bot.. ends and s u b j e c t e d t o an

anchor displacement 6 i n t h e z - d i r e c t i o n :

FZ = 6EI a
 -12-

FIG. 1 1 . 6 P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n C o n t a i n i n g Four 180" Elbows

FIG. 11.7 C o i l Shaped P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n

 -13-

FIG. 11.8 U Shaped P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n

FIG. 11.9 Omega Shaped P i p i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n

 -14-

3 TR:
A = kl[T - + k2[?T R 2R + + 1
2R3] 2R R2 TR3J (TT 21) t
1 1 2 1 2 2

J) Omega shaped p i p i n g (Fig. 11.9) hinged a t b o t h ends and s u b j e c t e d t o an

anchor displacement 6 i n t h e z - d i r e c t i o n :

F
Z
=T 6 E I
A = k R 3 (-9T -@- $) + k R (2 .rrR2 + C R R + $ R i - F)(11.22) 2

1 1 8 2 2 4 2 2 2

111.0 F i n i t e Element Method

There are several f i n i t e element programs which can b e used t o a n a l y z e

a p i p i n g system. The programs which are used i n t h i s s t u d y a r e t h e ADLPIPE

and MARC computer programs.

111.1 ADLPIPE Computer A n a l y s i s

This program u s e s t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l beam method t o a n a l y z e a p i p i n g

system according t o t h e ASME P r e s s u r e Vessel and P i p i n g Code. Two sets of

s t u d i e s w e r e made. The f i r s t s e t of s t u d y examines v a r i o u s s e l e c t e d con-

f i g u r a t i o n s w i t h c o n s t a n t l e n g t h of 1 0 0 ' . The p i p e diameter i s 48" and t h e

p i p e t h i c k n e s s i s 0.75". These dimensions are s e l e c t e d because t h e y are

used i n t h e LMFBR loop s t u d y [3]. The o u t p u t of t h e computer c a l c u l a t i o n

h a s been checked a g a i n s t t h e a n a l y t i c r e s u l t s . The maximum d e v i a t i o n i s

found t o be 5%. The r e s u l t of t h e a n a l y s i s i s shown i n F i g u r e s (111.1) t o

(111.10).

F i g u r e 111.1 ( a ) shows t h e stress d i s t r i b u t i o n along a 100' c o n s t a n t

l e n g t h p i p e f o r a 1" anchor displacement i n t h e X-direction. The r e a c t i v e

anchor f o r c e i s i n t h e X-direction and t h e reactive moment i s i n t h e Y-

direction. Hence t h e moment and t h e bending stress i s c o n s t a n t along t h e

straight pipe. The stress shows a jump a t t h e j u n c t i o n of t h e s t r a i g h t

I_ ~ . . .. ... ~ .- - .... . - .. . . . .. . .... . ._.

... .. . - . .-
-.- __ .. . . .- .
 -15-

p i p e and t h e elbow due t o t h e stress i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r of t h e elbow as

i n d i c a t e d i n Eq. (11.9). In t h e elbow, t h e moment and t h e stress d e c r e a s e s

t o zero a t t h e symmetry p o i n t .

In F i g u r e 111.1 (b) anchor f o r c e s and moments i n a l l X, Y and Z d i r e c -

t i o n s are non-zero. The r e s u l t a n t moment i s c a l c u l a t e d according t o E q .

(11.11). Hence t h e stress d i s t r i b u t i o n i s non-linear along t h e s t r a i g h t

pipe. The stress a g a i n shows a jump a t t h e j u n c t i o n of s t r a i g h t p i p e and

elbow due t o t h e stress i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n .

I n F i g u r e 111.1 ( c ) t h e stress d i s t r i b u t i o n along t h e s t r a i g h t p i p e i s

l i n e a r s i n c e t h e anchor f o r c e i s i n t h e Z-direction and t h e anchor moment

i s in t h e Y-direction. The r e s u l t a n t moment i n t h e s t r a i g h t p i p e s e c t i o n

is always i n t h e Y-direction. The stress curve a t t h e elbow f i r s t f a l l s

then rises as t h e moment goes t o zero and changes s i g n i n t h e elbow.

F i g u r e 111.1 (d) shows t h e maximum stress f o r d i f f e r e n t bend r a d i i .

I n g e n e r a l , t h e stress d e c r e a s e s as t h e bend r a d i u s i n c r e a s e s . The o n l y

e x c e p t i o n occurs when t h e anchor displacement i s i n t h e Z - d i r e c t i o n where

t h e maximum stress i n c r e a s e s . This i s because i n c r e a s i n g t h e bend r a d i u s

reduces t h e s t r a i g h t p i p e l e n g t h f o r a c o n s t a n t l e n g t h p i p e . A constant

anchor displacement means more elbow d e f l e c t i o n f o r a l a r g e r bend r a d i u s ,

hence t h e maximum stress i n c r e a s e s .

F i g u r e 1 1 1 . 2 t o F i g u r e 111.4 can be e x p l a i n e d i n t h e s a m e manner as

F i g u r e 111.1. The g e n e r a l t r e n d i s f o r t h e stress t o go down as t h e number

of elbows i n c r e a s e s o r t h e elbow r a d i u s i n c r e a s e s . A s indicated i n Figure

111.1 ( c ) , t h e o n l y exception i s when t h e anchor displacement i s i n t h e

Z-direction. I n t h a t case, t h e t r e n d i s f o r t h e stress t o go up as t h e

number of elbow o r t h e elbow r a d i u s d e c r e a s e s due t o t h e s h o r t e n i n g of t h e

s t r a i g h t pipe section.
 -16-

24 -
TOTAL LENGTH = 100'
W E DIAMETER D= 48"
PIPE THlCKNE&,T=0.75" TOTAL
PIPE DIAMETER, 0
' 48"
LENGTH =IW'

PIPE THICKNESS,T=O.75"
'ff
20 - 5t t21

I6 -

8-

4-

N O M NUMBERS NODE NUMBERS

(b)

t
(a 1

IO
TOTAL LENGTH = 100'
PIPE DlAMETER,D=48"
PIPE THICKNESS, T = 0.75"

fi
iL,,.IO*25'

NODE NUMBERS
t 1
(C)

Figure 111.1 Stress Distribution of a One-hump Hairpin Loop.

( a ) displacement i n the X-di rection
( b ) displacement in the Y-direction
( c ) displacement i n the Z-direction
.
( d ) maximum stress vs. bend radius
 NODE MNBERS NODE NUMBERS

(b)
(a)

1
IO
TOTAL LENGTH = 100'
PIPE DIAMETER
PIPE THICKNEO S Z~=o.7ssa
4, ~8 " 5f(J
T" ---
-.-.-
----R:3D
R=I.SD
R :2D

t 1!

TOTAL LENGTH = 100'

PIPE DIAMETER, 0 = 48"
PIPE THICKNESS , T I 0.75"

I I I I
" I ' " 3' 4 5
RID

(d 1

Figure 111.2 Stress Distribution of a Two-hump Hairpin Loop.

( a ) d i spl acement i n the X-di rection
( b ) displacement in the Y-direction
( c ) displacement i n the Z-direction
( d ) maximum stress vs. bend radius
 -18-

TOTAL LENGTH =loo'

1I " " " " " ' I

10
9 -m 17

PIPE DIAMETER.D=48"
PIPE THIWNESS.T=O.75"

---
-.-.-R=ZD
R-1.50

01 ' 4 ' b ' ;3 ' I; ' $1 "25

N O M NUMBERS

(a) (b)

TOTAL LENGTH: 100'

PIPE DIAMETER, D=48"
PIPE THICKNESS.T=0.75"

jot

-
NODE NUUeERS

(C) RIO

(d 1

Figure 111.3 Stress Distribution o f a Three-hump Hairpin Loop.

( a ) di spl acement i n the X-di recti on
( b ) displacement i n the Y-direction
( c ) displacement in the Z-direction
( d ) maximum s t r e s s vs. bend radius
I " " ' " " "

TOTAL LENGTH =100"

PIPE DIAMETER,0=48"
TOTAL LENGTH =loo'
PIPE DIAMETER 0.48'' PIPE THICKNESS, TZ0.75"
PIPE THICKNESi,T=O.IS"
---R:I.SD
---R:I.SD R:2D
-.-.- R=2D

NODE NUMSERS

(a) (b)

--- OY

-----A2
TOTAL LENGTH = 100'
PIPE DIAMETER, 0: 48"
PIPE THICKNESS, T = 0.75"

I
i
i/'
I

NODE NUMBERS

(C)

Figure 111.4 Stress Distribution o f a Four-hump Hairpin Loop.

( a ) displacement i n the X-direction
( b ) displacement i n the Y-direction
( c ) displacement in the Z-direction
( d ) maximum s t r e s s vs. bend radius
 -20-

Figure 111.5 shows t h e stress d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e c o i l loop. Nodes

f 5 and # 2 1 a t t h e c r o s s over p o i n t of t h e loop are s e p a r a t e d by a p i p e

diameter d i s t a n c e . ’ T h e r e f o r e , t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s n o t two dimensional as

is the case for the other piping configurations. F i g u r e 1II.S ( a ) and (b)

can be e x p l a i n e d u s i n g t h e earlier reasoning. Although t h e displacement is

i n t h e Z - d i r e c t i o n i n F i g u r e 111.5 ( c ) , t h e reactive moments are i n a l l

t h r e e d i r e c t i o n s due t o t h e t h r e e dimensional c o n f i g u r a t i o n . Hence t h e

stress d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n is non-linear and t h e stress

c u r v e s go through a minimum r a t h e r than zero because t h e r e s u l t a n t moment

i s n o t zero. I n t h i s c a s e t h e maximum stress d e c r e a s e s when elbow r a d i u s

increases. For t h e o t h e r two displacement components t h e stress go through

a maximum as indicated in Figure 111.5 (d). In these two cases when the

elbow r a d i u s i s s m a l l , t h e s t r a i g h t p i p e s are e f f e c t i v e . When t h e elbow

r a d i u s i s s m a l l , t h e s t r a i g h t p i p e s are e f f e c t i v e . When t h e elbow r a d i u s

i n c r e a s e s , t h e l e n g t h of t h e s t r a i g h t p i p e d e c r e a s e s and t h e stress in-

creases. A s t h e elbow r a d i u s i n c r e a s e s f u r t h e r , t h e s h o r t e r s t r a i g h t p i p e

becomes i n e f f e c t i v e and t h e e f f e c t of t h e elbow t a k e s o v e r , hence t h e stress

decreases.

Figure 111.6 and F i g u r e 1 1 1 . 7 can b e e x p l a i n e d i n a similar manner.

In t h e s e two c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , t h e elbow changes r a d i u s a t node #9 and node

817. Therefore, t h e stress curve shows a d d i t i o n a l d i s c o n t i n u i t y a t t h e s e

two p o i n t s as compared t o F i g u r e s 111.1 through 111.5. These two configura-

t i o n s a l s o shows t h e g e n e r a l t r e n d of d e c r e a s i n g stress w i t h i n c r e a s i n g

elbow r a d i u s .

In summary some g e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n s made i n t h i s s t u d y are given as

follows:

1. When t h e displacement i s i n t h e p l a n e of t h e l o o p , t h e
 -21-

TOTAL LENGTH = 100'

PIPE DIAMETER 0.48"
PIPE THICKNES~.T=O.B'*

T t ---R:I.5D

----R;3D
R=2D

NODE NUMBERS

(a)

t -nx 1

Figure 111.5 Stress Distribution of a Coil Loop.

( a ) displacement i n the X-direction
( b ) displacement in the Y-direction
( c ) d i spl acement i n the Z-di rection
( d ) maximum s t r e s s vs. bend radius
 -22-

'
l " " " " ' " l

.t TOT& LENGTH =loo'

PIPE OIAMETER.D=4B"
PIPE TH1CKNESS.T; 0.75"

01 ' 5I ' b ' A

NODE NUMBERS
"17 ' I; "
25
NODE NUMBERS

(a) (b)

12 -
"
10 -

8-
-
-
z
I
n

b
.

6-

NODE NUMBERS -0 I 2 3 4 5
RID
(C)
(d 1

Figure 111.6 Stress D i s t r i b u t i o n o f an Omega Loop.

( a ) displacement i n the X-direction
( b ) displacement i n the Y-direction
( c ) di spl acement i n the Z-di r e c t i o n
( d ) maximum stress vs. bend radius
 -23-

OI ' 4 ' 4 " I3 "

NODE NUMBERS
17 ' I; "23

(a) (b)

24 t I
1.5D
I

20
1 -4 x
-----by
\
-----&?
\
TOTAL LENGTH = 100'
\ PIPE DIAMETER, o = 48''
\ PIPE THICKNESS ,T=O.E''
'\
.'\.
..--.
-
I------
k-, --
'/-

NODE NUMBERS

(C)

Figure 111.7 Stress Distribution o f a U-bend Loop.

( a ) displacement in the X-direction
( b ) displacement in the Y-direction
( c ) displacement i n the Z-direction
( d ) maximum stress vs. bend radius
 -24-

reactive f o r c e s i s a l s o i n t h e same p l a n e and t h e d i r e c t i o n

of t h e r e a c t i v e moment is p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e plane. In

t h i s c a s e t h e magnitude of t h e bending moment is l i n e a r l y

decreasing i n t h e s t r a i g h t pipe. Hence, t h e stress curve

is a s t r a i g h t l i n e i n the s t r a i g h t section.

2. When t h e displacement is o u t of t h e p l a n e of t h e p i p e , a l l

t h r e e components of t h e f o r c e and moment are nonzero. Since

t h e r e s u l t a n t moment i s c a l c u l a t e d as t h e r o o t of t h e sum of

t h e s q u a r e s of each moment, t h e stress curve i n t h e s t r a i g h t

s e c t i o n is no l o n g e r a s t r a i g h t l i n e .

3. The stress curve always h a s a d i s c o n t i n u i t y a t t h e j u n c t i o n of

a s t r a i g h t p i p e and an elbow. This i s due t o t h e stress i n t e n s i -

f i c a t i o n f a c t o r of t h e elbow as i n d i c a t e d i n Eq. (11.9) i f X = R.

I f t h e end e f f e c t of t h e elbow i s c o n s i d e r e d , t h e stress curve

would b e continuous and w i t h o u t a jump.

4. The bending moment i n t h e elbow v a r i e s as a combination of

t r i g o n o m e t r i c and q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n s as shown i n Eq. (11.9)

and (11.11).

5. For t h e same c o n f i g u r a t i o n , i n c r e a s i n g t h e r a d i u s of t h e p i p e

bend i n c r e a s e s t h e l e n g t h of t h e elbow t o accommodate thermal

expansions. Therefore, t h e stress t e n d s t o d e c r e a s e when t h e

p i p e bend r a d i u s i n c r e a s e s . The same reasoning h o l d s when t h e

number of elbows i s i n c r e a s e d .

6. The s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n of t h e p i p e serves t o enhance t h e

d e f l e c t i o n of t h e elbow. T h e r e f o r e , i t is d e s i r a b l e to

- . - . . .... . ~ ......
 -25-

have a long s e c t i o n of s t r a i g h t p i p e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e d i r e c -

t i o n of anchor movement.

The m a x i m u m stress i n d i f f e r e n t p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s are summarized

i n F i g u r e s (111.8) t o (111.10). These curves can b e e x p l a i n e d by t h e

general observations.

The second p a r t of t h e study examines t h e same c o n f i g u r a t i o n s except

t h e span of t h e p i p e i n s t e a d of t h e t o t a l l e n g t h i s k e p t c o n s t a n t . The re-

s u l t s of t h e s e a n a l y s i s are shown i n F i g u r e s (111.11) and (111.12). From

t h e s e curves i t i s noted t h a t t h e stress d e c r e a s e s monotonously as t h e ra-

d i u s of t h e elbow i n c r e a s e s . This happens because, i n a c o n s t a n t span

s t u d y , t h e t o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g elbow r a d i u s .

Therefore, more elbow l e n g t h i s a v a i l a b l e t o accommodate thermal expansion.

111.2 MARC F i n i t e Element Program

The p a r t i c u l a r element which i s of i n t e r e s t i n a p i p i n g d e s i g n i s t h e

elbow element #17 [ 7 ] . This element i s a symmetrically loaded s h e l l

element s p e c i a l l y modified f o r s t u d y i n g p i p e bend. The theory and t h e

r e s u l t s of t h e computation a r e given i n R e f . [ 4 ] f o r an in-plane bending mo-

ment. A MARC a n a l y s i s o f elbows s u b j e c t e d t o out-of-plane bending moment can

be found i n Ref. [ 5 ] . The curves o b t a i n e d i n Ref. [ 4 ] and [5] are r e c a p i t u -

l a t e d i n F i g u r e s (111.13) t o (1111.17). These r e s u l t s are confirmed i n t h i s

s t u d y u s i n g t h e MARC Program.

F i g u r e s (111.13) t o (111.14) are f o r an elbow w i t h a p i p e f a c t o r h =

0.0924 and R/D = 1.475. I n t h i s c a s e , an ASMJI code c a l c u l a t i o n g i v e s :

B 2 = 0.75 -
213
= 7.16
 -26-

I I I I I I I I I I I

-E)

0- u-eENk-4 fi;.5D ~

(02 = C) HORIZONTAL^
IN-PLANE DISPLACEMENT
2L

TOTAL LENGTH = 100'

2c PIPE DIAMETER, D = 48"
PIPE THICKNESS, T=0.75"
A
I

*%\'

\?' \
\ \

A '\
3
I I I I I I I I I I I
I 2 3 4 5
R/D

Figure 111.8 Maximum s t r e s s i n different p i p i n g configurations o f constant

lengths due t o a constant anchor displacement i n the -direction.
 -27-

I I I I I I I I I 1 I

e
- A ? . S D 6
( 0 Y =I") HORIZONTAL
-
OUT OF-PLANE DISPLACEMENT

TOTAL LENGTH =loo1

PIPE DIAMETER, D = 48"
PIPE THICKNESS, T= 0.75" -.--..-
6 HAIRPIN
A

HAIRPIN
+-----
mb A
m
Y T

r"'
U

X
a
I
b
/ 0

I I I I 1 I I I I I I
I 2 3 4 5
. R/D

Figure 111.9 Maximum s t r e s s in different piping configurations of constant

lengths due t o a constant anchor displacement i n the Y-direction.
 -28-

2'

\
2c
'
\
\
TOTAL LENGTH =loo1
PIPE DIAMETER, D= 48''
PIPE THICKNESS, T= 0.75''
COIL

1
----&
\
\
\
\
\ HAIRPIN
0--
\
c
-
m
If
\

$1
Y
.\
Y \
X \
a \
E \ HAIRPIN
\
b li \

I:1-
R

n
\.. -

0 I I I I I I I I I I I ,

I 2
R/D
3 4 5 .
F i g u r e III.10Plaxirnurn s t r e s s i n d i f f e r e n t p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f c o n s t a n t
l e n g t h s due t o a c o n s t a n t anchor displacement i n t h e X - d i r e c t i o n .
 -29-

L-qR 7-

1
I S P A
61
N= 1 6 4 ' 4
6-
PIPE MAMETER = 48'' PIPE DUMETER = 48"
PIPE THICKNESS = 0.n" PIPE THICKNESS =0.7S"

5-
OSx-WT OF FIELD

\ -2
-
x
4-

3-

2-

I-
I 2 3 4 5
R/D
(a)

L S P A N1 1 6 4 ' 4

\ PIPE DIAMETER = 48"

PIPE THICKNESS :0.75"
\

I I
I z 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
RID RID
(cl (d)

Figure 111.11 Maximum S t r e s s e s o f Hairpin Loops o f Constant

Span Due t o a Constant 1" Anchor Displacement
vs. Bend Radius.
( a ) one hump h a i r p i n ( b ) tow hump h a i r p i n
* ( c ) three hump h a i r p i n ( d ) f o u r hump h a i r p i n
 -30-

8, I I

7-
3
L S P b N 31 6 4 . 1
PIPE D W T E R = 48"
6- PIPE THICKNESS =0.75"

Oh
5- x 0 Sr
sz
-;;
- 4-

3
3-

2-

:IT---- &
SPbN i1 6 4 ' 2
PIPE DIAMETER = 48"
PIPE THICKNESS :0.75"
\
\
Y

4 ,I 2 3 4 5
R/D
(C)

F i g u r e 111.12 Maximum s t r e s s e s o f d i f f e r e n t p i p i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f c o n s t a n t
span due t o a c o n s t a n t 1 " anchor displacement vs. bend r a d i u s .
(a) c o i l loop
( b ) omega l o o p
( c ) U-bend l o o p
 -31-

..... I.
53

Figure 111.13 D i s t r i b u t i o n of Meridional Stress f o r an Elbow Subjected

to in-plane bending moment (from Ref, [4])0
 -32-

-4

-6

-8

Figure m . 1 4 Distribution of Circumferential Stress f o r an el bow subjected

t o in-plane bending moment (from Ref. [4]).

. . - . - . . . I . . . , .... ...... :.. .__ ~.,. .

...
...
_.I
...
 -33-

4r 1:
olba3.O
-
olb$=2.0
0

.
A
PRESENT THEORY
TURNER A N 0 FORD
TURNER AND FORO
NEGLECT b

’“’5 e i
2.0 VISSAT A N 0 DEL BuOrio,
alb 180° BEND

.I 3.0
,,lb cL 2.9
0 VISSAT AND DEL BUONO

A GROSS.GROSS AND FORO.

500 BEND
m PAROUE.lOOo BEND
35r ‘Ib= O v VIGNESS, 900 BENO

i2

q
w
20-

ii 1 5.--

1
00 . - . . ‘_
C l
1
0 2
. . -1.
0.3
P I P E FACTOR,),
. I.
0 4
__I
0.5
.J
0.6

Figure 111.15 P i p i n g Flexi b i 1 i t y Factors (from Ref [4]). ASME Code Values
are marked w i t h crosses.
 -34-
3
9
3 4
s)
0
0
0
rn
3
c
N
-I -I -J
W W w o w
0
a a n d-
0 0 0 N U
a,
z T; 2 h
c,
U
U
H
H
aJ
L
0 3
m
m
i
 * OUTSlDE)
INSIDE 32 E L E M E N T L'OOEL
OUTSIDE
* INSIDE
} 16 ELEPL?F.'T L O D E L

61 oUTSIDE}
INSIDE 8 ELEbtITRT hIODEL

I
w
cn
I

I I I I I 1 - - J
30 60 90 120 150 180 213 240 270 300 330 360
POSITION (DFrS.)
F i g u r e 111.17 C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l S t r e s s f o r an Elbow Subjected t o o u t o f p l a n e
Bending Moment ( f r o m Ref. [SI).
 -36-

1.95
5 = h2/3 = 9.55. (111.1)

The code c a l c u l a t i o n v a l u e s of t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r a r e shown i n Fig.

(111.15) by c r o s s mark symbols. I n F i g s . (111.16) and ( 1 1 1 . 1 7 ) , t h e elbow

dimensions a r e
t = 0.244

D = 6.312

R = 18.23.

Hence t h e stress i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r s are

B2 = 2.5

C2 = 3.338
(111.2)

A l l t h e ASME code c a l c u l a t i o n s compare f a i r l y w e l l with t h e c u r v e s .

A thermal stress check r u n i s a l s o made f o r a 90" elbow w i t h a 36"

O.D., 5" t h i c k n e s s and 54" bend r a d i u s s u b j e c t e d t o 950" F on t h e i n n e r

s u r f a c e and 750" F on t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e . The thermal stress a g r e e s w i t h

t h e a n a l y t i c r e s u l t f o r a c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l [6].

EaAT
o =
2(1 -
v)

-- 30 x lo6 x 9 . 8 x x 200
2( 1 - 0.3)

= 42,000 p s i
(111.3)
 -37-

c
REFERENCES

1. ASME P r e s s u r e Vessel and P i p i n g Code; S e c t i o n 111.

2. Timoshenko, S.P., "Strength of Materials", D. Van Nostrand Co., I n c , ,

Third Ed., 1955.

3. "An Assessment of Basic Approaches t o t h e Design of t h e Primary System

of Loop Type LMFBR's", Primary System Study Group, J u l y 1977.

4. Marcal, P.V., " E l a s t i c - P l a s t i c Behavior of P i p e Bends w i t h In-Plane

Bending", J o u r n a l of S t r a i n Analysis, - 2 ( 1 ) , 84, 1967.

5. Dodge, N.G. and Moore, S.E., " S t r e s s I n d i c e s and F l e x i b i l i t y F a c t o r s

f o r Moment Loadings on Elbows and Curved Pipes", ORNL-TM-3658, Oak
Ridge N a t i o n a l Laboratory, March 1972.

6. Timoshenko, S.P. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S., "Theory of P l a t e s and

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