Unit 2

Fill in the blanks:

1.Information measured in logarithmic function is…………….

2………….is defined as the average information content per symbol.

3. The information from any source is transmitted over a noiseless channel at a signaling rate of………..

4. The average code length in a discrete memory less channel is given by……….

5. ………….. Measures the amount of information transferred when xi is transmitted and y1 is received.

6…………decoding is used to correct the errors during transmission in cyclic codes.

7………..codes eliminate the storage required for lookup table decoding

8……………..decoding avoids the lengthy process of examining every branch of the 2K possible branches.

9. In ………….state trellis diagram has only one stage

10. The path of the decoded signal with minimum metric is called………

Mcq:

1.For …….condition it is not possible to transmit the information with out errors. [ ]

a. R<C b. R>C c. R=C d. none

2. Pseudo –noise codes are also referred as . [ ]

3. (n/i) multiple error patterns are in ………..code words [ ]

a. 2n b. n/2 c. n d. n+1

4. ………..code is a t- error correcting code that detects and corrects ‘t’ random errors per code word [ ]

a. maximum length codes b. bch codes

c. hamming codes d. reed Solomon codes

5. Cyclic doe is a ………. [ ]

a. linear code b. non linear code c. exponential cod d. none

6.The expression used for the calculation of syndrome is……… [ ]

a. S= 𝑌 𝑇 H b. S=Y 𝐻 𝑇 c. S=𝑌 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 d. S=YH

7. Number of stages in a tapped shift register are [ ]

a. L stages b. L+2 stages c. L+1 stages d. L+3 stages

8. Which of the following a decoding method [ ]

a. Viterbi algorithm b. feedback decoding

c. sequential decoding d. all of the above

9.Information rate …………. [ ]

a. R=rH b. R<rH c. R>rh d. none

10.The code is used to eliminate storage required for look up table is [ ]

a. cyclic code b. nonlinear code c. exponential code d. none

unit 3

fill in the blanks:

1…….. Is used to detect the presence and absence of binary signals

2. The relation between the bandwidth and roll off factor is ……

3………..Is not used for long distance communication.

4. The relation between symbol duration and bit duration in M-array PAM system is………

5. Eye patterns help in detecting the ………….

6. Modified duo binary signaling employed for………. D>C response of transmission channel .

7. ……… intentionally introduces controlled ISI

8. The signal forms a sequence of positive and negative pulses when there is a …………between the bits.

9. The probability error is the good measure for the performance of the ……….

10. T he function of optimum receiver is, minimization of ……

Mcq:

1. The process of transmitting the signals over the channel with any modulation is known as …[ ]
a. Baseband pulse transmission b. band pass transmission
b. A&b d. none
2. The output of the matched filter is ………… the energy of the signal at the filter input [ ]
a. Proportional to b. depends on c. same as d. independent of
3. Residual ISI is due to [ ]
a. Imperfect realization b. incomplete knowledge of channel.

c. changes in channel characteristics d. all of the above

4. Duo binary signaling …….nyquist speed when it suffers from error propagation [ ]

a. increases b. decreases c. a & b d. none

5. ……Method uses correlation of two binary digits to produce three level sequence [ ]
a. duo binary b. modified duo binary

c. preceded binary d. partial response signaling

6. In optimum terminal filters ………is to be nyquist shaped [ ]

a. filtered output pulse b. filtered input pulse

c. transmission channel d. band width

7. By using equalizers ,the channel characteristics can be varied [ ]

a. zero forcing equalizers b. mean square equalizers

c. adaptive equalizers d. all of the above

8. In ……system errors are statically independent and the error probabilities are same for both the symbols [ ]

a. binary b. discrete channel

c. binary symmetric d. distortion less channel

9. ………..act as maximum likelihood receiver [ ]

a. matched filter b. correlation receiver

c. optimum linear receiver d. none

10. The Gaussian noise of a matched filter is [ ]

a. white noise b. Gaussian noise c. random noise d. none

unit 4

fill in the blanks;

1.In generation of QPSK input binary sequence is first converted into ……..type of signal

2. The demux in QPSK transmitter divides b(t) into …streams of the numbered and ……..numbered bits.

3. ……….system is used for carrier synchronization in QPSK.

4. Orthogonal carriers are used for …….. And …….

5. For QPSK technique equation of the transmitted signal S(t)=……

6. Transmission of two or more bits simultaneously is known as …………

7.The technique that involves both amplitude as well as phase shift keying is …….or……..

8. The points of M-array FSK line in a ………..of…….

9. MSK is ….shift keying

10. MSK uses …….number of bits per symbol.

Mcq:

1.Minimum band width required for QPSK is … [ ]

2𝑓𝑏
a. 2𝑓𝑏 b. 𝑓𝑏 𝑐. d. 4𝑓𝑏
𝑁

2. Use of quadrature modulation technique reduces …..

a. noise b. channel bandwidth c.bit rate d. none

3. Symbol duration for M-ary FSK is ….. [ ]

a. N 𝑇𝑏 b. 𝑇𝑏 𝑐. 2𝑇𝑏 𝑑. 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒

4. Number of bits peer symbol in QAM is ……. [ ]

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. N

5. MSK is ……modulation [ ]

a. primary b. quad ration c. both d. none

6. The error rate in DPSK is ………the PCM [ ]

a. < b.> c. = d. none

7. In…..’Carrier gets 00 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1800 phase shift corresponding to voltage levels of a binary modulating signal [ ]

a. BPSK b. BFSK c. QPSK D.DPSK

8……Is more effective than BFSK in the presence of noise [ ]

a. FSK b. ASK C. QPSK d. BPSK

9. ……..Allows bits to be transmitted using half the bandwidth [ ]

a. QPSK b. BFSK c. BPSK d. ASK

10……… Eliminates the need of DPSK by providing carrier frequency and a delay of 𝑇𝑏 [ ]

a. BPSK b. DPSK c. FSK D. ASK

Unit 5
Fill in the blanks:
1. Interfering signals are …………to spread spectrum signals.
2. In………spread spectrum amplitude of a modulated signal is amplitude by a very high rate NRZ binary
stream of digits
3. Effective jamming power is given by….
4. In……… each user is provided with an individual and distinctive PN code.
5. Ranging is an application of……spread spectrum.
6. A pseudo random sequence generated depends on the number of …..Used.
7. The autocorrelation function of a PN sequence is equal to ……..
8…………… Is referred to coarse synchronization and …… to fine synchronization.
9. Acquisition of a DS signal is carried out by ………. Technique.
10. Delay locked loop is used to …………a Ds signal.
Mcq:
1. Bandwidth of FHSS is equal to… [ ]
a. 8 k 𝑓𝑏 b.4k𝑓𝑏 c.2 k 𝑓𝑏 d. 16 k 𝑓𝑏
2. FHSS employs …… technique [ ]
a. amplitude modulation b. phase modulation
c. angle modulation d. frequency modulation
3. Fine synchronization is also known as …. [ ]
a. early-late gate b. late gate
4. The secure transmission is possible in……..modulation [ ]
a. amplitude b.PCM c. spread spectrum d. Frequency
5. Power spectrum density is the Fourier transforms of …….is a pseudo random sequence [ ]
a. cross correlation b. correlation c. auto correlation d. none
6. Expression for processing gain is [ ]
a. 𝑇𝑐 /𝑇𝑏 b. 𝑇𝑐 + 𝑇𝑏 c. 𝑇𝑐 *𝑇𝑏 d. none
7. Variable carrier frequency is used in …………technique
a. DSS b. FHSS c. both d. none
8. A PN sequence generator contains …….and……. [ ]
a. parity generator, shift register b. adder .,subtractor
c. multiplier, ripple carry adder d. none
9. A delay lock loop is used in …….of DS signal [ ]
a. tracking b. modulating c. tuning d.minimizing
10. The DSSS system performance depends on … [ ]
a. Processing gain b. modulating c. tuning d.minimizing

Unit 1
Fill in the blanks:
1. Efficiency of the coder is the ratio of ……….to ……..
2. In bipolar NRZ, the excursion of signal is between ….and……
3. Randomizing a data result in………..process
4. Digital representation of the signal is a sequence of ………..numbers.
5. Due to the digital transmission ……..range is possible in communication.
6. In binary PCM, number of equalization level is equal to ……
7. Regeneration of PCM signal approximately errorless waveform is achieved if (S/N) is ……..
8. ………….. Reduce the quantization errors.
9. The resultant digital error produces …….noise.
10. Random noise added to the PCM signal at the receiver causes ………………errors.
Mcq:
1………….the signal power reduces the effects of noise in digital communication system.
a. Decreasing b.unaltering c. increasing d. Eliminating

2. Rate of sampling must be at least …… the highest frequency component in the signal

a. thrice b. twice c. equal d. once

3. A sampled signal can be recovered when

a. T≤ 1/2𝑓𝑚 b. T≤2𝑓𝑚 c.T≥ 𝑓𝑚 d.T≥ 1/2𝑓𝑚

4. Quantization noise is produced in transmitter end of PCM system by …….sample values of aan analog
baseband signal.

a. increasing b. decreasing c. truncating d. round off

5. If the input normalized to the amplitude of unity then

a. ∆= 2𝑞 b. ∆= 2𝑞 c. ∆= 2/𝑞 d. ∆= 𝑞/2

6.Iin non uniform quantization the shape of probability density function P(x) indicates

a. |x(t)|<<1 b. |x(t)|>>1 c. |x(t)|=1 d. none

7.The process of amplifying weak signals and attenuating the strong signals before they are applied to uniform
quantize is referred to

a. Companding b. expanding c. compression d. quantizing

8.The comparator acts as a ……. Quantizer

a. integrator b .uniform c. sampled d. binary

9. In ADM slope over load effects are…………and granular noise becomes …..

a. reduced,reduced b.reduced ,constant

c. constant ,reduced d. none

 Assignment topics

Unit 1:

1. Certain issues of digital transmission,

2. advantages of digital communication systems,
3. Bandwidth- S/N trade off, and Sampling theorem
4. PCM generation and reconstruction
5. Quantization noise, Differential PCM systems (DPCM)
6. Delta modulation,

Unit 2:

1. Conditional entropy and redundancy,

2. Shannon Fano coding
3. Mutual information.
4. Matrix description of linear block codes
5. Matrix description of linear block codes
6. Error detection and error correction capabilities of linear block codes

Unit 4:

1. Coherent ASK detector and non-Coherent ASK detector

2. Coherent FSK detector BPSK
3. Coherent PSK detection
4. A Base band signal receiver,
5. Different pulses and power spectrum densities
6. Probability of error

Unit 5:

1. Use of spread spectrum

2. direct sequence spread spectrum(DSSS),
3. Code division multiple access
4. Ranging using DSSS Frequency Hopping spread spectrum
Code No: 56026 Set No. 1

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

III B.Tech. II Sem., I Mid-Term Examinations, February – 2012

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

Objective Exam
Name: Hall Ticket No.

Answer All Questions.

All Questions Carry Equal Marks. Time: 20 Min. Marks: 10.

I Choose the correct alternative:

1. The minimum band width required to multiplex 12 different message signals each ofband
width 10KHz is [ ]
A) 60KHz B) 120KHz C) 180KHz D) 160KHz
2. In 8-PSK system, adjacent phasors differ by an angle given by ( in degrees) [ ]
A) n/4 B) n/8 C) n/6 D) n/2
3. Band Width efficiency of a Digital Modulation Method is [ ]
A) (Minimum Band width)/ (Transmission Bit Rate)
B) (Power required)/( Minimum Band width)
C) (Transmission Bit rate)/ (Minimum Band width)
D) (Power Saved during transmission)/(Minimum Band width)
4. The Auto-correlation function of White Noise is [ ]
A) Impulse function B) Constant C) Sampling function D) Step function
5. The minimum band width required for a BPSK signal is equal to [ ]
A) one fourth of bit rate B) twice the bit rate C) half of the bit rate D) bit rate
6. Companding results in [ ]
A)More S/N ratio at higher amplitudes of the base band signal
B) More S/N ratio at lower amplitudes of the base band signal
C) Uniform S/N ratio throughout the base band signal
D) Better S/N ratio at lower frequencies
7. A uniform quantizer is having a step size of .05 volts. This quantizer suffers from a
maximum quantization error of [ ]
A) 0.1V B) 0.025 V C) 0.8 V D) 0.05 V
8. In Non-Coherent demodulation, the receiver [ ]
A) relies on carrier phase B) relies on the carrier amplitude
C) makes an error with less probability D) uses a carrier recovery circuit
9. The advantage of Manchester encoding is [ ]
A) less band width requirement B) less bit energy required for transmission
C) less probability of error D) less bit duration
10. Granular Noise in Delta Modulation system can be reduced by
A) using a square law device B) increasing the step size
C) decreasing the step size D) adjusting the rate of rise of the base band signal

11. Non-coherent detection of FSK signal results in

12. is used as a Predictor in a DPCM transmitter.
13. The Nyquist's rate of sampling of an analog signal S(t) for alias free reconstruction is
5000samples/sec. For a signal x(t) = [S(t)]2 ,the corresponding sampling rate in
samples/sec is
14. A Matched filter is used to
15. A signal extending over -4v to +4v is quantized into 8 levels. The maximum possible
quantization error obtainable is V.

16. The advantage of DPCM over Delta Modulation is

17. The phases in a QPSK system can be expressed as

18. The Synchronization is defined as
19. The sampling rate in Delta Modulation is than PCM.
20. The bit error Probability of BPSK system is that of QPS
Code No: 56026 Set No. 1

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

III B.Tech. II Sem., II Mid-Term Examinations, April – 2012

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

Objective Exam
Name: Hall Ticket No.

Answer All Questions. All Questions Carry Equal Marks.Time: 20 Min. Marks: 10.

I Choose the correct alternative:

1. Information rate of a source is [ ]

A) maximum when the source is continuous B) the entropy of the source measured in
bits/message
C) a measure of the uncertainty of the communication system
D) the entropy of the source measured in bits/sec.
2. The Hamming Weight of the (6,3) Linear Block coded word 101011 [ ]
A) 5 B) 4 C) 2 D) 3
3. Which of the following can be the generating polynomial for a (7,4) systematic Cyclic
code? [ ]
3 5 2 4 3 7 4 3

A) x +x+1 B) x +x +1 C) x +x +1 D) x +x +x +1
4. In a Linear Block code [ ]
A) the received power varies linearly with that of the transmitted power
B) parity bits of the code word are the linear combination of the message bits
C) the communication channel is a linear system
D) the encoder satisfies super position principle
5. The fundamental limit on the average number of bits/source symbol is [ ]
A) Mutual Information B) Channel capacity
C) Information content of the message D) Entropy of the source
6. A system has a band width of 3KHz and an S/N ratio of 29dB at the input of the receiver.
If the band width of the channel gets doubled, then [ ]
A) its capacity gets halved B) the corresponding S/N ratio gets doubled
C) the corresponding S/N ratio gets halved D) its capacity gets doubled
7. The Channel Matrix of a Noiseless channel [ ]
A) consists of a single nonzero number in each column
B) consists of a single nonzero number in each row
C) is a square Matrix
D) is an Identity Matrix
8. A source emits messages A and B with probability 0.8 and 0.2 respectively. The
redundancy provided by the optimum source-coding scheme for the above Source is [
]
A) 27% B) 72% C) 55% D) 45%
9. A source X and the receiver Y are connected by a noise free channel. Its capacity is [ ]
A) Max H(Y/X) B) Max H(X) C) Max H(X/Y) D) Max H(X,Y)
10. Exchange between Band width and Signal noise ratio can be justified based on [ ]
 A) Hartley - Shanon‘s Law B) Shanon‘s source coding Theorem
C) Shanon‘s limit D) Shanon‘s channel coding Theorem
11. The Parity check matrix of a linear block code is
101100
011010
110001
Its Hamming distance is
12. The significance of PN sequence in CDMA is
13. The cascade of two Binary Symmetric Channels is a
14. The source coding efficiency can be increased by using
15. The advantage of Spread Spectrum Modulation schemes over other modulations is

16. Entropy coding is a

17. A convolutional encoder of code rate 1/2 is a 3 stage shift register with a message word
length of 6.The code word length obtained from the encoder ( in bits) is

18. Relative to Hard decision decoding, soft decision decoding results in

19. If T is the code vector and H is the Parity check Matrix of a Linear Block code, then the
T

code is defined by the set of all code vectors for which H .T =

20. The advantage of CDMA over Frequency hopping is
-oOo-
Code No: 56026 Set No. 1

I Choose the correct alternative:

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. A
II Fill in the blanks
11. transmit the information signal using orthogonal codes
12. symmetric Binary channel
13. Source extension
14. It has soft capacity limit
15. Variable length coding scheme
17. 18
18. Better bit error probability
19. ZERO
20. It has soft capacity limit
-oOo-
Code No: 07A5EC09 Set No. 1

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD

III B.Tech. I Sem., I Mid-Term

Examinations, September – 2010 DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS

O
bjective Exam Name: Hall Ticket No.

Answer All Questions. All Questions Carry Equal Marks.Time:

20 Min. Marks: 20.

I Choose the correct alternative:

1) Word length in Delta modulation in Delta modulation is [ ]
A)3 bits B)2 bits C)1 bit D)2 bits
2) Which of the following gives minimum
probability of error [ ] A)FSK
B)ASK C)DPSK D)PSK
3) QPSK is an example of M-ary data
transmission with M= [ ] A)2 B)8
C)6 D)4
4) The quantization error in PCM when Δ is the step size [ ]
2 2 2 2

A) Δ /12 B) Δ /2 C) Δ /4 D) Δ /3
5) Quantization noise occurs in [ ]
A) TDM B)FDM C) PCM D)PWM
6) Non Uniform quantization is used to make [ ]
A) (S/N)q is uniform B) (S/N)q is non-uniform
C) (S/N)q is high D) (S/N)q is low
7) Slope Overload distortion in DM can be reduced by [ ]
A) Increasing step size B)Decreasing step size
C) Uniform step size D)Zero step size
8) Which of the following requires more band width [ ]
A) ASK B)PSK C)FSK D)DPSK
9) Companding results in [ ]
A) More S/N ratio at higher amplitudes B) More S/N ratio at lower amplitudes
C) Uniform S/N ratio throughout the signal D) Better S/N ratio at lower
frequencies
10) Mean square quantization noise in the PCM system
with step size of 2V is [ ] A)1/3 B)1/12 C)3/2 D)2
Cont…..2

Code No: 07A5EC09 :2: Set No.1

II Fill in the blanks:

11) The minimum symbol rate of a PCM system transmitting an analog
signal band limited to 2 KHz, the number of Q-levels 64 is -------
-----------
12) In DM granular noise occurs if when step size is -------------
13) The combination of compressor and expander is called---------------------
14) Data word length in DM is ---------------
15) Band width of PCM signals is -----------
16) A signal extending over-4V to +4Vis quantized in to 8e maximum
possible quantization error obtainable is-------------
17) Probability of error of PSK scheme is-----------------------
18) PSK and FSK have a constant--------------
19) Granular noise occurs when step size is--------------
20) Converting discrete time continuous signal into discrete amplitude
discrete time signal is called-----------------.
-oOo-

www.jntuworld.com www.jntuworld.com www.jwjobs.net JNTUWORLD

Code No: 07A5EC09 Set No. 2

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD

I B.Tech. I Sem., II Mid-Term

Examinations, November – 2010 DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS
Objective Exam

Answer All Questions. All Questions Carry Equal Marks.Time:

20 Min. Marks: 20.

I Choose the correct alternative:

1) For the data word 1110 in a (7, 4) non-systematic cyclic code with the generator
2 3

polynomial 1+x +x , the code polynomial is [ ]

3 5 2 3 5 2 3 4 5
 a) 1+x+x +x b) 1+x +x +x c) 1+x +x +x d) 1+x+x
2) A source transmitting ‘m’ number of messages is connected to a
noise free channel. The capacity of the channel is [ ]
2

a) m bits/symbol b) m bits/symbol c) logm bits/symbol d) 2m bits/symbol

3) Which of the following is a p(Y/X) matrix for a binary symmetric channel [ ]
a) b) c) d) None
4) Exchange between channel bandwidth and (S/N) ratio can be
adjusted based on [ ]
a)shannons limit b)shannons source coding
c) shannons channel coading d) Shannon Hartley theorem

5) For the data word 1110 in a (7, 4) non-systematic cyclic code with the generator
3

polynomial 1+x+x , the code polynomial is [ ]

3 5 2 3 5 2 3 4 4 5

a) 1+x+x +x b) 1+x +x +x c) 1+x +x +x d) 1+x +x

6) A source X with entropy 2 bits/message is connected to the receiver
Y through a noise free channel. The conditional probability of
the source is H(X/Y) and the joint entropy of the source and the
receiver H(X, Y). Then [ ]
a) H(X,Y)= 2 bits/message b) H(X/Y)= 2 bits/message
c) H(X, Y)= 0 bits/message d) H(X/Y)= 1 bit/message
7) Which of the following is a p(Y/X) matrix for a binary Erasure channel [ ]
a) 11ppqq−⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ −⎣ ⎦ b) c) d) None
8) The channel matrix of a noiseless channel [ ]
a)consists of a single nonzero number in each column.
b) consists of a single nonzero number in each row.
c) is an Identity Matrix.
d) is a square matrix. 9 )
Information content of a
message [ ]
a) increase with its certainty of occurrence. b)
independent of the certainty of occurrence.
c) increases with its uncertainty of occurrence. d) is the
logarithm of its uncertainty of occurrence.

10) The channel capacity of a BSC with the transition probability ½ is [ ]

 a) 0 bits b) 1 bit c) 2 bits d) infinity
II Fill in the blanks:
11) The shannons limit is
12) The channel capacity with infinite bandwidth is not because
13) Assuming 26 characters are equally likely , the average of the
information content of English language in bits/character is

14) The distance between two vector c1 and c2 is defined as the no.of
components in which they are differ is called as
15) The minimum distance of a linear block code is equal to of any non-zero co
16) A linear block code with a minimum distance d can detect upto
min

17) For a Linear Block code Code rate =

18) The information rate of a source is also referred to as entropy measured in

19) H(X,Y)= or
20) Capacity of a noise free channel is
Question bank :

Unit 1

1. Draw the block diagram of PCM generator and explain each block.

2. Determine the transmission bandwidth in PCM.

3. What is the function of predictor in DPCM system?

4. What are the applications of PCM? Give in detail any two applications.

5. Explain the need for Non-uniform quantization in PCM system.

6. Derive the expression for output Signal to noise ratio of PCM system.

7. Explain µ-law companding for speech signals.

8. Explain the working of DPCM system with neat block diagram.

9. Prove that the mean value of the quantization error is

inversely proportional to the Square of the number of
quantization levels.
10. Explain the working of Delta modulation system with a neat block
diagram.
11. Clearly bring out the difference between granular noise and slope overload error.

12. Consider a speech signal with maximum frequency of 3.4 KHz and maximum
Amplitude of 1v.This speech signal applied to a DM
whose bit rate is set at 20kbps. Discuss the choice of
appropriate step size for the modulator.

13. Derive the expression for Signal to noise ratio of DM system

14. Explain with neat block diagram, Adaptive Delta Modulator transmitter and
receiver.

15. Why is it necessary to use greater sampling rate for DM than PCM.
16. Explain the advantages of ADM over DM and how is it achieved.

17. Compare Delta modulation and PCM techniques in terms of bandwidth

and signal to noise ratio.

18. A signal m (t) is to be encoded using either Delta modulation or PCM

technique. The signal to quantization noise ratio (So/No) ≥ 30dB.Find
the ratio bandwidth required for PCM to Delta modulation.

19. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Digital modulation schemes?

20. What is digital communication system list the basic elements of digital
communication system

21. Write the advantages of digital communication system

22. State the importance of sampling thereom

23. Explain about noise in PCM system

Unit II
1. Write short notes on the following
a. Mutual Information
b. Self Information
c. Logarithmic measure for information
2. Write short notes on the following
d. Entropy
e. Conditional entropy
f. Mutual Information
g. Information
3. Define the information
4. List the properties of entropy
5. define code rate of block code
6. Explain the advantages of coding techniques
7. Explain the shanon fano coding algorithm using an example
8. State and prove the properties of mutual information
9. Explain the Lemple-Ziv coding with an example
10. What are the types of source coding? Explain the lossy source coding in detail
11. Descibe the matrix description of linear codes
12. Briefly explain error detection and error correction capabilities of linear block
codes
13. State and explain the properties of cyclic codes
14. Explain in detail the convolution coder with a suitable diagram
15. Derive the steps involved in generation of linear block codes .Define and explain
the propeertice of syndrome.

Unit III
1. Define baseband pulse transmission.
2. What is matched filter give its properties
3. What is correlative level coding
4. Define
i)partal response signaling
2)duo-binary signaling
3)modified duo-binary signaling
5. State Gram –Schmidt orthogonalization procedure
6. Discuss base band transmission of M-ary Data.

7. Explain how the residual effects of the channel are responsible for ISI?

8. What is the practical solution to obtain zero ISI? Explain.

9. Explain the various line codes used in digital subscriber lines
10. Illustrate the mode of operation of an adaptive equalizer with neat block diagram
11. Write about geometric representation of signals
12. Show that the input to output SNR gain of a matched filter depends on the product
of the
input signal dduration and noise band width.

Unit IV
1. Write down the modulation waveform for transmitting
binary information over base band channels for the following
modulation schemes: ASK,PSK,FSK and DPSK.
2. Derive an expression for error probability of coherent ASK
scheme
3. Derive an expression for error probability of non-coherent
ASK scheme.
4. Explain coherent and non-coherent detection of binary FSK waves.

5. Derive an expression for probability of bit error of a binary coherent FSK receiver.
6. Derive an expression for probability of bit error in a PSK system.
7. Explain the signal space representation of QPSK .Compare QPSK
with all other digital signaling schemes.
8. Explain the DPSK transmitter and receiver
9. Explain the operation coherent BPSK receiver
10. With a neat block diagram explain the detection of FSK
using PLL.

Unit V
1. Explain the Direct sequence spread spectrum technique with neat diagram
2. Explain the Frequency hopping spread spectrum in detail
3. Explain the properties of PN Sequences.
4. How pseudo noise sequence is generated? Explain it with
example
5. .How DS-SS works? Explain it with a block diagram.
6. Explain the operation of slow and fast frequency hoping technique.

7. Explain about source coding of Speech for wireless communication

8. Explain the types of Multiple Access techniques.
9. Explain TDMA system with frame structure, frame efficiency and features.
10. Explain CDMA system with its features and list out various problems in CDMA
systems.
11. Explain the Direct sequence spread spectrum technique with neat diagram
12. Explain the Frequency hopping spread spectrum in detail

13. Explain the properties of PN Sequences.

14. How pseudo noise sequence is generated? Explain it with example.

15. How DS-SS works? Explain it with a block diagram.
16. Explain the operation of slow and fast frequency hopping technique.
Very Short Questions And Answeres:
Unit I
1. Define Nyquist rate
Let the signal be bandlimited to „W‟ Hz. Then Nyquist rate is given
as,Nyquist rate = 2W samples/sec
Aliasing will not take place if sampling rate is greater than Nyquist
rate
2. What is meant by aliasing effect?
Aliasing effect takes place when sampling frequency is less than
Nyquist rate Under such condition, the spectrum of the sampled signal
overlaps with itself Hence higher frequencies take the form of lower
frequencies. This interference of the frequency components is called as
aliasing effect
3. State Sampling theorem.
A bandlimited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency
components higher than W Hz, may be completely recovered from the
knowledge of its samples taken at the rate of 2W samples per second.
4. Mention the merits of DPCM.

1 .Bandwidth requirement of DPCM is less compared to PCM.

2. .Quantization error is reduced because of prediction filter
3. .Numbers .of bits used to represent .one sample .value are also reduced
compared to PCM.
5.What is the main difference in DPCM and DM?

DM encodes the input sample by one bit. It sends the information about + δ
or -δ, i.e step rise or fall. DPCM can have more than one bit of encoding the
sample. It sends the information .about difference .between .actual sample value
and the predicted sample value.

.6. Mention the use of adaptive quantizer in adaptive digital waveform co d

ing schemes.

Adaptive quantizer changes its .step .size .according variance of .the .input
signaHence quantization error is significantly reduced due to the adaptive
quantization. ADPCM uses adaptive quantization. The bit rate of such schemes is
reduced due to adaptive quantization.

7. What do u understand from adaptive coding?

In adaptive coding, the quantization step size and prediction filter

coefficients are changed as per properties of input signal. This reduces the
quantization error and number of bits to represent the sample value. Adaptive
coding is used for speech coding at low bits rates.

8. What is meant by quantization?

 While converting the signal value from analog to digital, quantization is
performed. The .analog value is assigned to nearest digital value. This is called
quantization. The . Quantized .value .is .then .converted .into .equivalent .binary
.value. .The quantization levels are fixed depending upon the number of bits.
Quantization is performed in every Analog to Digital Conversion.

9. The signal to quantization noise ratio in a PCM system depends on wh a t

criteria?

The signal to quantization noise ratio in PCM is given as,

(S/N)db ≤(4.8+6v)dB Here v is the number of bits used to represent samples in
PCM. Hence signal to quantization noise ratio in PCM depends upon the number
of bits or quantization levels

10. What is meant by adaptive delta modulation?

In adaptive delta modulation, the step size is adjusted as per the slope of the
input signal. Step size is made high if slope of the input signal is high. This avoids

11. What is the advantage of delta modulation over PCM?

Delta .modulation uses one bit to.encode on sample. Hence bit rate of delta
modulation is low compared to PCM.
 Unit III

1. What is intersymbol interference in baseband binary PAM systems?

In baseband binary PAM, symbols are transmitted one after .another
These symbols are separated by sufficient time durations The transmitter,
channel and receiver acts as a filter to this baseband data. .Because of the
filtering characteristics, transmitted PAM pulses are spread in time
2. What is correlative coding?
Correlative level coding is used to transmit a baseband signal with the
signaling rate of 2Bo over the channel of bandwidth Bo. This is made
physically possible by allowing ISI in the transmitted in controlled manner.
This ISI is known to receiver. The correlative coding is implemented by duo
binary signaling and modified duo binary signaling.
3. Define Duobinary baseband PAM system K
Duobinary encoding reduces the maximum frequency of the baseband
signal. The word „duo‟ means to double the transmission capacity of the
binary system. Let the PAM signal ak represents kth bit. Then the encoder
the new waveform as
Ck =ak + ak-1
Thus two successive bits are added to get encoded value of the kth bit.
Hence Ck becomes a correlated signal even though ak is not correlated. This
introduces intersymbol interference in the controlled manner to reduce the
bandwidth.
4. What are eye pattern?
 Eye pattern is used to study the effect of ISI in baseband transmission.
1 ) Width of .eye .opening defines the .interval over .which the .received
wave can be sampled without error from ISI.
2.) The sensitivity of the system to timing error is determined by the rate of
closure of the eye as the sampling time is varied.
3.) Height of the eye opening at sampling time is called margin over noise

5. How is eye pattern obtained on the CRO?

Eye pattern can be obtained on CRO by applying the signal to one of
the input channels and given an external trigger of 1/Tb Hz. This makes one
sweep of beam equal to Tb seconds.
6. Why do you need adaptive equalization in a switched telephone
network.
In switched telephone network the distortion depends upon
1 ) Transmission characteristics of individual links.
2) Number of links in connection.
Hence fixed pair of transmit and receive filters will not serve the
equalization problem. The transmission characteristics keep on changing.
Therefore adaptive equalization is used.
7. What are the necessity of adaptive equalization?
Most of the channels are made up of individual links in switched
telephone network,the distortion induced depends upon
1 ) transmission characteristics of individual links
2) number of links in connection

8. Define the principle of adaptive equalization?

 The filters adapt themselves to the dispersive effects of the channel that is
the cofficients of the filters are changed contineously according to the received
data. The filter cofficients are changed in such a way that the distortion in the data
is reduced.

8. Define duobinary encoding?

Duobinary encoding reduces the maximum frequency of the base
band signal the “word duo” means to the double transmission capacity of
the binary system
9. Write a note on correlative level coding?
Correlative level coding .allows the signal scaling rate of 2Bo in the
channel of bandwidth Bo this is made physically possible by allowing ISI in
the transmitted signal in controlled manner this ISI IS KNOWN TO THE
RECEIVER
10. Define the term ISI?
The presence of outputs due to other bits interference with the output
of required bit . this effect is called inter symbol interference (ISI)
11. Write the performance of data transmission system using eye pa ttern
technique?
The width of the eye opening defines .the interval over which the
received wave can can be .sampled without error from inter symbol
interference .The sensitivity of the system to timing error is determined by
the rate of closure of the eye as the sampling time is varied
12. What is the necessity of equalization?
When the signal is passed through the channel distortion is introduced
in terms of
 1) amplitude
2) delay this distortion creates problem of ISI.
The detection of the signal also become difficult this distraction can be
compensated with the help of equalizer.
13.Mention the need of optimum transmitting and receiving filter in ba s
eband data transmission.
When binary data is transmitted over the baseband channel, noise
interfaces with it. Because .of this noise interference, .errors .are introduced
.in signal detection. .Optimum .filter performs .two functions .while
receiving .the noisy signal:
1 ) Optimum filter integrates the signal during the bit interval and checks
the output at the .time instant where signal to noise ratio is maximum
2) Transfer function of the optimum filter is selected so as to maximise
signal to noise ratio.
3) Optimum filter minimizes the probability of error
14. Define ASK.
In ASK, carrier is switched on .when binary 1 is to be transmitted and
it is switched off when binary D is to be transmitted ASK is also called on-
off keying.
14.What is meant by DPSK?
In DPSK, the input sequence is modified. Let input sequence be d(t)
and output sequence be b(t). Sequence b(t) changes level at the beginning of
each interval in which d(t)=1 and it does not changes level when d(t)=0.
When b(t) changes level, phase of the carrier is changed. And as stated
above, b(t) changes t=its level only when d(t) =1. This means phase of the
carrier is changed only if d(t)=1. Hence the technique is called Differential
PSK.
15. Explain coherent detection?
In coherent detection, the local carrier generated at the receiver is
phase locked with the carrier at the transmitter. The detection is done by
correlating received noisy signal and locally generated carrier. The coherent
detection is a synchronous detection.
Unit IV
1. What is the difference between PSK and FSK?
In PSK, phase of the carrier is switched according to input bit
sequence. In FSK frequency of the carrier is switched according to input bit
sequence. FSK needs double of the bandwidth of PSK.
2. What is meant by coherent ASK?
In coherent.ASK, correlation receiver is used to detect the signal
Locally generated carrier is correlated with incoming ASK signal. The
locally generated carrier is in exact phase with the transmitted carrier.
Coherent ASK is also called as synchronous ASK.
3. What is the major advantage of coherent PSK over coherent ASK?
Is on-off signalling, where as the modulated carrier is continuously
transmitted in PSK. Hence peak power requirement is more ASK,
whereas it is reduced in case of PSK
4. Explain the model of bandpass digital data transmission system?
The bandpass digital data transmission system consists of source,
encoder and modulator in the transmitter. Similarly receiver, decoder
and destination form the transmitter.
5. What is baseband signal receiver?
A baseband signal receiver increases the signal to noise ratio at the
instant of sampling. This reduces the probability of error. The baseband
signal receiver is also called optimum receiver.
6. What is matched filter?
The matched filter is a baseband signal receiver, which works in
presence of white Gaussian noise. The impulse response of .the matched
response of .the matched filter is matched to the shape pf the input
signal.
7. What is the value of maximum signal to noise ratio of the matched
filter? When it becomes maximum?
Maximum signal to noise ratio is the ratio of energy to psd of white
noise. i.e.,
ρmax = E/ (N0/2)
This maximum value occurs at the end of bit duration i.e. Tb
8. What is correlator ?
Correlator is the coherent receiver. It correlates the received noisy
signal .f(t) with the locally generated replica of the unknown signal .x(t).
It‟ s output is denoted as r(t).
9. On what factor, the error probability of matched filter depends.
Error probability is given as
Pe = 1/2erfc√E/N. o
This equation shows that error probability depends only on energy but
not on shape of the signal.
10.Bring out the difference between coherent & non coherent binary
Modulation scheme.
a. Coherent detection:In this method the local carrier generated at the
receiver is phase locked withthe carrier at the transmitter. Hence it is
called synchronous detection
 b. Non coherent detection: In this method, the receiver carrier need
not be phase locked with transmitter carrier. Hence it is called envelope
detection.
11. List the advantages of Passband transmission
a. Long distance.
b. Analog channels can be used for transmission.
c. Multiplexing techniques can be used for bandwidth conservation.
d. Transmission can be done by using wireless channel also.
13. List the requirements of Passband transmission.
a. Maximum data transmission rate.
b. Minimum probability of symbol error.
c. Minimum transmitted power.
Unit V
1. Define spread spectrum communication
in spread spectrum communication the transmitted data sequence
occupies much more .band width than the minimum required bandwidth.
Special code .is used to aspread the bandwidth of the message signal. This
special code is known only .to authorized .receiver. .Hence .the transmitted
.signal .is received .only by authorized .receiver. .Unwanted .receivers
.cannot .receive .the .signal. .Thus .spread spectrum communication provides
secure transmission of data.
2. What is pseudo noise sequence ?
Pseudo noise sequence is a noise like high frequency signal. The
sequence is not completely random, but it is generated by well defined logic.
Hence it is called „pseudo‟ .noise .sequence. .Pseudo .noise .sequences .are
.used .in .spread .spectrum communication for spreading message signals.
3. What is direct sequence spread spectrum modulation
 In direct sequence spread spectrum modulation, the pseudo-noise
sequence is directly modulated with data sequence. Thus pseudo-noise
sequence acts as high frequency carrier and data sequence acts as low
frequency modulating signal. The pseudo-noise sequence and data sequence
are applied to a product modulator. The output of product modulator can be
used directly or it can further generate BPSK signal for long distance
communication.
4. What is frequency hap spread spectrum modulation?
KIn .frequency .hop spread spectrum, the data is transmitted in
different frequency slots. These frequency slots are selected with the help of
pseudo-noise sequence. Selection of frequency slots is called frequency
hopping. The bandwidth of frequency hop spread spectrum is very much
large compared to direct sequencesspread spectrum. Frequency hop spread
spectrum is of two types:
I) slow frequency hopping and
II) fast frequency hopping.
5. What is processing gain?
Ans: processing gain is given as,
Processing gain (PG) = BW of spreaded signal/BW of un spreaded signal
6. What is jamming margin ?
Jamming margin is the ratio of average power of interference (J) to
average power of data signal (P.) i.se.,
𝐽 𝑃
= 𝐸𝐺𝑏
𝑃𝑠
𝑁0

7. State four applications of spread spectrum.

 I) Spread spectrum has the ability to resist the effect of intentional
jamming
II) Spread spectrum is used in mobile communications. This is because
the spreadspectrum signal has the ability to resist the effects of
multipath fading.
III)iSpread spectrum communication are used in distance measurement.
IV) Spread spectrum communications are secure. This secrecy capability
of spread spectrum is used in military as well as in many commercial
applications.
8. When is the PN sequence called as maximal length sequence?
When the PN sequence has the length of 2 m - 1, it is called maximal
length sequence.
9. What are the application of spread spectrum modulation.
(i) Multipath access capability.
(ii) Multipath protection in mobile communication
(iii) Low probability intercept.
(iv) (Interference rejection.
(v) To provide antijam capability.
(vi) Distance measurements.
(vii) Selective calling
10.What are the Advantages of DS-SS system.
1 This system has best noise and antijam performance
2. Unrecognized receivers find it most difficult to detect direct sequence s
ignals.
3. It has best discrimination against multipath signals
11. What are the Disadvantages of DS-SS system.
1 .It required wideband channel with small phase distortion.
2. .It has long acquisition time.
 3. .The pseudo –noise generator should generate sequence at high rates
4 .This system is distance relative.
11.What are the Advantages of FH-SS System
1 .These systems bandwidth (spreads) are very large.
2. .They can be programmed to avoid some portions of the spectrum
3. .They have relatively short acquisition time.
4 .The distance effect is less.
12.What are the Disadvantages of FH-SS System
1 .Those systems need complex frequency synthesizers
2. .They are not useful for range and range-rate measurement.
3. .They need error correction.

13. Define synchronization in Spread Spectrum Systems

Spread spectrum systems are essentially synchronous. The pseudo noise

sequences generated at the receiver and the transmitted must be same and locked t
each other so that the transmitted signal can be extracted. The synchronization of
the spread spectrum systems can be considered in two parts : Acquisition and
tracking.
 Unit II

1. What is hamming distance?

The hamming .distance .between .two code vectors .is equal
to the number .of elements in which they differ. For example,
let the two code words be
,X = (101) and Y= (110)
These two code words differ in second and third bits.
Therefore the .hamming distance between X and Y is two.
2. Define code efficiency.
The code efficiency is the ratio of message bits in a block to
the transmitted bits forthat block by the encoder i.e., Code
efficiency= (k/n)
k=message bits n=transmitted bits.
3. What is meant by linear code?
A code is linear if modulo-2 sum of any two code vectors
produces another codevector. This means any code vector can
be expressed as linear combination of other code vectors.
4. What are the error detection and correction capabilities of
hamming co d es ?
The minimum distance (dmin) of hamming codes is „3‟ .
.Hence it can be used todetect double errors or correct single
 errors. Hamming codes are basically linearblock codes with
dmin =3.
5. What is meant by cyclic codes?
Cyclic codes are the subclasses of linear block codes. They
have the property that acyclic shift of one codeword produces
another code word.
6. How syndrome is calculated in Hamming codes and cyclic
codes?
In hamming codes the syndrome is calculated as, S=YH.T
Here Y is the received and H.is thTe transpose of parity
check matrix
7. What is difference between block codes and convolutional
codes?
Block codes takes‟ k‟ .number of bits simultaneously form
„n‟ -bit .code vector. Thiscode vector is also called block.
Convolutional code takes one message bits at atime and
generates two or more encoded bits. Thus convolutional codes
generate a string of encoded bits for input message string.
8. Define constraint length in convolutional code?
Constraint length is the number of shift over which the single
message bit can influence the encoder output. It is expressed in
terms of message bits.
9. What is convolution code?
 Fixed number of input bits is stored in the shift register &
they are combined withthe help of mod 2 adders. This operation
is equivalent to binary convolution coding.
10. What is meant by syndrome of linear block code?
The non zero output of the produce YH.is calleTd syndrome &
it is used to detect errors in y. Syndrome is denoted by S &
given as,
S=YH T
11. What are the advantages of convolutional codes?
Advantages:1 .The decoding delay is small in convolutional
codes since they operate o smaller blocks of data.
2. .The storage hardware required by convolutional decoder
is less since the block sizes are smaller.
Disadvantages:1 .Convolutional codes are difficult to analyze
since their analysis is complex.
2. .Convolutional codes are not developed much as compared
to block codes.