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UNIT II
FLUID STATICS & KINEMATICS
Pascal’s Law and Hydrostatic equation – Forces on plane and curved surfaces – Buoyancy –
Meta centre – Pressure measurement – Fluid mass under relative equilibrium Fluid Kinematics
Stream, streak and path lines – Classification of flows – Continuity equation (one, two and three
dimensional forms) – Stream and potential functions – flow nets – Velocity measurement
(Pilottube, current meter, Hot wire and hot film anemometer, float technique, Laser
DopplerVelocimetry)
Introduction
Pressure
 In fluids we use the term pressure to mean:
 The perpendicular force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
 This is equivalent to stress in solids, but we shall keep the term pressure.
 Mathematically, because pressure may vary from place to place, we have:

As we saw, force per unit area is measured in N/m2 which is the same as a pascal
(Pa). The units used in practice vary:
 1 kPa = 1000 Pa = 1000 N/m2
 1 MPa = 1000 kPa = 1 × 106 N/m2
 1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa
 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars = 1013.25 millibars
For reference to pressures encountered on the street which are often imperial:
 1 atm = 14.696 psi (i.e. pounds per square inch)
 1 psi = 6894.7 Pa ≈ 6.89 kPa ≈ 0.007 MPa

Pressure Reference Levels

The pressure that exists anywhere in the universe is called the absolute pressure, abs P
.This then is the amount of pressure greater than a pure vacuum. The atmosphere onearth exerts
atmospheric pressure, atm P , on everything in it. Often when measuringpressures we will
calibrate the instrument to read zero in the open air. Any measuredpressure, meas P , is then a
positive or negative deviation from atmospheric pressure.We call such deviations a gauge
pressure, gauge P . Sometimes when a gauge pressureis negative it is termed a vacuum pressure,
vac P .
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The above diagram shows:

(a) the case when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure and so is a negative
gauge pressure or a vacuum pressure;
(b) the more usual case when the measured pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure by the
gauge pressure.
Pressure in a Fluid
Statics of Definition
We applied the definition of a fluid to the static case previously and determined that there must
be no shear forces acting and thus only forces normal to a surface act in a fluid.
For a flat surface at arbitrary angle we have:

A curved surface can be examined in sections:

And we are not restricted to actual solid-fluid interfaces. We can consider imaginary planes
through a fluid:
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Pascal’s Law
This law states:
The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions.
To show this, we will consider a very small wedge of fluid surrounding the point.
This wedge is unit thickness into the page:

As with all static objects the forces in the x and y directions should balance. Hence:
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Hence for any angle:

And so the pressure at a point is the same in any direction. Note that we neglected the weight of
the small wedge of fluid because it is infinitesimally small. This is why Pascal’s Law is restricted
to the pressure at a point.
Pressure Variation with Depth
Pressure in a static fluid does not change in the horizontal direction as the horizontal forces
balance each other out. However, pressure in a static fluid does change with depth, due to the
extra weight of fluid on top of a layer as we move down wards. Consider a column of fluid of
arbitrary cross section of area, A:

Column of Fluid Pressure Diagram

Considering the weight of the column of water, we have:

Obviously the area of the column cancels out: we can just consider pressures. If we
say the height of the column is h = h2 – h1 and substitute in for the specific weight, we see the
difference in pressure from the bottom to the top of the column is:

This difference in pressure varies linearly in h, as shown by the Area 3 of the pressure diagram.
If we let h1 = 0 and consider a gauge pressure, then p1 = 0 and we have:

Where h remains the height of the column. For the fluid on top of the column, this isthe source of
1 p and is shown as Area 1 of the pressure diagram. Area 2 of thepressure diagram is this same
pressure carried downwards, to which is added more pressure due to the extra fluid.
The gauge pressure at any depth from the surface of a fluid is:

Summary
1. Pressure acts normal to any surface in a static fluid;
2. Pressure is the same at a point in a fluid and acts in all directions;
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3. Pressure varies linearly with depth in a fluid.

By applying these rules to a simple swimming pool, the pressure distribution around the edges is
as shown:

Note:
1. Along the bottom the pressure is constant due to a constant depth;
2. Along the vertical wall the pressure varies linearly with depth and acts in the horizontal
direction;
3. Along the sloped wall the pressure again varies linearly with depth but also acts normal to the
surface;
4. At the junctions of the walls and the bottom the pressure is the same.
Problems - Pressure
1. Sketch the pressure distribution applied to the container by the fluid:

2. For the dam shown, sketch the pressure distribution on line AB and on the surface of the
dam, BC. Sketch the resultant force on the dam.

3. For the canal gate shown, sketch the pressure distributions applied to it. Sketch the resultant
force on the gate? If h1 = 6.0 m and h2 = 4.0 m, sketch the pressure distribution to the gate.
Also, what is the value of the resultant force on the gate and at what height above the bottom of
the gate is it applied?
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Pressure Head
Pressure in fluids may arise from many sources, for example pumps, gravity, momentum etc.
Since p = ρgh, a height of liquid column can be associated with thepressure p arising from such
sources. This height, h, is known as the pressure head.
Example:
The gauge pressure in a water mains is 50 kN/m2, what is the pressure head?
The pressure head equivalent to the pressure in the pipe is just:

So the pressure at the bottom of a 5.1 m deep swimming pool is the same as the pressure in this
pipe.
Manometers
A manometer (or liquid gauge) is a pressure measurement device which uses the relationship
between pressure and head to give readings.
In the following, we wish to measure the pressure of a fluid in a pipe.
Piezometer
This is the simplest gauge. A small vertical tube is connected to the pipe and its top is left open
to the atmosphere, as shown.
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The pressure at A is equal to the pressure due to the column of liquid of height h1 :

Similarly,

The problem with this type of gauge is that for usual civil engineering applications the pressure
is large (e.g. 100 kN/m2) and so the height of the column is impractical(e.g.10 m). Also,
obviously, such a gauge is useless for measuring gas pressures.
U-tube Manometer
To overcome the problems with the piezometer, the U-tube manometer seals the fluid by using a
measuring (manometric) liquid:

Choosing the line BC as the interface between the measuring liquid and the fluid, we know:

For the left-hand side of the U-tube:

For the right hand side:

Where we have ignored atmospheric pressure and are thus dealing with gauge
pressures. Thus:

And so:

Notice that we have used the fact that in any continuous fluid, the pressure is the same at any
horizontal level.
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Differential Manometer
To measure the pressure difference between two points we use a u-tube as shown:

Using the same approach as before:

Hence the pressure difference is:

Fluid Action on Surfaces

Plane Surfaces
We consider a plane surface, PQ, of area A, totally immersed in a liquid of density ρ and inclined
at an angle φ to the free surface:
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Side Elevation

Front Elevation
If the plane area is symmetrical about the vertical axis OG, then d = 0 . We will assume that this
is normally the case.
Find Resultant Force:
The force acting on the small element of area, δ A, is:

The total force acting on the surface is the sum of all such small forces. We can integrate to get
the force on the entire area, but remember that y is not constant:

But ∫y ⋅ δ A is just the first moment of area about the surface. Hence:

Where y is the distance to the centroid of the area (point G) from the surface.
Vertical Point Where Resultant Acts:
The resultant force acts perpendicular to the plane and so makes an angle 90° −φ to the
horizontal. It also acts through point C, the centre of pressure, a distance D below the free
surface. To determine the location of this point we know:

Examining a small element first, and since y = ssinφ , the moment is:

In which the constants are taken outside the bracket. The total moment is thus:
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But ∫s2 .δ.A is the second moment of area about point O or just O I . Hence we have:

If we introduce the parallel axis theorem:

Hence, the centre of pressure, point C, always lies below the centroid of the area, G.

Plane Surface Properties

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Curved Surfaces
For curved surfaces the fluid pressure on the infinitesimal areas are not parallel and so must be
combined vectorially. It is usual to consider the total horizontal and vertical force components of
the resultant.
Surface Containing Liquid
Consider the surface AB which contains liquid as shown below:
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Horizontal Component
Using the imaginary plane ACD we can immediately see that the horizontal component of force
on the surface must balance with the horizontal force AC F .
Hence:

F must also act at the same level as F AC and so it acts through the centre of pressure of the
projected surface.
Vertical Component
The vertical component of force on the surface must balance the weight of liquid above the
surface. Hence:

Also, this component must act through the centre of gravity of the area ABED, shown as G on the
diagram. Resultant
The resultant force is thus:

This force acts through the point O when the surface is uniform into the page, at an angle of:

to the horizontal. Depending on whether the surface contains or displaces water the angle is
measured clockwise (contains) or anticlockwise (displaces) from the horizontal.
KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS
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Fluid motion observed in nature, such as the flow of waters in rivers is usually rather chaotic.
However, the motion of fluid must conform to the general principles of mechanics. Basic
concepts of mechanics are the tools in the study of fluid motion.
Fluid, unlike solids, is composed of particles whose relative motions are not fixed from
time to time. Each fluid particle has its own velocity and acceleration at any instant of time. They
change both respects to time and space. For a complete description of fluid motion it is necessary
to observe the motion of fluid particles at various points in space and at successive instants of
time.
Two methods are generally used in describing fluid motion for mathematical analysis, the
Lagrangian method and the Eulerian method.
The Lagrangian method describes the behavior of the individual fluid during its course of motion
through space. In rectangular Cartesian coordinate system, Lagrange adopted a, b, c, and t as
independent variables. The motion of fluid particle is completely specified if the following
equations of motion in three rectangular coordinates are determined:

Eqs. (3.1) describe the exact spatial position (x, y,z) of any fluid particle at different times in
terms of its initial position (x0 = a, y0 = b, z0 = c) at the given initial time t = t0. They are
usually referred to as parametric equations of the path of fluid particles. The attention here is
focused on the paths of different fluid particles as time goes on. After the equations describing
the paths of fluid particles are determined, the instantaneous velocity components and
acceleration components at any instant of time can be determined in the usual manner by taking
derivatives with respect to time.

In which u, v, and w, and ax, ay, and az are respectively the x, y, and z components of velocity
and acceleration.
In the Eulerian method, the individual fluid particles are not identified. Instead, a fixed position
in space is chosen, and the velocity of particles at this position as a function of time is sought.
Mathematically, the velocity of particles at any point in the space can be written,

Euler chose x, y, z, and t as independent variables in his method.

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The relationship between Eulerian and Lagrangian methods can be shown. According to the
Lagrangian method, we have a set of Eqs. (3.2) for each particle which can be combined with
Eqs. (3.3) as follows:

The integration of Eqs. (3.4) leads to three constants of integration, which can be considered as
initial coordinates a, b, c of the fluid particle. Hence the solutions of Eqs. (3.4) give the equations
of Lagrange (Eqs. 3.1). Although the solution of Lagrangian equations yields the complete
description of paths of fluid particles, the mathematical difficulty encountered in solving these
equations
makes the Lagrangian method impractical. In most fluid mechanics problems, knowledge of the
behavior of each particle is not essential. Rather the general state of motion expressed in terms of
velocity components of flow and the change of velocity with respect to time at various points in
the flow field are of greater practical significance. Therefore the Eulerian method is generally
adopted in fluid mechanics. With the Eulerian concept of describing fluid motion, Eqs. (3.3) give
a specific velocity field in which the velocity at every point is known. In using the velocity field,
and noting that x, y, z are functions of time, we may establish the acceleration components ax,
ay, and az by employing the chain rule of partial differentiation,

The acceleration of fluid particles in a flow field may be imagined as the superposition
of two effects:
1) At a given time t, the field is assumed to become and remain steady. The particle, under such
circumstances, is in the process of changing position in this steady field. It is thus undergoing a
change in velocity because the velocity at various positions in this field will be different at any
time t. This time rate of change of velocity due to changing position in the field is called
convective acceleration, and is given the first parentheses in the preceding acceleration
equations.
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2) The term within the second parentheses in the acceleration equations does not arise from the
change of particle, but rather from the rate of change of the velocity field itself at the position
occupied by the particle at time t. It is called local acceleration.
UNIFORM FLOW AND STEADY FLOW
Conditions in a body of fluid can vary from point to point and, at any given point, can vary from
one moment of time to the next. Flow is described as uniform if the velocity at a given instant is
the same in magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid. If, at the given instant, the
velocity changes from point to point, the flow is described as non-uniform.
A steady flow is one in which the velocity and pressure may vary from point to point but do not
change with time. If, at a given point, conditions do change with time, the flow is described as
unsteady.
For example, in the pipe of Fig. 3.1 leading from an infinite reservoir of fixed surfaceelevation,
unsteady flow exits while the valve A is being opened or closed; with the valve opening fixed,
steady flow occurs under the former condition, pressures, velocities, and the like, vary with time
and location; under the latter they may vary only with location.

There are, therefore, four possible types of flow.

1) Steady uniform flow. Conditions do not change with position or time. The velocity of fluid is
the same at each cross-section; e.g. flow of a liquid through a pipe of constant diameter running
completely full at constant velocity.
2) Steady non-uniform flow. Conditions change from point to point but not with time. The
velocity and cross-sectional area of the stream may vary from crosssection to cross-section, they
will not vary with time; e.g. flow of a liquid at a constant rate through a conical pipe running
completely full.
3) Unsteady uniform flow. At a given instant of time the velocity at every point is the same, but
this velocity will change with time; e.g. accelerating flow of a liquid through a pipe of uniform
diameter running full, such as would occur when a pump is started up.
4) Unsteady non-uniform flow. The cross-sectional area and velocity vary from point to point and
also change with time; a wave travelling along a channel.
STREAMLINES AND STREAM TUBES
If curves are drawn in a steady flow in such a way that the tangent at any point is in the direction
of the velocity vector at that point, such curves are called streamlines. Individual fluid particles
must travel on paths whose tangent is always in the direction of the fluid velocity at any point.
Thus, path lines are the same as streamlines in steady flows.
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Streamlines for a flow pattern in the xy-plane are shown in Fig. 3.2, in which a streamline
passing through the point P (x, y) is tangential to the velocity vector Vr at P. If u and v are the x
and y components of V r

Where dy and dx are the y and x components of the differential displacement ds along the
streamline in the immediate vicinity of P. Therefore, the differential equation for streamlines in
the xy-plane may be written as

The differential equation for streamlines in space is,

Obviously, a streamline is everywhere tangent to the velocity vector; there can be no flow
occurring across a streamline. In steady flow the pattern of streamlines remains invariant with
time.
A stream tube such as that shown in Fig. 3.3 may be visualized as formed by a bundle of
streamlines in a steady flow field. No flow crosses the wall of a stream tube. Often times in
simpler flow problems, such as fluid flow in conduits, the solid boundaries may serve as the
periphery of a stream tube since they satisfy the condition of having no flow crossing the wall of
the tube.
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In general, the cross-sectional area may vary along a stream tube since streamlines are generally
curvilinear. Only in the steady flow field with uniform velocity will streamlines be straight and
parallel. By definition, the velocities of all fluid particles in a uniform flow are the same in both
magnitude and direction. If either the magnitude or direction of the velocity changes along any
one streamline, the flow is then considered non-uniform.
ONE, TWO AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW
Although, in general, all fluid flow occurs in three dimensions, so that, velocity, pressure and
other factors vary with reference to three orthogonal axes, in some problems the major changes
occur in two directions or even in only one direction. Changes along the other axis or axes can,
in such cases, be ignored without introducing major errors, thus simplifying the analysis. Flow is
described as one-dimensional if the factors, or parameters, such as velocity,pressure and
elevation, describing the flow at a given instant, vary only along the direction of flow and not
across the cross-section at any point. If the flow is unsteady, these parameters may vary with
time. The one dimension is taken as the distance along the streamline of the flow, even though
this may be a curve in space, and the values of velocity, pressure and elevation at each point
along this streamline will be the average values across a section normal to the streamline
(Fig.3.4).

In two-dimensional flow it is assumed that the flow parameters may vary in the direction of flow
and in one direction at right angles, so that the streamlines are curves lying in a plane and
identical in all planes parallel to this plane.

Thus, the flow over a weir of constant cross-section (Fig.3.5) and infinite width perpendicular to
the plane of the diagram can be treated as two-dimensional. In three-dimensional flow it is
assumed that the flow parameters may vary in space, x in the direction of motion, y and z in the
plane of the cross-section.

Stream Function (y) Velocity Potential (f)

only 2D flow all flows
Irrotational (i.e. Inviscid or
viscous or non-viscous flows zero viscosity) flow
Exists
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FLUID STATICS & KINEMATICS

Pascal’s Law and Hydrostatic equation – Forces on plane and curved surfaces – Buoyancy –
Meta centre – Pressure measurement – Fluid mass under relative equilibrium Fluid Kinematics
Stream, streak and path lines – Classification of flows – Continuity equation (one, two and three
dimensional forms) – Stream and potential functions – flow nets – Velocity measurement
(Pilottube, current meter, Hot wire and hot film anemometer, float technique, Laser
DopplerVelocimetry)
1. FLUID STATICS
 FORCE ON PLANES
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 100 to 128, Example: 3.1 to 3.31)
 VERTICAL PLANE SURFACES
(A Text book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr.R.K.Bansal Page no: 72 to 84, Problem: 3.1 to 3.12)
 HORIZONTAL PLANE SURFACES
(A Text book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr.R.K.Bansal Page no: 86, Problem: 3.13)
 INCLINED PLANE SURFACES
(A Text book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr.R.K.Bansal Page no: 88 to 97 , Problem: 3.14 to
3.21)

 CURVED SURFACES
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 129 to 139, Example: 3.33 to 3.42)
(A Text book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr.R.K.Bansal Page no: 97 to 107, Problem: 3.22 to
3.31)
 BUOYANCY
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 158 to 163, Example: 4.1to 4.8)
(A Text book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr.R.K.Bansal Page no: 131 to 136, Problem: 4.1 to
4.6)
 METACENTRE
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 165 to 172, Example: 4.9to 4.16)
(A Text book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr.R.K.Bansal Page no: 138 to 158, Problem: 4.7 to
4.22)
 PRESSURE MEASUEMENT
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 46 to 90, Example: 2.1 to 2.41)
(A Text book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr.R.K.Bansal Page no: 37 to 63, Problem: 2.1 to 2.21)
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 FLUID KINEMATICS (R.K.Rajput, page no :190 to 252)

 Stream, streak and path lines(THEORY )
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 195 to 197)
 Classification of flows
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 193 to 195)
 Continuity equation (one, two and three dimensional forms)
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 204 to 214)
 Stream and potential functions
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 223 to 227)
 Flow nets
(A Text book of fluid mechanics by R.K.Rajput Page no: 227 to 246)
Two marks
FLUID STATICS & KINEMATICS
1) Define forced vertex flow? Give example?
It is defined as that type of vertex flow in which some external torque is required to rotate the
fluid mass.
Example.
1.A vertical cylinder containing liquid which is rotated about its central axis with a constant
angular velocity.
2.Flow of liquid inside the impeller of a centrifugal pump.
2) Define free vertex flow? Give examples?
When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass, that type of flow is called free
vertex flow.
Example.
1.Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of a container.
2.A whirlpool in a river.

3) Write the equation of motion for vertex flow?

This equation of variation of pressure of a rotating fluid in any plane.

Where
r-Radius of element.
p-Pressure variation.
-density of liquid.
g-Acceleration due to gravity.
4) Write the equation of forced vortex flow?

r-Radius of parabola.
z-Height of parabola.
g-Acceleration due to gravity.
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5) Write the equation of closed cylindrical vessels?

Volume of air before rotation=Volume of closed vessel-Volume of liquid in vessel.

Volume of air after rotation=Volume of parabolic formed.
6) What are the forces present in a fluid flow?
Fg-Gravity force
Fp-Pressure force
Fv-Force due to viscosity
Ft-force due to turbulence.
Fc-Force due to compressibility.
7) Give the Euler’s equation of motion?
(dp/)+gdz+vdv=0
8) What are the assumptions made in deriving Bernoulli’s equation?
1.The fluid is ideal
2.The flow is steady.
3.The flow is incompressible.
4.The flow is irrotational.
9) What is Bernoulli’s equation for real fluid?
(p1/g)+(v12/2g)+z1=(p2/g)+(v22/2g)+z2+hl
where hl is the loss of energy
(p/g)-Pressure energy.
(v2/2g)=Kinetic energy.
z-Datum energy.
10. What arrangements should be adopted to find the velocity at any point in a pipe by a pitot
tube?
The arrangements to be adopted are (1)Pitot tube along with vertical piezometer tube.(2)Pitot
tube connected with piezometer.(3)Pitot tube and vertical piezometer connected with a
differential U-tube manometer.
11. What are the types of fluid flows?
The fluid flow is classified as,
(1)Steady and unsteady flow.
(2)Uniform and non-uniform flow.
(3)Laminar and turbulent flow.
(4)Compressible and incompressible flow.
(5)Rotational and irrotational flow.
(6)One, two and three dimension flow.
12. Differentiate steady and unsteady flow?
Steady flow unsteady flow.
1.Steady flow is defined as that type of Unsteady flow is that type of flow in
flow in which the fluid characteristics which the velocity. pressure at a point
like velocity, pressure etc at a point do changes with time.
not change with time
2. (dv/dt)(0,0,0)=0 (dv/dt)(0,0,0)=/0
13. Differentiate uniform and non-uniform flow?
Uniform flow Non-uniform flow.
1.It is defined as that type of flow It is defined as that type of flow in which
in which the velocity at any given the velocity at any given time changes with
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time does not change with respect respect to time.

to space.
2.(dv/dt)t=constant=0 (dv/dt)t=constant=/0
14. Differentiate laminar and turbulent flow?
Laminar flow. Turbulent flow.
1.Laminar flow is defined as that type It is defined as that type of flow in which
of flow in which the fluid particle move the fluid particle moves ina zig-zag way
along well defined path or streamline
and all the streamline are straight and
parallel.
2.Reynolds number<2000 Reynolds number>4000.
15. Define compressible flow?
Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid changes from point to
point.(eg)Flow of gasses through orifice nozzle and gas turbine.
16. Define incompressible flow?
Incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density is constant for the fluid
flow.(eg)Subsonic aerodynamics.
17. Define rotational flow?
Rotational flow is that type of flow in which in which the fluid particle flowing along
streamlines, also rotate about their own axis.
18. Define irrotational flow?
It is that type of flow in which the fluid particle while flowing along streamlines; do not rotate
about their own axis.
19. Define one dimensional flow?
One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is a
function of time and one space co-ordinate only, say X. U=F(x),V=0,w=0.
20. Define two dimensional flow?
It is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and two rectangular space
say X and Y.
u=F1(X,Y),V=F2(X,Y) and w=0.
21. What is three dimensional flow?
A three dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and three
mutually perpendicular directions. U=F1(X,Y,X),v=F2(X,Y,Z),w=F3(X,Y,Z).
U,v,w are velocity components inX,Y,Z direction respect.
22. What is total acceleration of three dimensional fluid flow?

23. Define local acceleration?

It is defined as the rate of increase of velocity with respect to time at a given point in a flow field.
24. Define convective acceleration?
It is defined as the rate of change of velocity due to the change of position of fluid particle in a
fluid flow.
25. Define velocity potential function?
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It is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its negative derivative with respect
to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction. It is denoted by .

U,v,w are the velocity in x,y,z direction.

26. Mention the properties of potential function?
1. If velocity potential exists, The flow should be irrotational.
2. If velocity potential satisfies the Laplace equation, It represents the possible steady
incompressible irrotational flow.
27. Define stream function
It is defined as the scalar function of space and time, such that its partial derivative with respect
to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that direction.
28. Mention the properties of stream function?
1. If stream function exists, it is a possible case of fluid flow which may be rotational.
2. If stream function satisfies Laplace equation, It is a possible case of an irrotational flow.
30. What is equipotential line?
A line along which the velocity potential  is constant is called equipotential line.
31. Give the relation between stream function and velocity potential function?

32. What is flow net?

A grid obtained by drawing a series of equipment lines and steam lines is called a flow net. The
flow net is an important tool is analysis two dimensional. Irrotational flow problems.
33. What are the types of motion of fluid particle?
i. Linear translation or pure translation.
ii. Linear Deformation.
iii. Angular Deformation
iv. Rotation.

34. What is linear translation?

It is defined as the movement of a fluid element in such a way that it moves bodily from one
position to represents in new position by a’b’&c’d’ are parallel.
35. What is linear deformation?
It is defined as the deformation of a fluid element in linear direction when the element moves the
axes of the element in the deformation position and un deformation position are parallel but their
lengths changes.
36. Define angular deformation?
It is defined as the average change in the angle contained by two adjacent sides. Let s & s is the
change in angle between two adjacent sides of a fluid element. The angular
deformation=1/2*(S1 +S2).
37. Define rotation of fluid element?
It is defined as the movement of a fluid element in such a way that both of
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Rotate in same direction. It is equal to1/2(v/x-u/y) for a two-dimensional element

x, y plane.
z=1/2(u/x-u/y)
x=1/2(w/y-v/z)
y=1/2(u/z-w/x)
38. Define vortex flow mention its types?
Vortex flow is defined as the flow of a fluid along a curved path or the flow of a rotating mass of
fluid is known as vortex flow.
i. Forced vortex flow.
ii. Free vortex flow.
39. Define free vortex flow?
When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass that type of flow Is called free vortex
flow.
40. Define forced vortex flow?
Forced vortex flow is defined as that type of vortex flow in which some external Torque is
required to rotate the fluid mass. The fluid mass in the type of flow rotates at constant Angular
velocity ‘w’.The tangential velocity of any fluid particle is given by v=cosr.
41. Give the equation of motion for vortex flow?
Pressure acting PSA on the face AB. Pressure force (P+ p/rr) SA on the face cd. Centrifugal
force mv2/r acting in the direction away.

From center O
Now the mass of the element= mass density*volume

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